A revision of Chinese species of Mesopolobus Westwood ... · Most species of the genus parasitize...

Zoological Systematics, 41(1): 64–81 (January 2016), DOI: 10.11865/zs.201604

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9AAF42BB-D96D-4B3F-BE8E-8FCD05D4EA7D Received 10 May 2015, accepted 10 September 2015 Executive editor: Fuqiang Chen

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

A revision of Chinese species of Mesopolobus Westwood (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) with descriptions of four new species from China

Hui Xiao1, Lei Sun2, Tianyang Jiao1, 3, Zi Li1, 3 1Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; E-mail: [email protected] 2Plant Protection College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, 271018, China 3College of Life Sciences, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

Abstract Twenty-five species of Mesopolobus Westwood are recognized from China, of which four species are reported as new to science, M. tongi Xiao, sp. nov., M. changbaicus Xiao, sp. nov., M. equivenae Sun & Xiao, sp. nov. and M. beilingicus Sun & Xiao, sp. nov. and fifteen species are newly recorded from China. A key to Chinese Mesopolobus and illustration of external features of the species are provided.

Key words Mesopolobus, China, new species, new record.

1 Introduction

The genus Mesopolobus was described based on the species M. fasciiventris Westwood by Westwood (1833). It is one of the largest genera of Pteromalidae. About 123 valid species were reported, of which 86 are known from the Palearctic Region, 21 from the Nearctic Region, 9 from the Oriental Region, 8 from the Australasian Region, 9 from the Afrotropical Region and 3 from the Neotropics (Noyes, 2014). Most species of Mesopolobus are parasitoids of insect pests, and play an important role in biological control. Insects attacked by Mesopolobus include dipterous (mainly cecidomyiid), hymenopterous and coleopterous gallmakers and larvae developing in seeds of plants and stems of grasses (Bouček, 1988). There are also records parasitizing on Hemiptera (Delphacidae, Psyllidae) and some genera of Lepidoptera. Even some species can parasitize species of its same genus, Mesopolobus aequus (Walker) and M. arcanus Askew (Raatikainen, 1961; Raatikainen, 1970; Herting, 1977; Askew & Blasco-Zumeta, 1997). Hosts recorded in the genus include 5 orders, 43 genera and more than 300 species (Noyes, 2014).

Till now, only 6 species are recorded form China (Herting, 1976; Yang & Gu, 1995; Yang, 1996; Sun et al., 2005). In this study, 25 species of Mesopolobus from China are identified, including 4 new species and 15 newly recorded species: M. tongi Xiao, sp. nov., M. changbaicus Xiao, sp. nov., M. equivenae Sun & Xiao, sp. nov., M. beilingicus Sun & Xiao, sp. nov., M. aequus (Walker), M. agropyricola Rosen, M. albitarsus (Walker), M. anogmoides Graham, M. aspilus (Walker), M. minutus Dzhanokmen, M. keralensis Sureshan & Narendran, M. nobilis (Walker), M. prasinus (Walker), M. rhabdophagae (Graham), M. semenis Askew, M. teliformis (Walker), M. tibialis (Westwood), M. tortricidis Kamijo and M. typographi (Ruschka).

2 Materials and methods

© Zoological Systematics, 41(1): 64–81 Revision of Mesopolobus from China 65

All the materials were swept using an insect net and preserved in 75% ethanol. They were subsequently air-dried, point-mounted, and examined with a LEICA M10 stereomicroscope. Photographs were taken by using a Nikon Multizoom AZ100 system, and plates of illustrations were compiled using Adobe Photoshop® software. All type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (IZCAS). Other cited museum is the Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom (BMNH).

Morphological terminology follows that of Bouček (1988), Gibson et al. (1997) and Gibson (2009). Body length (i.e. length of body excluding the ovipositor sheaths) is measured in millimeters (mm), but other measurements are relative. Abbreviations of morphological terms used are: fun—funicular segment; POL—posterior ocellar distance; OOL— ocellocular distance; Gtn—gastral tergum.

3 Taxonomy

Mesopolobus Westwood, 1833 Mesopolobus Westwood, 1833: 443. Type species: M. fasciiventris Westwood. Mesopolobus Westwood: Rosen, 1958: 203–240; Graham, 1969: 638–681; Liao et al., 1987: 71; Bouček, 1988: 432–433; Baur et al.,

2007: 387–397; Pujade, 1994: 63–73; Yang, 1996: 185–188. Synonymy: Platymesopus Westwood, 1833: 444; Platyterma Walker, 1834a: 303; Amblymerus Walker, 1834a: 303; Eutelus Walker,

1834b: 351; Xenocrepis Förster, 1856: 64; Selitrichus Rondani, 1877: 196; Asemantus Förster, 1878: 51; Syntomocera Förster, 1878: 52; Disema Förster, 1878: 54; Zacalochlora Crawford, 1913: 251; Urielloides Girault, 1913: 106; Paranogmus Girault & Dodd, in Girault, 1915: 318 Anogmoidea Girault, 1924: 174; Baeoponerus Masi, 1924: 222; Euamblymerus Hincks, 1944: 37; Ahlbergiella Rosen, 1955: 88; Isoptrynea Szelényi, 1982: 381; Sturovia Bouček, 1961: 86.

Diagnosis. Body green with luster; antenna 13-segmented, antennal formula 11353 or 11263; antennal insertion clearly below centre of face; right mandible 4-toothed and left mandible 3-toothed. Head occiput not margined; pronotum reticulate and posterior edge with conspicuous shiny strip, pronotal collar with abrupt edge but not carinate; notauli incomplete; scutellum without frenal line; propodeum usually with median carina complete, and plica developed or at least in posterior third, spiracles elongate; mesepisternum with upper triangular areas smooth; fore wing with speculum extending to marginal vein; costal cell on upper surface bare; gaster sessile.

Biology. Most species of the genus parasitize pupae of sawflies (Symphyta), Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera. For example, M. mayetiolae (Gahan) lays eggs in pupa of Mayetiola destructor (Gahan, 1933), and M. subfumatus (Ratzeburg) attacks pupae of sawflies (Kamijo, 1982). Some species develop as parasitoids in egg of host, such as M. superansi Yang & Gu was recorded from eggs of Dendrolimus superans (Butler) (Yang & Gu, 1995), M. verditer (Noton) from eggs of Diprion simile (Drooz et al., 1985). Some species develop as ectoparasitoid, such as M. typographi (Ruschka) ectoparasitizing on Tomicobia seitneri (Ruschka) (Graham, 1969). Others develop as facultative hyperparasitism, such as M. subfumatus (Ratzeburg), M. fagi Askew & Lamp, etc (Noyes, 2014).

Distribution. Widespread in the world.

3.1 Key to the Chinese species of Mesopolobus Westwood, 1833

1. Marginal vein short, only 1.1–1.2 times as long as stigmal vein; lower face with striate or densely emgraved striate; gaster at most 2 times as long as broad ...................................................................................................................................................... M. albitarsus

Marginal vein as least 1.4 times as long as stigmal vein; lower face reticulation ................................................................................. 2 2. Antennae inserted above lower ocular line; antennal toruli to clypeal margin slightly shorter than it to middle ocellus; pronotum

with collar slightly margined ................................................................................................................................................. M. aequus Antennae inserted below or at lower ocular line; antennal toruli to clypeal margin distinctly shorter than it to middle ocellus;

pronotum with collar margined ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 3. Fore wing with basal cell hairy on 1/3–1/2 part ............................................................................................................ M. anogmoides Fore wing with basal cell bare or several hairs .................................................................................................................................... 4 4. Antennae with 2 anelli and 6 funicular segments ................................................................................................................................. 5 Antennae with 3 anelli and 5 funicular segments ................................................................................................................................. 7 5. Postmarginal vein almost as long as marginal vein; basal cell hairy on 1/4–1/3 part .................... M. equivenae Sun & Xiao, sp. nov. Postmarginal vein shorter than marginal vein; basal cell bare .............................................................................................................. 6 6. Clypeal margin emarginate in the middle; malar area with white hairs in male ................................................................ M. tortricidis Clypeal margin not emarginate; malar area without white hairs ........................................................................................... M. tibialis

