A REVIEW ON PIEZO-ELECTRIC POWER HARVESTING USING...

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2017, pp. 229–240, Article ID: IJMET_08_10_027

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=8&IType=10

ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359

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A REVIEW ON PIEZO-ELECTRIC POWER

HARVESTING USING SWITCH HARVESTING

ON INDUCTOR

G. Ilangovan

Associate Professor, Department of EEE, Veltech University, Avadi, Chennai, India

M. R. Ezilarasan and M. Thanjaivadivel

Assistant Professor, Department of EEE, Veltech University, Avadi, Chennai, India

ABSTRACT

In several recent activities for fundamental understanding of piezoelectric

vibration-based energy harvesting. The electrical behavior of piezo-electric power

harvesting systems using either the standard or the synchronized switch harvesting on

inductor (SSHI) electronic interface. Sound converting apparatus for performing

conversion between electric signals, comprising. A plurality of electrically conductive

bodies each for electrically connecting oscillation bodies. A plurality of signal lines

for inputting electric signals to be applied to respective oscillation bodies, a pair of

external electrodes respectively held in contact with outer surfaces of respective

piezoelectric layers and electrically connected with electrically conductive bodies.

Whereby piezoelectric layers respectively generate electric polarizations, directions of

which are opposing to each other and extending substantially parallel to an azimuthal

direction perpendicular to wave propagating direction, and emit ultrasonic waves

converted from electric signals along wave propagating direction when electrical

fields are applied between external electrodes and dividing electrode in response to

electric signals, and each of oscillation bodies has a width with respect to azimuthal

direction and a thickness with respect to wave propagating direction, and the ratio of

width to thickness is within a range of from 0.1 to 0.8. The main aim is to prove a new

method of voltage generation where the wasted form of energy is converted to useful

energy

Keywords: Piezo-electric, SSHI, Polarizations, Azimuthal direction.

Cite this Article: G. Ilangovan, M. R. Ezilarasan and M. Thanjaivadivel, A Review

on Piezo-Electric Power Harvesting Using Switch Harvesting on Inductor,

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 8(10), 2017,

pp. 229–240.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=8&IType=10

G. Ilangovan, M. R. Ezilarasan and M. Thanjaivadivel


1. INTRODUCTION

Energy harvesting and management has always been a tough task. Saving the wastage of

energy can help a lot in the energy management system. Most of the world's energy resources

are from the sun's rays hitting earth. Some of that energy has been preserved as fossil energy,

some is directly or indirectly usable; for example, via wind, hydro- or wave power. The

harvesting energy from reusable resources too will contribute a lot for the power

management, but if the wasted energy is converted to a electrical energy of course it will be a

boon.

Here we are introducing the technology where the unused noise energy, voices from the

environment is converted to electrical energy. Renewable-energy resource that is perfectly

clean, remarkably cheap, surprisingly abundant and immediately available. It has astounding

potential to reduce the carbon emissions that threaten our planet, the dependence on foreign

oil that threatens our security and the energy costs that threaten our wallets. Unlike coal and

petroleum, it doesn't pollute; unlike solar and wind, it doesn't depend on the weather; unlike

ethanol, it doesn't accelerate deforestation or inflate food prices; unlike nuclear plants, it

doesn't raise uncomfortable questions about meltdowns or terrorist attacks or radioactive-

waste storage, and it doesn't take a decade to build. It isn't what-if like hydrogen, clean coal

and tidal power; it's already proven to be workable, scalable and cost-effective. And we don't

need to import it. It is possible with the help of a transducer where the stress is converted to

voltage. The stress produced over the surface of the transducer is converted into voltage. This

method of energy harvesting can be done at any place where a high intensity noises produced.

2. FREQUENCY TUNING CIRCUIT

Basic speaker connections, Most mid-range to upper quality speakers come with what are

called "five way binding posts" for their connections. This type of binding post can usually

accept banana plugs, spades, or pins as connectors. So, which one do you choose? There are

different types of speaker connections are Banana plug, Spade, Pins.

