A REVIEW ON BRAZILIAN PEPPER PLANT: SCHINUS MOLLE
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Transcript of A REVIEW ON BRAZILIAN PEPPER PLANT: SCHINUS MOLLE
Jamonline / 2(2); 2012 / 6–13 Madhu Babu K & Bikshal Babu K
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Review Article
Journal of Atoms and Molecules An International Online JournalAn International Online JournalAn International Online JournalAn International Online Journal ISSN ISSN ISSN ISSN –––– 2277 2277 2277 2277 –––– 1247124712471247
A REVIEW ON BRAZILIAN PEPPER PLANT: SCHINUS MOLLE
Madhu Babu Kasimala1*, Bikshal Babu Kasimala2, 1Department of Allied Sciences, College of Marine Science and Technology, Massawa, Eritrea.
2 QC department. RV labs, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. Received on: 11-03-2012 Revised on: 01-04-2012 Accepted on: 16–04–2012
Introduction:
Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae), also known as Brazilian pepper tree, is a tree which is short and
has thin, long leaves and it is often used in subtropical climates for landscaping. Schinus spp. has
been traditionally used as medicine by indigenous people throughout the tropics (Erazo et al.,
2006). Recent research show that extracts obtained from S. molle can be used as an analgesic (pain-
reliever), anti-inflammatory and anti-tumorous agent (Yueqin et al., 2003; Diaz et al., 2008). It also
possesses potent antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, insecticidal and repellent properties (Dikshit et
al., 1986; Chopa et al., 2006; Ferrero and Gonzales, 2006; Ferrero et al, 2007; Padin et al., 2007).
Taxonomy:
Kingdom : Plantae
Subkingdom : Tracheobionta
Superdivision : Spermatophyta
Division : Magnoliophyta
Class : Magnoliopsida
Subclass : Rosidae
Order : Sapindales
Family : Anacardiaceae
Genus : Schinus
Species : Schinus molle L.
* Corresponding author
Madhu Babu K,
Email: [email protected]
Tel: 00291 – 7251105
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S.molle plant Bark of S.molle Pinnate leaf of S.molle
Fruits of S.molle ripened fruits of S.molle dry fruits of S.molle
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Schinus molle is widely cultivated in tropical
and subtropical countries (Huerta et al.,
2010). It is widely spread outside their
original geographical ranges, grows in North
and Central America, Africa, Middle East and
is cultivated around Mediterranean in
Southern Europe. In Argentina, it is widely
used as an urban tree because of its resistance
to pollution, easy and economical spread and
little need for irrigation. (Chamorro et al). It
is an evergreen tree with weeping foliage,
usually grow up to 6-8 m tall, on good sites
up to 15 m; trunk is short with dark brown,
deeply fissured and flaking bark, when the
bark is damaged it exude a sticky latex.
Leaves are compound with pinnate
arrangement and 15-30 cm long, with 15-41
leaflets; leaflets are yellowish-green, 2-5 cm
long, lanceolate with entire or serrate margins.
The leaves have a peppery smell when
crushed. Flowers are unisexual, small and
pale yellow, in 10-15 cm long panicles.
Female and male flower grows normally on
different trees, within the area of natural
distribution flowering occurs in September to
December and fruits are ripe in December-
January. In East Africa fruits are collected in
March. All fruits do not mature at the same
time and within a cluster the fruits will often
be at different stages of maturity. (Orwa et al;
2009)
Fruits are small, round drupes, 5-9 mm in
diameter, bright red when mature, later
turning black. The pulp is thin and leathery; it
has a sweet taste and contains aromatic oils.
There are one or two seeds per fruit. Seeds are
2-4 mm in diameter, round, brown-black,
furrowed when dry. There are 30,000-40,000
seeds per kg.
Distribution and habitat
The area of natural distribution is the Andes
region, mainly Peru. It is found at altitudes up
to 3900 MSL, in areas with 300-700 mm
rain/year. It tolerates high temperatures and
once established it is extremely drought
resistant; it is resistant to frost but not for long
periods. A fast growing pioneer species is
typically found in roadsides and on
agricultural lands. It grows well on stony sites
and slopes. Prefers sandy, well-drained soils
but is tolerant to most soil types and also to
salinity and alkalinity. Introduced to Central
and North America, Europe and Africa and in
some places it has become naturalised. (Orwa
et al; 2009)
Local names:
Amharic (qundo berbere); Arabic (felfel-
kazib, filfilrafie); English (pepper tree,
California pepper tree, Chilean pepper tree,
mastic tree, molle, pepper berry tree, weeping
pepper, Peruvian mastic, pink pepper,
Peruvian pepper tree); French (faux Poivrier
du Perou, poivre rosé); German
(Brasilianischer pfeffer, rosé-pfeffer, rosa
pfeffer, Peruanischer pfeffer); Italian (Albero
del pepe, Pepe del Peru,Schino); Spanish
(pirul, pimienta, arveira); Swahili (mpilipili);
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Swedish (rosépeppar); Tigrigna (berebere-
tselim, berbere-tselim).(Orwa et al; 2009)
Pharmacology
Pharmacological studies carried out with
extracts from Schinus molle showed that this
plant has hypotensive (Bello et al., 1996),
antitumoral (Diaz et al., 2008), antifungal
(Schmourlo et al., 2005), antibacterial (Erazo
et al., 2006), anti-inflammatory (Yueqin et
al., 2003), analgesic (Barrachina et al., 1997),
and antidepressant (Machado et al., 2007)
properties, but there is no evidence of any
effect against plant pathogens. Methanol
extracts of the different species of Schinus
showed an inhibitory effect on conidial
germination of Fusarium solani. Leaf extracts
of Schinus showed a high level of
antimicrobial effect against the bacterial
strains and the best results were obtained with
S. molle against Agrobacterium tumefaciens
and Bacillus subtilis (Rhouma et al., 2009).