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7. Body small, nomally shorter than 1.5 mm, at most 1.5 mm .................................................................................................................. 8 Body relatively big, at least bigger than 1.5 mm .................................................................................................................................. 9 8. Postmarginal vein at most as long as stigmal vein ........................................................................................................... M. keralensis Postmarginal vein distinctly longer than stigmal vein; male with a brown spot under stigmal vein ................................... M. minutus 9. Propodeum without medial carina ...................................................................................................................................................... 10 Propodeum with distinctly medial carina ........................................................................................................................................... 11 10. Gaster oval, 1.6 times as long as broad ............................................................................................................................. M. superansi Gaster long, 2.95 times as long as broad .............................................................................................. M. changbaicus Xiao, sp. nov. 11. Clypeal margin emarginate and with two teeth .................................................................................................................................. 12 Clypeal margin truncate or sligtly emarginate, without tooth ............................................................................................................ 14 12. Pronotum with collar elongate, about 1/5–1/4 of mesoscutum in middle........................................................................... M. amaenus Pronotum with collar short, about 1/7–1/6 of mesoscutum in middle ................................................................................................ 13 13. Scape reaching media occullus, as long as eye height ......................................................................................................... M. semenis Scape not reaching media occellus, shorter than eye height ...................................................................................... M. mesoeminulus 14. Propodeum with very roughly reticulation, media carina complete and plica distinct at half part; fore wing with a pale brown spot

under stigmal vein ......................................................................................................................................................... M. subfumatus Propodeum smooth on media part; others different ........................................................................................................................... 15 15. Fu1 ring like, as long as the third anellus ............................................................................................................................................ 16 Fu1 distinct longer than the third anellus ............................................................................................................................................ 17 16. Clava 1.75 times as long as broad; scape as long as eye height ........................................................................ M. tongi Xiao, sp. nov. Clava 1.6 times as long as broad; scape 0.89 times as long as eye height ......................................................................... M. teliformis 17. Gaster oval, 1.54 times as long as broad .......................................................................................................................... M. mesolatus Gaster long oval, at least 2 times as long as broad ............................................................................................................................. 18 18. Gaster 3 times as long as broad, and 1.2 times as long as head and thorax combined .............................................. M. rhabdophagae Gaster at most 2.7 times as long as broad, and as long as or shorter than head and thorax combined ............................................... 19 19. Pronotum with collar not margined .................................................................................................................................................... 20 Pronotum with collar margined .......................................................................................................................................................... 21 20. Marginal vein 2.2 times as long as stigmal vein; gaster 2.3 times as long as broad; POL 2.16 times OOL ...........................................

................................................................................................................................................... M. beilingicus Sun & Xiao, sp. nov. Marginal vein 1.9 times as long as stigmal vein; gaster 2.5 times as long as broad; POL 2.83 times OOL ................... M. mongolicus 21. Scape slightly longer than eye height; marginal vein 1.68 times as long as stigmal vein ...................................................... M. aspilus Scape distinctly shorter than eye height; marginal vein 1.8–2 times as long as stigmal vein ............................................................. 22 22. Propodeum with media carina only distinct at the basal part, plica complete .............................................................. M. agropyricola Propodeum with media carina and plica complete ............................................................................................................................. 23 23. Head width 2.17 times length in dorsal view; antennal insertion below lower ocular line .............................................. M. typographi Head width at most 2 times length in dorsal view; antennal insertion place on or slight higher lower ocular line ............................ 24 24. Gaster 2.6 times as long as broad; clava slightly clavate, 1.75 times as long as broad .......................................................... M. nobilis Gaster 2.37 times as long as broad; clava clavate distintly, 1.55 times as long as broad .................................................... M. prasinus

3.2 Descriptions of species

Mesopolobus aequus (Walker, 1834) New record to China (Fig. 1) Eutelus aequus Walker, 1834b: 364. Lectotype ♀, BMNH (Examined, B.M. TYPE HYM 5.1829). Mesopolobus aequus (Walker): Rosen, 1958: 230–231; Graham, 1969: 655. Synonymy: Pteromalus contractus Walker, 1835b: 188; Pteromalus purpureus Walker, 1835a: 493; Pteromalus leogoras Walker, 1839:

269; Pteromalus odites Walker, 1845: 261; Pteromalus temesa Walker, 1848: 124; Metastenus purus Walker, 1872: 118; Eutelus decipiens Thomson, 1878: 77; Mormoniella oviphaga Ahlberg, 1925: 82.

Material examined. England. 1♀, Berkshire Selwood Park Em, 9 October 53, W. Fjepson, ex Oat crop, det. Bouček 1988. China. 1♀, Jilin, Changbai Mountain, 1 800–2 000 m, 6 August 1978, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Liaoning, Shenyang, 18 June 1986, coll. Dawei Huang; 1♀, Inner Mongolia, Oroqen Zizhiqi Alihe, 12 August 1981, coll. Dingxi Liao; 3♀, Beijing, June 1976, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Hebei, Xiaowutai Mountain, 16 August 1964, coll. Tailu Chen; 1♀, Hebei, Pingshan, 16 May 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 1♀, Hebei, Weichang, 8 April 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 1♀, Hebei, Xinglong, 1 600–1 800 m, 27 July 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 1♀, Shaanxi, 29 June 1976, coll. Dingxi Liao; 4♀, Ningxia, Yinchuan, 29 May 1982, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Ningxia, Yinchuan Yongning cornfield, 23 June 1982, coll. Yizhong Xu; 3♀4♂, Qinghai, Delingha Bange, 2 900 m, 16 September 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 1♀, Xinjiang, Xinyuan Narat Prairie, 24 June 1997, coll. Deying Ma; 1♀11♂, Xinjiang, Hutubi Dafeng, 11 July 2001, coll. Hongying Hu; 1♀, Xinjiang, Kashi, 17 June 1965, coll. Dingxi


Liao; 1♀, Xinjiang, Kashi, 25 June 1965, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Xinjiang, Bachu, 1 350 m, 18 September 1958, coll. Changguang Li; 6♀, Xinjiang, Shihezi, 11 July 1997, coll. MA Deying; 1♂, Sichuan, Ganzi, Kangding, 2 480–2 800 m, 9 August 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 1♂, Tibet, Qushui, 11 August 1981, coll. Baohai Wang; 1♀, Tibet, Lhasa, 3 650 m, 27 August 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu.

Biology. The species was recorded as a predator on the eggs and larvae of other insects (Rosen, 1955, 1956), and reared from plants such as Achillea millefolium L. (Compositae) and Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae) (Rosen, 1960).

Distribution. China (Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Beijing, Hebei, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Sichuan, Tibet); Nearctic and Palearctic Regions (Noyes, 2014).

Mesopolobus agropyricola Rosen, 1960 New record to China (Fig. 2) Mesopolobus agropyricola Rosen, 1960: 22–25; Graham, 1969: 664.

Material examined. China. 1♀, Heilongjiang, Great Khingan Mountains, 23 July 1970, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀1♂, Beijing, Baihua Mountain, 1 150 m, 13 August 1982, coll. Dingxi Liao; 69♀18♂, Hebei, Weichang, 6–13 August 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 3♀, Hebei, Xinglong, 2 110 m, 24 June 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 8♂, Shanxi, Fengxian, 5 July 1976, coll. Dingxi Liao; 2♀, Shanxi, Qinling, 1 800 m, 5–8 August 1973, coll. Dingxi Liao; 2♀1♂, Shanxi, Ningshan Huoditang, 2 350 m, 29 July 1998, coll. Jun Chen; 2♀5♂, Ningxia, Liupanshan, 31 July 1964, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♂, Gansu, Zhouqu, 2 350 m, 5 July 1998, coll. Xuezhong Zhang; 1♀, Xinjiang, Qinghe Ertai, 940 m, 1 July 1960, coll. Shuyong Wang; 3♂, Xinjiang, Tashikuer, 8 July 1965, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Sichuan, Ganzi Danduo, 10 August 1997, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 17♀11♂, Sichuan, Ganzi Kangding, 9 August 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 5♀3♂, Yunnan, Yongsheng Liude, 9 July 1984, coll. Changfang Li; 1♂, Yunnan, Lijiang, Baishui, 2 850 m, 17 July 1984, coll. Changfang Li; 1♀2♂, Yunnan, Diqin, Tuguan, 2 800 m, 7 August 1984, coll. Changfang Li; 1♀, Yunnan, Diqin, Chongjianghe, 8 August 1984, coll. Changfang Li; 1♀, Yunnan, Lijiang, Ludian, 2 300 m, 10 August 1984, coll. Changfang Li; 1♂, Yunnan, Lijiang, Ludian, 3 200 m, 19 August 1984, coll. Changfang Li; 9♂, Tibet, Rikaze, willow flower, 18 May 1961, coll. Linyao Wang; 1♀, Tibet, Linzhi, 9 July 1997, coll. Chaodong Zhu.