2.1. PARALLEL CONNECTIONS:

The impedance change with a parallel speaker connection is only slightly more complicated

than the series connection. When speakers are connected in parallel, the impedance is

reduced. This means that, given the same output voltage, the current demand on the amplifier

will be increased. If all speakers have the same impedance, the total impedance is the

impedance of a single speaker divided by the total number of speakers. If you have two 4 ohm

speakers connected in parallel, the total impedance is 4/2 or 2 ohms.

A Review on Piezo-Electric Power Harvesting Using Switch Harvesting on Inductor


2.2. SERIES CONNECTIONS:

In a series connection you simply connect the positive terminal of speaker 'A' to positive

terminal of the amplifier. Then you connect the negative terminal of spkr 'A' to the positive

terminal of speaker 'B'. Lastly connect the negative terminal of speaker 'B' to the negative

terminal of the amplifier. If both of the speakers have an impedance of 4 ohms, the total

impedance will be 8 ohms. In a series connection, you simply add the individual impedances.

If there were three 4 ohm speakers in series, the total impedance will be 12 ohms.

3. PIEZOELECTIC CRYSTAL TRANSDUCER

A transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to another. Presently,

piezoelectric material is commonly used as a basic component of transducers. Piezoelectric

devices are a very reliable and inexpensive means of converting electrical energy into

physical motion and exhibit a high tolerance to environmental factors such as electromagnetic

fields and humidity. A piezoelectric element is a crystal which delivers a voltage when

mechanical force is applied between its faces, and it deforms mechanically when voltage is

applied between its faces. Because of these characteristics a piezoelectric element is capable

of acting as both a sensing and a transmitting element.



3.1. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Depending on how a piezoelectric material is cut, three main modes of operation can be

distinguished: transverse, longitudinal, and shear.

Transverse effect is applied along a neutral axis (y) and the charges are generated along the

(x) direction, perpendicular to the line of force. The amount of charge depends on the

geometrical dimensions of the respective piezoelectric element. When dimensions a,b,c apply,

Cx = dxyFyb / a, where a is the dimension in line with the neutral axis, b is in line with the

charge generating axis and d is the corresponding piezoelectric coefficient.

Longitudinal effect is the amount of charge produced is strictly proportional to the applied

force and is independent of size and shape of the piezoelectric element. Using several

elements that are mechanically in series and electrically in parallel is the only way to increase

the charge output. The resulting charge is Cx = dxxFxn, where dxx is the piezoelectric

coefficient for a charge in x-direction released by forces applied along x-direction (in pC/N).

Fx is the applied Force in x-direction [N] and n corresponds to the number of stacked

elements.

Shear effect is the charges produced are strictly proportional to the applied forces and are

independent of the element’s size and shape. For nelements mechanically in series and

electrically in parallel the charge is Cx = 2dxxFxn.

4. SENSOR DESIGN

Metal disks with piezo material, used in buzzers or as contact microphones Based on

piezoelectric technology various physical quantities can be measured; the most common are

pressure and acceleration. For pressure sensors, a thin membrane and a massive base is used,

ensuring that an applied pressure specifically loads the elements in one direction. For

accelerometers, a seismic mass is attached to the crystal elements. When the accelerometer

experiences a motion, the invariant seismic mass loads the elements according to Newton’s

second law of motion F = ma.

4.1. SENSING MATERIAL

Two main groups of materials are used for piezoelectric sensors: piezoelectric ceramics and

single crystal materials. The ceramic materials (such as PZT ceramic) have a piezoelectric

constant / sensitivity that is roughly two orders of magnitude higher than those of single

crystal materials and can be produced by inexpensive sintering processes. The piezo effect in

piezo ceramics is "trained", so unfortunately their high sensitivity degrades over time.

4.2. APPLICATIONS

Piezoelectric sensors have proven to be versatile tools for the measurement of various

processes. They are used for quality assurance, Product control and for research and

development in many different industries. From the Curie’s initial discovery in 1880, it took



until the 1950s before the piezoelectric effect was used for industrial sensing applications.