Leaf juice is used to treat ophthalmia and
rheumatism; a bark extract infusion is used
for diarrhoea, and resin of the bark is a
dangerous purgative. Other known medicinal
properties of the tree include using it as an
astringent, a balsamic, diuretic, expectorant,
masticatory, stomachic, tonic and vulnerary.
The ailments it is known to treat include
amenorrhoea, bronchitis, gingivitis,
gonorrhoea, gout, tuberculosis, tumour, ulcer,
urethritis, wart, wounds, and urogenital and
venereal diseases. (Orwa et al; 2009)
The oil of S. molle was the most effective,
inhibiting the animal pathogens completely
and exhibiting moderate activity against the
storage fungi. The minimum fungistatic
concentrations of S. molle oil were 300, 200,
and 200 ppm against M. gypseum, T.
mentagrophytes, and T. rubrum, respectively.
The minimum fungicidal concentrations were
900 ppm against T. mentagrophytes and 400
ppm against T. rubrum. M. gypseum was
completely resistant to the fungicidal action of
S. molle oil, even at concentrations of 900
ppm. The minimum fungistatic concentrations
of S. molle oil were 60, 75, and 55 times more
active against M. gypseum, T.
mentagrophytes, and T. rubrum, respectively,
when compared with Multifungin. In terms of
minimum fungicidal concentrations, S. molle
oil was 125 times more effective than
Multifungin against T. rubrum and 55.5 times
more effective against T. mentagrophytes .
Physicochemical properties of the oil were
determined. Of 50 components resolved by
gas-liquid chromatography, 14 were found
above 1% (vol/vol); however, only 10
components could be identified. (Dikshit et
al; 1986); (Deveci et al 2010).
Insect Repellence:
Leaves are an insect repellents. All materials
showed repellency in varying degrees against
Oriental cockroach ( Blatta orientalis). All the
doses of essential oils of S.molle were found
to be more effective, while the fruit oils and
leaf extracts were not effective. (Deveci et al,
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2010). The essential oils of ripe fruit has high
repellency and leaf extracts of S.molle do not
have repellency against German cockroach
(Chopa et al, 2006).
Essential oil:
The plant extracts and essential oils can be
obtained from different parts like leaves,
unripe fruits and ripe fruits. Essential oil of
leaf contained 24 components; mainly delta-
cadinene (11.28%) and alpha-cadinol
(10.77%) Germacrene D (20.77%) and Beta-
ceryophyllene (13.48%).(Deveci et al 2010).
The composition may differ by season and the
region that the plant material was collected.
(Abdel-sattar, 2010). The major components
identified in the essential oil of S. molle of
Resistencia city were α- pinene (11.5%), β-
pinene (14.71%), limonene (9.17%), α-
ocimene (3.1%), germacrene D (3.6%), γ-
cadinene (6.9%), δ-cadinene (4.9%) and epi-
bicyclosesquiphelandrene (18.6%), as shown
in the Figure 1. However, the composition of
these oils differ in their main components
compared to data reported from other sources,
such as Liguria (Italy), whose main
components are α-phellandrene (30%) and
elemol (13.25%) (Maffei & Chialvo, 1990),
Uruguay with 30% of Biciclogermacreno
(Menendez et al., 1996), state of Rio Grande
do Sul in southern Brazil with 40% of
limonene (Barroso et al., 2011) and Santa Fe
(Argentina) whose major component is
limonene (40%) (Guala et al., 2009).
(Chamorro et al.,)
Fig. 1. Chromatogram of essential oil from
Schinus molle. Components: α-pinene (1), β-
pinene (2), limonene (3), α-ocimene (4),
germacrene D (5), γ-cadinene (6), δ-cadinene
(7) and epi- byciclosesquiphelandrene
(18.6%).(Chamorro et al.,).
Poisonous nature of plant:
The hanging strings of little pink berries of
this attractive ornamental tree are reputed to
be moderately poisonous, particularly the
seed.. The pollen, on contact or when inhaled,
can cause dermatitis and asthmatic reactions.
The tree also has antimicrobial, antifungal,
piscicidal and viricidal properties. (Orwa et
al; 2009)
Wood
Heart wood is a dull, light red, deepening
upon exposure and becoming more or less
purplish and rather oily looking; the specific
gravity (air – dry) is 0.54 – 0.68, it is very
easy to work and durability is high. Wood is
termite resistance and therefore suitable for
Jamonline / 2(2); 2012 / 6–13 Madhu Babu K & Bikshal Babu K
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posts. Bark is used as tanning of skin. (Orwa
et al; 2009). The degree of solubility of the
wood of S. molle in ethanol is comparatively
low and the content of extractible substances
of the wood of S. molle, 7.3%, is relatively
low in comparison with the species that have
been used in the pulp industries. (Rutiaga;
2001). The content of holocellulose 67.3%
and lignin is 22.2%, inorganic material 3.2%,
in the wood of S. molle (Mejia Diaz and
Rutiaga Quinoes ; 2008)
Conclusion:
Schinus molle contains anti microbial activity.
It controls many microorganisms which are
pathogenic in nature. It is also used for the
repellent of certain insects. It contains many
natural products in its essential oils. The
further research can be carried out by
isolation and identification of the natural
products, quantitative and qualitative studies
of the natural products present in the essential
oils of the Schinus molle.
Acknowledgement:
The authors are extending their gratitude to
Dr. P.Ashok Kumar, Department of Marine
Biotechnology, College of Marine Science
and Technology, Massawa, Eritrea for his
help in the collection of literature.
References:
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