Biology. The species was reared from stems of Elymus repens (L.) (Poaceae) in Sweden (Rosen, 1960). There is no host record in our specimens.

Distribution. China (Heilongjiang, Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet); Palearctic and Oriental Regions (Noyes, 2014). It is the first reported from Oriental Region (Yunnan, China).

Mesopolobus albitarsus (Walker, 1834) New record to China (Fig. 3) Amblymerus albitarsus Walker, 1834b: 346. Lectotype ♀, BMNH (Examined, B.M. TYPE HYM 5.1875); Rosen, 1958: 232–233. Pteromalus corion Walker, 1848: 124, 186. Eutelus (Amblymerus) pedunculi Thomson, 1878: 81.

Material examined. China. 1♂, Shanxi, Shanyin, Anchansi, 1 000 m, 20 June 1990, coll. Dawei Huang. Biology. Reared from Andricus curvator Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in England (Askew, 1961). Distribution. China (Shanxi); Palearctic Region (Noyes, 2014).

Mesopolobus amaenus (Walker, 1834) (Fig. 4) Amblymerus amaenus Walker, 1834a: 307. Lectotype ♀, BMNH (Examined, TYPE HYM 5.1847). Mesopolobus amaenus (Walker): Rosen, 1958: 225; Graham, 1969: 676–677; Bouček, 1974: 247–276. Synonym: Amblymerus nanus Walker, 1834b: 349; Eutelus dilectus Walker, 1834: 356–357; Eutelus immaculatus Walker, 1834b: 357;

Eutelus eximius Walker, 1834: 360; Eutelus catenatus Walker, 1834b: 362–363; Eupelmus cecidomyinus Rondani, 1877: 177; Eupelmus circinantis Rondani, 1877: 178; Eutelus collaris Thomson, 1878: 74.

Material examined. England. 1♀, SR. Arbrook Common. ex. galls of Biorniza pallida Oliv. 20–22 June 1952, em. 6–9 July 1952, coll. J.F.Perkins; 1♂, SR. Oxshott Heath. 20–22 June 1952, em. 28–30 July 1952, coll. D.M.S. Perkins. China. 1♀, Inner Mongolia, Hailaer, 3 August 1981, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Hebei, Xinglong, 2 110 m, 24 June 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 1♀, Ningxia, Yinchuan, 25 July 1984, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Xinjiang, Tashikuer, 8 July 1965, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♂, Xinjiang, Wulumuqi, 3 June 1965, coll. Dingxi Liao.

Biology. The species was reared from gall wasps (Askew, 1961). The hosts include Andricus corruptrix (Shirley, 1998a, 1998b), A. quercuscalicis (Hails et al., 1990), A. amenti, A. curvator, A. grossulariae, A. inflator, A. solitarius, Biorhiza pallida, Dryocosmus kuriphilus, Neuroterus saltans, N. quercusbaccaru, Synergus umbraculus, Trigonaspis synaspis (Herting, 1977), Cynips quercusfolii (Thompson, 1958). There is no host record in our specimens.

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Distribution. China (Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Ningxia, Xinjiang); Palearctic and Nearctic Regions (Noyes, 2014).

Mesopolobus anogmoides Graham, 1969 New record to China (Fig. 5) Mesopolobus anogmoides Graham, 1969: 678–680.

Material examined. China. 14♀11♂, Hebei, Xiaowutai, 14 August 1964, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀2♂, Henan, Songxian, Baiyun Mountain, 17–18 July 1996, coll. Hui Xiao; 1♂, Shaanxi, 5 July 1976, coll. Dingxi Liao; 9♀, Qinghai, Qilian, 2 790 m, 19 September 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 22♂, Qinghai, Qilian, 2 700 m, 10 July 2004, coll. Xiangmei Dou; 1♀2♂, Sichuan, Gongga Mountain, 4 000 m, 5 September 1982, coll. Shuyong Wang; 1♀, Yunnan, Lijiang, 30 July 1962, coll. Tailu Chen; 1♂, Yunnan, Lijiang, Baishui, 2 850 m, 17 July 1984, coll. Changfang Li; 1♀, Yunnan, Lijiang, Yulong Mountain, 3 000 m, 19 July 1984, coll. Changfang Li; 1♀, Yunnan, Lijiang, Yuhu, 2 750 m, 23 July 1984, coll. Changfang Li; 2♀1♂, Yunnan, Diqingzhou, Xiaozhongdian river valley, 3 100 m, 2 August 1984, coll. Changfang Li; 1♀2♂, Yunnan, Diqingzhou, Tuguancun, 2 800 m, 7 August 1984, coll. Changfang Li; 2♀, Yunnan, Diqingzhou, Chongjiang River, 2 800 m, 8 August 1984, coll. Changfang Li; 2♀, Yunnan, Lijiang, Ludian, 2 300 m, 10 August 1984, coll. Changfang Li; 8♀1♂, Yunnan, Lijiang, Ludian Machangdaoban, 3 200 m, 15–16 August 1984, coll. Changfang Li; 1♀, Yunnan, Lanping, 2 300 m, 21 August 1984, coll. Changfang Li; 2♀, Tibet.

Biology. The species was collected from leaf of Larix deciduas Mill (Pinaceae) (Graham, 1969). Comments. Male of the species is new recorded. Distribution. China (Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet); Palearctic and Oriental Regions

Figures 1–6. Mesopolobus spp. 1. M. aequus (Walker), body dorsal. 2. M. agropyricola Rosen, body dorsal. 3. M. albitarsus (Walker), body dorsal. 4. M. amaenus (Walker), body laterial. 5. M. anogmoides Graham, body and fore wing. 6. M. aspilus (Walker), body dorsal.


(Noyes, 2014). It is the first recorded from Oriental Region (Yunnan, China).

Mesopolobus aspilus (Walker, 1835) New record to China (Fig. 6) Pteromalus aspilus Walker, 1835a: 485, Lectotype ♀, BMNH (Examined, B.M. TYPE HYM 5.1863). Mesopolobus aspilus (Walker): Rosen, 1958: 218; Graham, 1969: 669–670. Eutelus enlongatus Thomson, 1878: 75.

Material examined. China. 2♀, Helongjiang, Great Khingan Mountains, 23 July 1970, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♂, Helongjiang, Yichun, 9 August 1978, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Inner Mongolia, Alihe Dongshan, 3 August 1981, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Beijing, Wofo Temple, 11 September 1961, coll. Xuezhong Zhang; 1♂, Beijing, Tanzhe Temple, 19 May 1984, ex. galls of Quercus acutissima, coll. Dawei Huang; 5♀, Shanxi, Qinling, 1 580 m, 5 August 1973, coll. Dingxi Liao; 2♀1♂, Shanxi, Qinling, 22 July 1973, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀2♂, Shaanxi, Qinling, 21 July 1973, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♂, Shaanxi, Qinling, 24 July 1973, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Qinghai, Yushu, 4 400 m, 9 July 1979, coll. Tailu Chen; 2♂, Guangxi, Xingan, 2 400 m, 1 August 1985, coll. Changfang Li; 1♀, Sichuan, Jintang, 26 July 1961, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Sichuan, Xiyang, 1 250 m, 17 July 1989, coll. Longlong Yang; 1♀, Yunnan, Lijiang, 8 July 1962, coll. Zhaolin Li; 1♀, Yunnan, Lijiang, 23 May 1973, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♂, Yunnan, Lanping, 2 300 m, 2 August 1984, coll. Changfang Li; 4♀3♂, Yunnan, Lanping, 2 300 m, 21 August 1984, coll. Changfang Li.

Biology. The species was reared from galls of Oligotrophus juniperus (Diptera) on branch of Juniperus (Rosen, 1960), and galls of Taxomyia taxi on terminal shoots of wild Taxus baccata (Graham, 1969). Rosen (1959) recorded two females reared from Euura amerinae. One male of our specimens collected gall of Quercus acutissima on May, 1984.

Distribution. China (Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Beijing, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Qinghai, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan); Palearctic and Oriental Regions (Noyes, 2014). It is the first recorded from Oriental Region (Yunnan, China).

Mesopolubus tongi Xiao, sp. nov. (Figs 7–11)

Female. Body (Figs 8–9) length 1.7 mm. Head and thorax black-green. Antenna yellow brown. Leg testaceous except coxa concolorous with thorax.