Since then, the utilization of this measuring principle has experienced a constant growth and

can be regarded as a mature technology with an outstanding inherent reliability. It has been

successfully used in various applications as for example in medical, aerospace, nuclear

instrumentation and in mobiles' touch key pad as pressure sensor. In the automotive industry

piezoelectric elements are used as the standard devices for engine indicating in developing

internal combustion engines. The combustion processes are measured with piezoelectric

sensors. The sensors are either directly mounted into additional holes into the cylinder head or

the spark/glow plug is equipped with a built in miniature piezoelectric sensor

4.3. PIN DIAGRAM:

PIC16F877 PIN DIAGRAM



4.4. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PIC16F877:



4.5. PIN DESCRIPTION

5. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is an electronically modulated optical device shaped into a

thin, flat panel made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels filled with liquid

crystal and arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. It is often utilized in battery-powered

electronic devices because it uses very small amount of electric power.

5.1. Pin Diagram

Instruction Set:

I/D : 1=Increment, 0=Decrement

S : 1=Display Shift Enabled, 0=Cursor shift enabled

S/C : 1=Display Shift, 0=Cursor move

R/L : 1=Shift to the right, 0=Shift to the left

IF : 1=8bits, 0=4bits

BF : 1=Busy, 0=Not busy

BR1, BR0: 00=100% 01=75% 10=50% 11=25%

DD RAM=Display Data RAM

CG RAM=Character generator



Instruction RS R/W DB

7

DB

6

DB

5

DB

4

DB

3

DB

2

DB

1

DB

0 Description

Display clear 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Clears all display and

sets DD RAM

address to 0 in the

address counter.

Cursor hom 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 *

Sets DD RAM

address to 0. Contents

remain unchanged

Set entry

home 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I/D s

Sets cursor direction

and specifies shift.

(these operations are

performed during

writing/readier data).

Display

ON/OFF

control

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D C B

Sets display on/off

(D), cursor

ON/OFF(C), cursor

blink(B).

Cursor or

Display shift 0 0 0 0 0 1 S/C R/L * *

Shifts cursor, keeping

DD RAM contents

Function set 0 0 0 0 1 IF * * * * Sets Data Length

(IF).

Brightness

control(VFD

only)

1 0 * * * * * * BR1 BR0

Accept 1byte data of

just after “function

set” as brightness

control data.

CG RAM

address

setting

0 0 0 1 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 Sets the CG RAM

address

DD RAM

address

setting

0 0 1 6 5 4 A3 A2 A1 A0 Sets DD RAM

address

Busy flag

address

reading

0 1 F A6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Reads Busy Flag

(BF) and address

counter.

Data Writing

to CG or DD

RAM

1 0 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 Writes data into CG

RAM or DD RAM

Data Reading

from CG 1 1 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 2 A1 A0

Reads data from CG

RAM or DD RAM

Connections:

LCD

connector Function

2051 Pin Number

& Name

LCD

connector Function

2051 Pin Number

& Name

1 Data line6 18,P1.6 16 LCD RS 7,P3.3

2 Data line1 13,P1.1 15 Data line5 17,P1.5

3 Power 5V

DC 14

LCD

Read/Write 6,P3.2

4 Not

connected 13 Data line0 12,P1.0



5 Display

Adjust 12 Data line4 16,P1.4

6 Data line7 19,P1.7 11 LCD Enable 8,P3.4

7 Data line2 14,P1.2 10 Data line3 15,P1.3

8 Ground 9 Not

connected

5.2. SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM:

5.3. BLOCK DIAGRAM WORKING

The operation of character-based LCDs is analogous to the PC’s video card and monitor. In

the PC, the program to the video card via the PC bus sends information. The video card is

responsible for the actual task of creating, updating, and refreshing the display. Information in

the display in maintained in the video card memory. Our LCDs behave in the same manner:

they accept data and commands via a bus, maintain character information in memory, and

manage the built-in display. The brains behind the LCD are the Hitachi HD44780. In addition

to managing the display (i.e., writing a character, clearing the display, moving the cursor,

etc.), it contains three areas of

Memory: CGROM, DDRAM, and CGRAM.