Head width 1.18× as height in front view (Fig. 7), eyes separated by about 1.3× eye height, malar space 0.39× as eye height, lower face with antennal toruli to half of clypeus and gena with white hairs. Head 1.8× as broad as long in dorsal view, POL 2.33× OOL. Antenna with 3 transverse anelli, antennal insertion placed on the lower ocular line (Fig. 10), scape not reaching anterior ocellus, Fu1 transverse, Fu2 and Fu3 quadrate, Fu4 and Fu5 slightly transverse, clava 1.75× as long as broad. Relative measurements: head width 47, height 40, dorsal length 26, frons width 30, eye height 23, malar space 9, scape length 21, clava length: width as 14: 8.

Pronotum with collar margin indistinct; mesoscutum 0.65× as long as broad; propodeum with median carina and plica, lateral plica and shallow punctures; nucha short, with short longitudinal striation. Fore wing (Fig. 11) with basal vein and basal cell bare, marginal vein 1.65× postmarginal vein. Gaster sessile, 1.75× as long as broad; hypopygium at most 1/2 length of gaster. Relative measurements: mesoscutum width: length as 44: 29; marginal vein 33, postmarginal vein 20, stigmal vein 13, gaster length: width as 42: 24.

Male. Unknown. Material examined. Holotype. ♀, China, Hunan, Hengshan (27°18′N, 112°42′E), 7 September 1980, coll. Xinwang

Tong (IZCAS). Diagnosis. The new species is close to M. teliformis (Walker) with the Fu1 anellus like. The species can be identified

by the gena with white hairs (without white hairs in M. teliformis), clava 1.75× as long as broad (1.6× in M. teliformis), and scape as long as eye height (shorter than eye height in M. teliformis).

Etymology. The new species name is from the collector (Mr. Xinwang Tong) of the specimen. Biology. Unknown. Distribution. China (Hunan).

Mesopolobus mesoeminulus Sun & Xiao, 2005 (Fig. 12) Mesopolobus mesoeminulus Sun & Xiao, 2005: 832–833.

Material examined. China. ♀ (holotype), Tibet Lhasa, 3 650 m, 27 August 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 2♀9♂ (paratypes), same data as holotype; 1♀ (paratype), Tibet Xigazê, 3 960 m, 30 August 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu.

Biology. Unknown. Distribution. China (Qinghai, Yunnan, Tibet).

70 Xiao et al.

Figures 7–16. Mesopolobus spp. 7–11. M. tongi Xiao, sp. nov. female. 7. Head frontal. 8. Body dorsal. 9. Body laterial. 10. Thorax laterial. 11. Fore wing. 12. M. mesoeminulus Sun & Xiao, body laterial. 13. M. mesolatus Sun & Xiao, body dorsal. 14. M. minutus Dzhanokmen, body dorsal. 15. M. keralensis Sureshan & Narendran, body dorsal. 16. M. nobilis (Walker), body dorsal.


Mesopolobus mesolatus Sun & Xiao, 2005 (Fig. 13) Mesopolobus mesoeminulus Sun & Xiao, 2005: 832.

Material examined. China. ♀ (holotype), Shanxi Qinyuan, June 1993 & June 1994 (recorded on label), coll. Yang Liu; 4♀ (paratypes), same data as holotype, June 1993 & June 1994, reared and emerged from the fully-grown larva and pupa of Coleophora sinensis Yang (Lepidoptera, Coleophoridae).

Biology. Unknown. Distribution. China (Shanxi).

Mesopolobus minutus Dzhanokmen, 1982 New record to China (Fig. 14) Mesopolobus minitus Dzhanokmen, 1982: 1600–1601.

Material examined. China. 1♀, Inner Mongolia, Oroqen Zizhiqi Alihe, 12 August 1981, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Inner Mongolia, Yulin, 29 August 1977, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Inner Mongolia, Hailaer, 1 August 1981, coll. Dingxi Liao; 2♀, Inner Mongolia, Huhehaote, 9 August 1984, coll. Dingxi Liao; 3♀, Inner Mongolia, Huhehaote, 10 August 1984, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Beijing, Yanqing, 450 m, 2 July 1990, coll. Dawei Huang; 3♀, Hebei, Yuxian, 19 July 1964, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Hebei, Yuxian, Xijinhekou, 1 300 m, 19 July 1964, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Hebei, Pingshan, 2 281 m, 22 May 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 1♀, Hebei, Xinglong, 2 116 m, 24 July 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 1♀, Hebei, Laiyuan, 1 400– 1 600 m, 13 June 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 6♀1♂, Hebei, Weichang, 12–13 August 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 1♀, Hebei, Qinglongdu Mountain, 1 800 m, 6 September 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 1♀, Shaanxi, Yanan, 1 000 m, 31 August 1973, coll. Dingxi Liao; 2♀, Ningxia, Liupan Mountain, 31 July 1964, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Sichuan, Ganzi Kangdinxian, 9 August 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 2♀, Sichuan, Daofu, 11 August 1997, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 7♀, Sichuan, Degemanigange, 3 965 m, 12 August 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 1♀, Guizhou, Guyuan, 8 September 1984, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Tibet, Lhasa, 21 June 1997, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 1♀, Tibet, Qusong, July 1981, coll. Baohai Wang; 1♀, Tibet, Lhasa, 23 June 1997, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 1♂, Tibet, Langxian, 4 100 m, July 1981, coll. Baohai Wang; 1♀2♂, Tibet, Qusong, 4 100 m, 27 June 1997, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 1♂, Tibet, Jiacha, 3 750 m, 28 June 1997, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 1♀, Tibet, Langxian, 4 100 m, 30 June 1997, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 1♀, Tibet, Langxian, 4 100 m, 1 July 1997, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 2♂, Tibet, Changdu, 8 August 1997, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 1♀, Tibet, Basubangda, 4 390 m, 20 August 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 4♀10♂, Tibet, Basugana, 3 315 m, 21 August 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 1♀, Tibet, Rikaze, 3 960 m, 30 August 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 1♀, Tibet, Rikaze Jiari, 4 500 m, 31 August 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 1♀, Tibet, Rikaze Nianmu, 3 800 m, 7 September 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 19♀, Tibet, Nanmulin Numa-dazi, 3 850 m, 7 September 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 1♀, Tibet, Leiwuqi, 3 920 m, 19 September 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 9♀3♂, Tibet, Lhasa, 3 650 m, 27 August 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 14♀44♂, Tibet, Changdu, 3 400 m, 15 August 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu.

Biology. Unknown. Comments. The female of this species was firstly recorded and described. Distribution. China (Inner Mongolia, Beijing, Hebei, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Sichuan, Guizhou, Tibet); Palearctic Region

(Noyes, 2014).

Mesopolobus keralensis Sureshan & Narendran, 2002 New record to China (Fig. 15) Mesopolobus minutus Sureshan & Narendran, 2002: 79–85. Mesopolobus keralensis Özdikmen, 2011: 844. (Replacement name for Mesopolobus minutus Sureshan & Narendran, 2002 nec

Dzhanokmen, 1982)

Material examined. China. 18♀4♂, Beijing, Songshan, 26 August 1984, coll. Dawei Huang; 1♀, Ningxia, Tongxin, 2 August 1984, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♂, Qinghai, Geermu, 11 July 1997, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 1♀3♂, Fujian, Shanghang, Buyunxiang, 1 100 m, 20 September 1996, coll. Hui Xiao.

Biology. Unknown. Distribution. China (Beijing, Ningxia, Qinghai, Fujian); Oriental Region (India).

Mesopolobus mongolicus Yang, 1996 Mesopolobus mongolicus Yang, 1996: 186–188.

Material examined. China. 1♀ (paratype), Heilongjiang, Tuqiang, Great Khingan Mountains, 650 m, 22 July 1989, coll. Zhongqi Yang and Maoling Sheng.

Biology. Yang (1996) stated that this species may be parasitic in Tomicobia sp., and epiparasitism in Ips acuminatus

72 Xiao et al.

Gyllenha. Distribution. China (Heilongjiang).

Mesopolobus nobilis (Walker 1834) New record to China (Fig. 16) Platyterma nobile Walker, 1834a: 304, Lectotype ♀, BMNH (Examined, B.M. TYPE HYM 5.1824). Mesopolobus nobilis (Walker): Rosen, 1958: 212; Graham, 1969: 655–657. Platyterma decorum Walker, 1834b: 342.

Material examined. China. 1♀, Heilongjiang, Yichun, 350 m, 19 August 1978, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Heilongjiang, Yichun, 350 m, 21 August 1978, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Jilin, Tonghua, 26 July 1978, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Inner Mongolia, Manzhouli, 6 August 1961, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Inner Mongolia, Hailaer, 1 August 1981, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Inner Mongolia, Hailaer, 2 July 1981, coll. Dingxi Liao; 6♀2♂, Inner Mongolia, Hailaer, 3 August 1981, coll. Dingxi Liao; 2♀2♂, Beijing, 11 July 1986, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀1♂, Beijing, Yanqing, 450m, 1 July 1990, coll. Dawei Huang; 1♀, Beijing, Yanqing, 450m, 2 July 1990, coll. Dawei Huang; 1m, Beijing, Fangshan, 14 July 1983, coll. Dawei Huang; 1♀,1m, Beijing, Qinglongqiao, 20 July 1983, coll. Dawei Huang; 1♀, Hebei, Xiaowutai, 1 200 m, 6 August 1964, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Hebei, Xiaowutai, 16 August 1964, coll. Tailu Chen; 1♂, Ningxia, Longde, 13 April 1980, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Gansu Zhangye, 22 July 1976, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♂, Qinghai, Xining, 3 June 1997, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 18♀6♂, Xinjiang, Tacheng, 22 July 1955, coll. Shijun Ma, Kailing Xia, Yonglin Chen; 4♀3♂, Xinjiang, Tacheng, 24 July 1955, coll. Shijun Ma, Kailing Xia, Yonglin Chen; 4♀, Xinjiang, Qinghe, Yaerkate, 1 August 1956, coll. Weiyi Yang; 1♀, Xinjiang, Qinghe, 2 August 1956, coll. Weiyi Yang; 2♀, Xinjiang, August 1956, coll. Weiyi Yang; 1♂, Xinjiang, Yining River valley, 540–630 m, 6 August 1957, coll. Guang Wang; 1♂, Xinjiang, Hejing, 1 580 m, 9 August 1958, coll. Changguang Li; 1♀, Xinjiang, Chuoqiang, Alagan, 850 m, 7 May 1960, coll. Shuyong Wang; 1♀, Xinjiang, Shate, 1 860 m, 11 August 1957, coll. Chunpei Hong; 1♀1♂, Zhejiang, Tianmu Mountain, 1 100 m, 6 June 1964, coll. Dingxi Liao; 2♀10♂, Hunan, Nanyue Mountain, 2 June 1980, coll. Xinwang Tong; 1♀, Fujian, Chongan, Longdu Pikeng, 380–580 m, 24 May 1960, coll. Chenglin Ma; 1♀, Fujian, Chongan, Xingcun Sangang, 740–910 m, 25 May 1960, coll. Chenglin Ma; 2♀, Fujian, Chongan, Xingcun Longdu, 580–640 m, 5 June 1960, coll. Yong Zuo; 1♀, Fujian, Chongan, Xingcun Guadun, 900 m, 30 June 1960, coll. Yong Zuo; 1♀, Fujian, Shaowu, 6 September 1945, coll. Xiufu Zhao; 1♂, Fujian, Shaowu, 12 October 1948, coll. Xiufu Zhao; 1♀, Sichuan, Chengdu, 18 July 1963, coll. Pengrong Chen; 2♀, Sichuan Chengdu, 29 November 1963, coll. Dingxi Liao; 2♂, Yunnan, Jingdong, Wuliang Mountain, 2 302 m, 3 May 1985, coll. Changfang Li.

Biology. M. nobilis was recorded lives in the seeds of grasses (Gramineae: Avena, Bromus). (Rosen, 1962; Burks, 1979)

Distribution. China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Beijing, Hebei, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Zhejiang, Hunan, Fujian, Sichuan, Yunnan)；Palearctic, Nearctic and Oriental Regions (Noyes, 2014).

Mesopolobus prasinus (Walker, 1834) New record to China (Fig. 17) Platyterma prasinum Walker, 1834a: 305, Lectotype ♀, BMNH (Examined, B.M. TYPE HYM 5.1826); Graham, 1957: 221. Mesopolobus prasinus (Walker): Rosen, 1958: 214. Asemantus amphibolus Förster (1878: 51).

Material examined. China. 2♀2♂, Jilin, Hailong, 28 July 1978, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Jilin, Changbai Mountain, 24 July 1981, coll. Shufang Wang; 1♀, Liaoning, Shenyang, 27 May 1987, coll. Wenjun Bu; 1♀, Beijing, Badaling, 14 July 1963, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Beijing, December 1989, ex. Yponomeuta sp., coll. Dawei Huang; 1♀, Hebei, Pingshan, 2 281 m, 22 May 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 1♀, Hebei, Xinglong, 2 110 m, 24 April 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 1♂, Hebei, Weichang, 7 August 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 5♀3♂, Hebei, Weichang, 11 August 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 2♀1♂, Hebei, Weichang, 12 August 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 1♀2♂, Hebei, Weichang, 1 320 m, 13 August 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 2♀, Hebei, Weichang, 13 August 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 1♀1♂, Hebei, Weichang, 8 September 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; Shandong, 8 June 1958, coll. Jinlong Mao; 1♀, Shandong, Yashan, 5 August 1964, coll. Ziqing Wang; 3♀, Shandong, Yashan, 9 August 1964, coll. Ziqing Wang; 1♀, Shaanxi, Liuba, 29 July 1973, coll. Dingxi Liao; 2♂, Shaanxi, 29 June 1976, coll. Dingxi Liao; 2♀1♂, Gansu, Wuwei, 1 450 m, 16 September 1973, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Qinghai, Geermu, Guoleimude, 2 880 m, 14 September 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 1♀, Xinjiang, Tacheng, 21 July 1955, coll. Shijun Ma, Kailing Xia, Yonglin Chen; 7♀, Xinjiang, Wulumuqi, Nanshan, 23 July 2003, coll. Xiangmei Dou; 5♀2♂, Zhejiang, Mogan Mountain, 500 m, 12 June 1964, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀2♂, Zhejiang, Mogan Mountain, 540 m, 12 June 1964, coll. Tailu Chen; 1♀6♂, Zhejiang Mogan Mountain, 13 June 1964, coll. Tailu Chen; 1♀, Zhejiang Xitianmu Mountain, 7 July 1964, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Zhejiang Linan, Tianmu Mountain, 350 m, 6 June 1999, coll. Hui Xiao; 1♀, Zhejiang, Linan, Tianmu Mountain,


350 m, 9 June 1999, coll. Hui Xiao; 3♀, Hubei, Badong, 1 500 m, 12 August 1989, coll. Dawei Huang; 3♀1♂, Jiangxi, Bamaoling, 7 June 1997, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 2♀, Hunan, Changsha, ex. Polychrosis cunninghamiacola Liu & Pai, coll. Xinwan Tong; 1♀, Sichuan, Baoxing, Hepinggou, 2 200 m, 17 June 2001, coll. Yan Chen; 2♀1♂, Sichuan, Degemanigange, 3 965 m, 12 August 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 2♀1♂, Fujian, Guadun, June 1980, coll. Naiquan Lin; 1♀, Fujian, Erliping, 7 May 1981, coll. Liuna Kong; 1♀, Fujian, 11 June 1982, coll. Juchang Huang; 1♀, Tibet, Nanmulin Numa-dazi, 3 850 m, 7 September 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu.

Biology. This species was reared from Agropyron repens (L.) (Rosen, 1966). Herting (1976) stated that the species parasitic on Oscinella frit (L.) and Rabdophaga dubia (Kieffer) (Diptera). Two females of our specimens were reared from Polychrosis cunninghamiacola Liu & Bai, and one female was collected from Yponomeuta sp. (Lepidoptera).

Comments. It is firstly recorded from Oriental Region. Distribution. China (Jilin, Liaoning, Beijing, Hebei, Shandong, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Zhejiang, Hubei,

Jiangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, Fujian, Tibet); Palearctic Region (Noyes, 2014).

Mesopolobus rhabdophagae (Graham, 1957) New record to China (Fig. 18) Platymesopus rhabdophagae Graham, 1957: 227–228. Mesopolobus rhabdophagae (Graham): Rosen, 1958: 217; Graham, 1969: 667.