The CGROM (Character Generator ROM) contains the dot patterns for the characters that

can be displayed. This ROM contains most of the US ASCII character set and several

Japanese kana characters and symbols.

The DDRAM (Data Display RAM) is the memory where the display contents are stored.

The actual content of this memory are the character codes to be displayed. The HD44780

takes care of retrieving the dot patterns from the CGROM and putting them into the display.

The DDRAM and its manipulation can be a bit confusing at first; since it usually contains

many more characters than can be physically displayed.

The CGRAM (Character Generator RAM) is memory that we can manipulate to create our

own characters. In a pinch, it can also be used as external, general-purpose memory. Use the

CGRAM as external memory requires another control line (R/W, LCD pin 5).

6. RELAY DRIVER CIRCUIT

Relays are devices which allow lower power circuits to switch a relatively high

Current/Voltage ON/OFF. For a relay to operate a suitable pull-in & holding current should

be passed through its coil. Generally relay coils are designed to operate from a particular

voltage often it is 5V or 12V.



6.1. OPERATING PRINCIPLE

Chosen the piezo electric crystal to generate the maximum energy from the voice. Studied the

working of the piezo electric crystal in converting the stress to electricity Checked out the

transducer for its voltage output for some given noises. Designed and checked out some trial

analog circuit to boost the harvested power to a better usable form with the above advantage

we propose a technique to harvest a conventional energy from sound. For the in our project

we designed a special arrangement which is build is built over the spring over which the

sensors are placed

The fact if we give a stress or sound then the sensor plate gets vibrated because of the

spring arrangement and there will be a production of voltage across the crystal. In our

arrangement we connect a no of sensors in serial and parallel connection, because a single

crystal can be able to produce voltage in order of microvolt. To boost the voltage we go for

more no of sensors which are connected in serial and parallel. The generated voltage is being

boosted up with the MAX756 BOOSTING IC, where the generated 2.5 volts is being boosted

to 5V to run the motor. And we use a 5V DC motor to run with the generated voltage. When

the motor is in OFF state the generated voltage is stored in the battery and it is used after. It is

done with the relay driving circuit. A Microcontroller is used to control the working process

and to display the voltage produced in the LCD. The microcontroller we use here is

PIC16F877 where is a inbuilt 8bit ADC in it. When the motor is in OFF state the generated

voltage is stored in the battery and it is used after. It is done with the relay driving circuit.



FLOWCHART

7. CONCLUSION&FUTURE SCOPE

Power is the backbone of modern global society. It is a crucial ingredient for economic

growth and improving the standard of life. Electricity consumption is practically synonymous

with modern life in the industrialized world. Our communications, transport, food supplies,

and most amenities of contemporary homes, offices and factories depend on a reliable supply

of electrical power. India’s Power generating capacity is 130,000 MWs. By the year 2030,

this is expected to cross 625,000 MWs. Experts say that the Power Generating capacity of

India has to increase this phenomenally to ensure 8 to10 percent GDP growth. Conventional

sources of energy including coal, oil, and gas are unlikely to meet such a demand, for, the

costs, both, financial and environmental degradation are very much prohibitive. Hydel Power

Generation has its own woes. Nuclear power is never the right option (unless it is through

nuclear fusion). Piezoelectricity has hopeful future as a personal electrical generator. A few

companies have even produced and sold charging devices already. It won’t be long before



your MP3 player charges itself from the noise in the room or your morning jog. Some of the

most obvious applications of piezoelectric materials for energy collection are personal energy

generators that are enough to power phones, MP3 players, etc. The sole of your shoe could be

constructed of piezoelectric materials and every step you took would begin to generate

electricity. This could then be stored in a battery or used immediately in personal electronics

devices. The voltage generated can be increased with some additional IC’s and can generate

upto 110 volts where the fans and lights can be used with no loss of energy.

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[14] www.piezosolutions.net

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[16] www.datasheetcatalog.org

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