Material examined. China. 2♀, Liaoning, Shenyang, Beiling, 21 July 1990, coll. Naiquan Lin; 1♀, Liaoning, Shenyang, 28 May 1987, coll. Wenjun Bu; 5♀, Liaoning, Shenyang, 9 July 1992, coll. Naiquan Lin; 5♀, Hebei, Xiaowutai, 2 800 m, 16 August 1964, coll. Yinheng Han; 1♂, Hebei, Xiaowutai, 16 August 1964, coll. Tailu Chen; 1♂, Hebei, Pingshan, 15 May 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 2♀, Hebei, Pingshan, 1 600–1 800 m, 21 May 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 1♀, Hebei, Pingshan, 2 281 m, 22 May 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 10♀, Hebei, Laiyuan, 1 400–1 600 m, 13 June 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 17♀7♂, Hebei, Xinglong, Wuling Mountain, 1 800–2 110 m, 21–27 June 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 17♀2♂, Hebei, Chengde, Weichang, 10–12 August 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 1♂, Gansu, Minxian, Linghongcun, 2 700 m, 8 July 1998, coll. Shuyong Wang; 1♀, Gansu, Wenxian, Bikou, 900–1 450 m, 25 July 1998, coll. Jian Yao; 1♀, Qinghai, Geermu, Guoleimude, 2 880 m, 14 September 2001,coll. Chaodong Zhu; 2♀1♂, Zhejiang, Tianmu Mountain, 8 June 1964, coll. Dingxi Liao; 4♀3♂, Fujian, Daoshui, 25 June 1980, coll. Xiufu Zhao; 1♀, Fujian, Jianyang, 26 May 1973, coll. Tailu Chen; 1♂, Fujian, Huanggang Mountain, 22 June 1980, coll. Xiufu Zhao; 2♀10♂, Yunnan, Lijiang, Ludian, 3 200 m, 15 August 1984, coll. Changfang Li.

Biology. The species was recorded reared from Rhabdophage salicis (Schrank) (Graham, 1957). Distribution. China (Liaoning, Hebei, Gansu, Qinghai, Yunnan, Fujian); Palearctic Region (Noyes 2014).

Mesopolobus changbaicus Xiao, sp. nov. (Figs 19–22)

Female. Body slender (Figs 19–20), dark green, length 2.5 mm. Antenna yellow brown. Leg testaceous except coxa concolorous with thorax, median area of femur dust-colour, apical segment of tarsus brown.

Head width 1.3× as height in front view (Fig. 21), eyes slightly small, separated by about 1.17× eye height, malar space 2.4× as eye height, lower margin of clypeus shallowly emarginate. Head in dorsal view 2.05× as wide as long; temple straight, temple length 0.4× as long as eye length; POL 1.67× OOL. Antenna with 3 transverse anelli, antennal insertion placed on the lower ocular line (Fig. 21); scape 0.84× as eye height, not reaching anterior ocellus; Fu1 and Fu2 longer than broad respectively, Fu3 and Fu4 quadrate, Fu5 slightly transverse, clava 2× as long as broad; pedicel and flagellum combined about 0.84× head width. Relative measurements: head width 70, height 54, dorsal length 34, frons width 42, eye height 36, eye length 24, oral fossa 34, malar space 14, antennal torulus to clypeal margin 17, antennal torulus to anterior ocellus 33, pedicel in dorsal view length: width as 9: 5.5, clava length: width as 18: 9, POL: OOL as 15: 9, temple 10, posterior ocellus long diameter 6.

Pronotum with collar margined; mesoscutum 1.5× as broad as long; scutellum with reticulation smaller and shallower than those on mesoscutum, frenal area indistinct, scutellum 1.07× as long as broad; propodeum (Fig. 19) reticulate except median area smooth, median carina absent, plica compelet; nucha short, with short longitudinal striation. Fore wing (Fig. 22) with 3 hairs on basal vein, basal cell bare, marginal vein 1.47× postmarginal vein. Gaster sessile, spear-shaped, 1.75× as long as broad, narrower but longer than mesosoma, longer than head plus thorax; hypopygium at most 1/2 length of gaster. Relative measurements: mesoscutum width: length as 60: 40; scutellum width: length as 30: 32; propodeum medially width: length as 27: 15, marginal vein 44, postmarginal vein 30, stigmal vein 19, gaster length: width as 130: 44, mesosoma length 90, head plus thorax 120.

Material examined. Holotype. ♀, China, Jilin, Chanbai Mountain (42°02′N, 128°08′E), 1 150 m, 3 August 1996, coll.

74 Xiao et al.

Dawei Huang (IZCAS). Diagnosis. The new species is similar to M. superansi Yang & Gu with median carina absent on propodeum, but can

be identified by the gaster longer than head plus thorax, about 3× as long as broad (only 1.6× in M. superansi). The new species differs from M. teliformis by the median carnia absent on propodeum (complete in M. teliformis).

Etymology. The specific name is from the name of the type locality, Mt. Changbai of Jilin Province. Biology. Unknown. Distribution. China (Jilin).

Mesopolobus semenis Askew, 1997 New record to China (Fig. 23) Mesopolobus semenis Askew, 1997: 969, 971–972.

Material examined. China. 3♀, Inner Mongolia, Manzhouli, 6 August 1961, ex. Bruchophagus onois, coll. Dingxi Liao; 7♂, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, 22 September 1985, ex. Pontania bridgmannii Cameron, coll. Zhongren Liu; 2♂, Ningxia, Yinchuan, 20 June 1980.

Biology. The species was recorded ectophagous parasitoid of Blascoa ephedrae Askew in embryos of Ephedra nebrodensis Tineo, and also has a record as a hyperparasitoid of Mesopolobus arcanus (Askew & Blasco-Zumeta, 1997). Our specimens was reared from Bruchophagus onois (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) and Pontania bridgmannii Cameron (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae).

Distribution. China (Inner Mongolia, Ningxia); Palearctic Region (Noyes, 2014).

Mesopolobus subfumatus (Ratzeburg, 1852) (Fig. 24) Pteromalus subfumatus Ratzeburg, 1852: 236. Mesopolobus subfumatus (Ratzeburg): Rosen, 1958: 223; Graham, 1969: 678; Kamijo, 1982: 71. Synonymy: Eutelus punctiger Thomson, 1878: 75; Platyterma ecksteini Wolff, 1916: 166, 168–169; Pteromalus matsukemushii

Matsumura, 1926: 42; Eutelus tabatae Ishii,1938: 99.

Material examined. China. 2♀, Jilin, Changbai Mountain, 5 July 1978, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♂, Jilin, Changbai Mountain, 2 100 m, 25 July 1990, coll. Dawei Huang; 1♀2♂, Shandong, Linqing, 1 September 1952, coll. Dingxi Liao; 3♀, Yunnan, Lijiang, Ludian, 3 200 m, 15 August 1984, coll. Changfang Li. United States. 3♀, Frische Nehrung, Zool. Inst. Hann. Munden., 1936, coll. F.A.; Germany, 1♀, Celle (Hannov.)., O. Eichhorn. I. Gen., 1978, Cocoon Diprimpimi CIE A.10538., det, Bouček, 1988.

Biology. The species was recorded attacking the cocoons of Diprion (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), occasionally as hyperparasitoid via Ichneumonidae or Braconidae (Graham, 1969). Our specimens parasited of egg of Dendrolimus (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae).

Distribution. China (Jilin, Shandong, Yunnan); Palearctic and Nearctic Regions (Noyes, 2014).

Mesopolobus superansi Yang & Gu, 1995 Mesopolobus superansi Yang & Gu, 1995: 226–228.

Material examined. China. 1♀ (paratype), Heilongjiang, Da Hinggan Mountains, 13 August 1990, ex. eggs of Dendrolimus superans (Butler), coll. Zhongqi Yang.

Biology. Eggs of Dendrolimus superans (Butler) (Yang & Gu, 1995). Distribution. China (Heilongjiang).

Mesopolobus teliformis (Walker, 1834) New record to China (Fig. 25) Platyterma teliforme Walker, 1834a: 305, Lectotype ♀, BMNH (Examined, B.M. TYPE HYM 5.1828). Mesopolobus teliformis (Walker): Rosen, 1958: 214; Graham, 1969: 659–660. Synonym: Platyterma cincticorne Walker, 1834a: 306; Pteromalus placidus Förster, 1841: 11; Eutelus brevicornis Thomson, 1878: 77.

Material examined. China. 22♀8♂, Inner Mongolia, Hailaer, 2 August 1981, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀2♂, Inner Mongolia, Manzhouli, 6 August 1961, coll. Dingxi Liao; 5♀6♂, Inner Mongolia, Hailaer, 1 August 1981, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀1♂, Inner Mongolia, Hailaer, 3 August 1981, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Inner Mongolia, Hailaer, 4 August 1981, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♂, Inner Mongolia, Hushi, 6 August 1984, coll. Dingxi Liao; 2♀, Inner Mongolia, Huhehaote, 1 060 m, 7 August 1983, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Inner Mongolia Huhehaote, 1 060 m, 8 August 1983, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Inner Mongolia, Hushi, 8 August 1984, coll. Dingxi Liao; 2♀1♂, Inner Mongolia, Hushi, 9 August 1984, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀,


Inner Mongolia Hushi, 10 August 1984, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Beijing, Qinglongqiao, 20 June 1983, coll. Dawei Huang; 6♀1♂, Beijing, Songshan, 26 August 1984, coll. Dawei Huang; 1♀3♂, Beijing, Baihua Mountain, 13 August 1982, coll. Baocai Shi; 1♂, Hebei, Xiaowutai, 1 200 m, 6 August 1964, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♂, Hebei, Xiaowutai, 1 300 m, 10 August 1964, coll. Tailu Chen; 1♀, Hebei, Weichang, 7 August 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 1♀, Hebei, Weichang, 8 September 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 4♂, Shanxi, Shanyin, 980 m, 20 June 1990, coll. Dawei Huang; 1♀1♂, Shandong, Tai Mountain, 1 000 m, 10 October 1962, coll. Dingxi Liao; 44♀5♂, Shaanxi, Wugong, 1 450 m, 15 September 1973, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♂, Ningxia; Yinchuan, 17 July 1961, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♂, Ningxia, Liupan Mountain, 31 July 1964, coll. Dingxi Liao; 18♀9♂, Ningxia, Yinchuan, 25 July 1984, coll. Dingxi Liao; 3♀, Ningxia, Yinchuan, 29 July 1976, coll. Dingxi Liao; 3♀7♂, Ningxia, Yinchuan, 4 August 1984, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Gansu, Wuwei, Huangyangzhen, 14 September 1973, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Gansu, Wuwei, 1 450 m, 15 September 1973, coll. Dingxi Liao; 7♀2♂, Gansu, Wuwei, 1 450 m, 16 September 1973, coll. Dingxi Liao; 5♀, Gansu, Wuwei, 16 September 1973, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Gansu, Tianshui, 1 200 m, 22 September 1973, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Xinjiang, Talimu, 18 May 1965, ex. armored scale, coll. Dingxi Liao; 2♀, Hunan, Nanyueshan, 4 September 1980, coll. Xinwang Tong; 1♀, Hunan, Nanyueshan, 5 September 1980, coll. Xinwang Tong; 1♀, Hunan, Yongshun, 650 m, 5 August 1988, coll. Longlong Yang; 2♀, Sichuan, Huili, 2 100 m, 2 June 1961, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Fujian, 20 October 1979, coll. Juchang Huang; 1♀, Fujian, Guadun, 28 June 1981, coll. Juchang Huang; 1♀, Fujian, Wuyi Mountain, 16 September 1982, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Yunnan, Jingdong, 1 200 m, 28 March 1957, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Tibet, Lasa, 21 June 1997, coll. Chaodong Zhu.

Biology. M. teliformis was collected from the follower of Agropyron repens(L.)Beauv., the seeds of Agropyron cristatum (L.) and Agropyron junceiforme A. Löve & D. Löve (Rosen, 1960; Graham, 1969). Our species from Ningxia was recorded collected from Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb, one female from Xingjiang was recorded parasite on armored scale.

Distribution. China (Inner Mongolia, Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Hunan, Sichuan, Fujian, Yunnan, Tibet); Palearctic Region (Noyes, 2014).

Mesopolobus tibialis (Westwood, 1833) New record to China (Fig. 26) Platymesopus tibialis Westwood, 1833: 444. Mesopolobus tibialis (Westwood): Rosen, 1958: 228. Synonym: Eutelus platycerus Walker, 1834b: 360; Eutelus bicolor Walker, 1834: 361; Eutelus platynotus Walker, 1834b: 361; Eutelus

sobrinus Walker, 1834: 362; Pteromalus anticus Walker, 1835a: 494; Pteromalus rusticus Förster, 1841: 11. Pteromalus sodalis Förster, 1841: 13. Platymesopus westwoodii Ratzeburg, 1844: 206; Platymesopus apicalis Westwood, 1882: 326.

Material examined. China. 3♀, Hebei, Shexian, 3 May 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 1♀, Hebei, Weichang, 7 August 1985, coll. Huafu Mi; 1♀, Shaanxi, Ningshan, Huoditang, 2 350 m, 29 July 1998, coll. Jun Chen; 1♀, Hainan, Wuzhi Mountain, 23 April 1964, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Tibet, Basubangda, 4 390 m, 20 August 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu. Sweden. 1♀, SK. Genarp, 27 April 1938, D.M.S.P.& J.F.P. B.M. 1938-414. det. Ch. Ferrière; 1♂, SK. Höör distr., 11 June 1938, D.M.S.P. & J.F.P. B.M.1938-414, det. Ch. Ferrière.

Biology. M. bibialis was reared from various Cynipid galls, especially of Neuroterus spp. and Andricus spp. (Askew, 1961).

Comments. This species was new records in China and newly recorded from Oriental Region in the World. Distribution. China (Hebei, Shaanxi, Hainan, Tibet); Palearctic and Oriental Regions (Noyes, 2014).

Mesopolobus tortricidis Kamijo, 1982 New record to China (Fig. 27) Mesopolobus tortricidis Kamijo, 1982: 69, 71–73.

Material examined. China. 4♂, Liaoning, Jinzhou, June 1973, coll. Bin Liu; 2♀, Inner Mongolia, Fengzhen, 7 July 1980, coll. Dingxi Liao; 5♀6♂, Beijing, Nankou, 11 June 1977, ex. pupae of Tortricidae, coll. Dingxi Liao; 2♀2♂, Hebei, Zhangbei, Muchangkeyansuo, coll. Junrong Dai; 1♂, Shanxi, Shuoxian, June 1983, coll. Yuzhi Niu; 2♂, Shanxi, Taigu, Beiliangshan; 1♂, Qinghai, Huzhu, 7 June 1997, coll. Chaodong Zhu.

Biology. This species is a gregarious pupal parasite of tortricids (Lepidoptera) on coniferous trees, such as Archippus pulchra Butler, A. similes Butler, Choristoneura diversana Hübner and Lozotaenia coniferana (Issiki) on trees of Abies, Picea and Pinus (Kamijo, 1982). There are new host records from China. Leuoma candida Staudinger (Lymantriidae), Choristoneura longicellana Walsingham (Tortricidae), Pandemis heparana Deni & Schiffermuller (Tortricidae) and Grapholitha inopinata Heinrich (Tortricidae).

Distribution. China (Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Qinghai); Palearctic Region(Noyes, 2014).

76 Xiao et al.

Figures 17–26. Mesopolobus spp. 17. M. prasinus (Walker), body dorsal. 18. M. rhabdophagae (Graham), body and fore wing dorsal. 19–22. M. changbaicus Xiao, sp. nov. female. 19. Thorax dorsal. 20. Body laterial. 21. Head frontal. 22. Fore wing. 23. M. semenis Askew, body dorsal. 24. M. subfumatus (Ratzeburg), body laterial. 25. M. teliformis (Walker), body dorsal. 26. M. tibialis (Westwood), body dorsal.


Figures 27–35. Mesopolobus spp. 27. M. tortricidis Kamijo, male, head and thorax laterial. 28. M. typographi (Ruschka), body dorsal. 29–32. M. equivenae Sun & Xiao sp. nov. female. 29. Body dorsal. 30. Body laterial. 31. Head frontal. 32. Fore wing. 33–35. M. beilingicus Sun & Xiao sp. nov.. 33. Body dorsal. 34. Body laterial. 35. Head frontal.

78 Xiao et al.

Mesopolobus typographi (Ruschka, 1924) New record to China (Fig. 28) Eutelus typographi Ruschka, 1924: 13–14. Mesopolobus typographi (Ruschka): Rosen, 1959: 153–160; Graham, 1969: 673.

Material examined. China. 1♀, Beijing, Tiantan Park, 10 April 1997, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 1♀, Gansu, Wuwei, Huangyangzhen, 14 September 1973, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, QinghaiJ Yushu, 4 400 m, 19 August 1964, coll. Shuyong Wang; 1♀, Xinjiang, Shawan, Ningjiahe, 2 800 m, 19 July 1957, coll. Chunpei Hong; 1♀, Xinjiang, Shawan, Ningjiahe, 2 800 m, 19 July 1957, coll. Guang Wang; 1♀, Xinjiang, Shawan, Ningjiahe, 2 835 m, 19 July 1957, coll. Chunpei Hong; 1♀, Xinjiang, Hejing, 950–1 130 m, 21 July 1958, coll. Changguang Li; 1♀, Xinjiang, Tashikuer, 8 July 1965, coll. Dingxi Liao; 1♀, Tibet, Lielamuxian, 21 May 1966, coll. Shuyong Wang; 1♂, Tibet, Zuogongbingzhan, 3 800 m, 2 July 1976, Yinheng Han; 1♀, Tibet, Lasa, 21 June 1997, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 1♀, Tibet, Lasa, 22 June 1997, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 4♀, Tibet, Lasa, 23 June 1997, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 1♀1♂, Tibet, Qusong, 4 100 m, 27 June 1997, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 1♀, Tibet, Lasa, 27 August 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 3♀, Tibet, Rikaze, 3 960 m, 30 August 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 1♀, Tibet, Rikaze Jiari, 31 August 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 1♀, Tibet, Lielamuzhangmu, 2 450–2 750 m, 3 September 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu; 1♀1♂, Tibet, Nanmulin, 3 850 m, 7 September 2001, coll. Chaodong Zhu. Germany. 1♀1♂, Harz Mts., 1948, ex. Ips typographus, coll. H.S.Hanson, det. J.F.Perkins.

Biology. The species was reported as ectoparasitoid of Tomicobia seitneri (Ruschka) (Hymenoptera), hyperparasite of Ips typographus L. and other species of Ips, also parasite of Tomicus piniperda (L.), Pityogenes chalcographus L. and Polygraphus polygraphus L. (Coleoptera) (Noyes, 2014).

Distribution. China (Beijing, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Tibet); Palearctic Region (Noyes, 2014).

Mesopolobus equivenae Sun & Xiao, sp. nov. (Figs 29–32)

Female. Body (Figs 29, 30) length 2.4–3.4 mm. Head and thorax dark green, gaster green with copper-colored reflections. Antenna black brown. Leg concolorous with thorax except tibia brown, tarsus brown-yellow. Fore wing hyaline, veins brown.

Head width 1.32× as height in front view (Fig. 31), eyes separated by about 1.15× eye height, space 0.48× as eye height, lower margin of clypeus shallowly emarginated and with radiate striation. Head in dorsal view 2× as wide as long; temple straight, temple length 0.46× as long as eye length; POL 2.2× OOL. Antenna (Fig. 31) with 2 anelli, antennal insertion slightly above lower ocular line; scape 0.88× as eye height, not reaching anterior ocellus; Fu1 rectangle (1.17× width), clava clavate (1.67× width); pedicel and flagellum combined slightly longer than head width (1.08× head width). Relative measurements: head width 82, height 62, dorsal length 41, frons width 46, eye height 40, eye length 28, oral fossa 38, malar space 19, antennal torulus to clypeal margin 20, antennal torulus to anterior ocellus 37, pedicel length: width as 13: 6, F1 length: width as 7: 6, clava length: width as 15: 9, POL: OOL as 22: 10, temple 13.

Pronotum with collar slightly margined; mesoscutum 1.63× as broad as long; scutellum with reticulation smaller and shallower than those on mesoscutum, frenal area indistinct, scutellum 1.05× as long as broad; propodeum with median carina and plica complete, nucha short and smooth. Fore wing (Fig. 32) with basal vein complete, basal cell hairy on partially, stigmal vein slightly curve, marginal vein as long as postmarginal vein. Gaster spear-shaped, 2.8× as long as broad, distinctly longer than head plus thorax (Fig. 29); tip of hypopygium longer than 1/2 length of gaster (Fig. 30). Relative measurements: mesoscutum width: length as 78: 48; scutellum width: length as 38: 40; propodeum medially width: length as 32: 13, marginal vein 54, postmarginal vein 54, stigmal vein 29, gaster length: width as 180: 64.

Male. Unknown. Material examined. Holotype. ♀, China, Yunnan, Lijiang, Lidiping (26°52′N, 100°14′E), 3 400 m, 14 August 1984,

coll. Changfang Li (IZCAS). Paratypes, 1♀, same data as holotype. Diagnosis. The new species is similar to M. zetterstestii, but the gaster is 2.8 times as long as broad in the new species

(1.6–2× in M. zetterstesti), propodeum width is 2.46 times as long as broad (1.5× in M. zetterstesti). Etymology. The new species has the marginal vein as long as postmarginal vein, so the new species name is from

Latin words equi- and venae. Biology. Unknown. Distribution. China (Yunnan).

Mesopolobus beilingicus Sun & Xiao, sp. nov. (Figs 33–35)

Female. Body length (Figs 33, 34) 1.8–2.5 mm. Head and thorax green with metal reflections, gaster ocherous yellow.


Antenna pale yellow. Leg pale yellow except coxa concolorous with thorax, hind femur brown, apical segment of tarsus brown. Tegula brown yellow. Fore wing hyaline, veins yellow.

Head width 1.3× as height in front view (Fig. 35), eyes separated by about 1.19× eye height, space 0.38× as eye height, lower margin of clypeus shallowly emarginated and with radiate striation. Head in dorsal view 1.89× as wide as long, wider than thorax (1.23×); temple straight, temple length 0.35× as long as eye length; POL 2.17× OOL. Antennal formula (Fig. 35) with 3 small anelli, antennal insertion slightly above lower ocular line; scape 0.77× as eye height, not reaching anterior ocellus; each funicular segments transverse, clava clavate (1.75× width); pedicel and flagellum combined shorter than head width (0.85× head width). Relative measurements: head width 53, height 40, dorsal length 28, frons width 31, eye height 26, eye length 20, oral fossa 26, malar space 10, antennal torulus to clypeal margin 13, antennal torulus to anterior ocellus 22, pedicel in dorsal view length: width as 9: 4, clava length: width as 14: 8, POL: OOL as 13: 6, temple 7, posterior ocellus long diameter 4.

Pronotum with collar not margined, collar medially about 1/11 times as long as mesoscutum; mesoscutum 1.26× as broad as long; scutellum with reticulation smaller and shallower than those on mesoscutum, frenal area indistinct, scutellum as long as broad; propodeum (Fig. 33) smooth except anterior margin with longitudinal carina, median carina and plica complete, nucha short and smooth. Basal vein with several setae, basal cell bare, stigmal vein straight, marginal vein 2.2× as long as stigma vein. Gaster long ovate (Figs 33, 34), 2.3× as long as broad, slightly longer than head plus thorax; tip of hypopygium slightly more than 1/2 length of gaster. Relative measurements: mesoscutum width: length as 43: 34; scutellum width: length as 24: 24; propodeum medially width: length as 20: 8, marginal vein 33, postmarginal vein 24, stigmal vein 15, gaster length: width as 115: 50, mesosoma length 67.

Male. Body length 1.5–2.0 mm. Apical segment of tarsus slight brown. Tegula yellow, veins pale yellow. Head in dorsal view 2× as wide as long, temple length 0.4× as long as eye length; POL 2.8× OOL. Mesoscutum 1.31× as broad as long. Marginal vein 2× as long as stigma vein. Relative measurements: head width 56, length 28; oral fossa 28, malar space 10; eye height 20, temple 8, POL: OOL as 14: 5; mesoscutum width: length as 46: 35; propodeum medially width: length as 18: 10, marginal vein 32, postmarginal vein 28, stigmal vein 16, gaster length 80, head plus thorax 95.

Material examined. Holotype. ♀, China, Liaoning, Shenyang, Beiling (41°48′N, 123°25′E), 27 July 90, coll. Naiquan Lin (IZCAS). Paratypes, 7♀5♂, the same data as holotype.

Diagnosis. This species is close to M. aequus with the body shape and gaster color, but can be clearly separated by the torulus located in lower face, slight above lower ocular line (torulus location distinctly above lower ocular line in M. aequus), antennal formula 11263 (11353 in M. aequus).

Etymology. The specific name is from the name of the type locality, Beiling, Shenyang of Liaoning Province. Biology. Unknown. Distribution. China (Liaoning).

Funding This work was supported by the Presidential Foundation of the CAS, Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2012FY111100, 2011FY120200), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31372238) and the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KSCX2-EW-Z-8).

Acknowledgment We express our thanks to the Royal Society KC Wong Fellowship for offering the opportunity to study in the BMNH, and Drs. Zdenek Bouček and John Noyes for helping us to examine the material of Mesopolobus collections.

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A revision of Chinese species of Mesopolobus Westwood ... · Most species of the genus parasitize...

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