A research agenda for the management of intellectual capital
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Transcript of A research agenda for the management of intellectual capital
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 1 Kostagiolas , Lectures
Dr. Petros A. Kostagiolas Assistant Professor of Information Services Management Department of Archives, Library Science and Museology
School of Information Sciences and Informatics Ionian University, Email. [email protected]
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016
12th-13th April - Room 5.B.14 – Edinburgh Napier University Sighthill campus
A research agenda for the management of
intellectual capital
Ionian University
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 2 Kostagiolas , Lectures
In composing this talk, I have drawn material from a book I have recently
published on Intellectual Capital Management in Libraries
Kostagiolas, P. (2012) “Managing
Intellectual Capital in Libraries: beyond the balance sheet”, Chandos
Information Professional Series, Oxford, U.K.
Background – Main Source of Presentation
There is NO single way forward… but one can ARGUE that there is a
… CERTAINTY…???????
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 3 Kostagiolas , Lectures
Lecture Overview
• Concepts & Implications
• Research
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 4 Kostagiolas , Lectures
Need for Research: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 5 Kostagiolas , Lectures
Human Intellectual Capital by OECD
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 6 Kostagiolas , Lectures
Key findings_1 of 2
• Business investment in KBC helps boost growth and productivity. Studies for the European Union and the United States show business investment in KBC contributing 20% to 34% of average labour productivity growth.
• KBC is transforming what makes firms competitive. For instance, in the automotive sector, software is increasingly prominent in the cost of developing new vehicles, with high-end vehicles relying on millions of lines of computer code.
• Countries that invest more in KBC are also more effective in reallocating resources to innovative firms. As a share of gross domestic product (GDP), the United States and Sweden invest about twice as much in KBC as Italy and Spain, and patenting firms in the United States and Sweden attract four times as much capital as similar firms in Italy and Spain.
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 7 Kostagiolas , Lectures
Key Findings_2 of 2
• Firms that are not part of a multinational group of companies – often small and young firms – may be placed at a competitive disadvantage, relative to MNEs, in undertaking and exploiting R&D.
• Across countries, there is a positive correlation between the market value of firms and investment in KBC.
• Corporate financial reports provide limited information on companies’ investments in KBC. This may hinder corporate finance and impair corporate governance.
• A fuller understanding of innovation and growth, and better policy, require better measurement of KBC and common measurement guidelines.
• Growing business investment in KBC amplifies the importance of getting human capital policies right. Human capital is the foundation of KBC: software, for example, is essentially an expression of human expertise translated into code.
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 8 Kostagiolas , Lectures
“the decision-making mechanisms in libraries and other memory institutions should take into account
the value “hidden” into the intellectual capital resources held by those organizations.”
Intellect capital provides a new source of growth
Intellectual capital can be a source for creativity and innovation ... especially in a period of economic crisis
Departure Hypothesis
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 9 Kostagiolas , Lectures
• Intellectual capital is fostering innovation and is an important value creator.
• New resources are constantly required since the library business environment is becoming more and more complicated and knowledge based.
• Investments in intellectual capital are either mis-measured or not measured at all.
• Society and Economy is changing rapidly...
Departure Assumptions
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 10 Kostagiolas , Lectures
Our world is changing… we need a way to move forward…
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 11 Kostagiolas , Lectures
Resources become scarce… • Global Economic Crisis creates a burning platform for our
socioeconomic structures… we need to learn and move forward!
• We need to depart from status quo… and endorse the process of CHANGE…
• We need new sources for growth: Intellectual Capital
The global economic crisis is changing our
lives and the management of
Information Services!
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 12 Kostagiolas , Lectures
• The deeper is the economic crisis the fewer are the information services provided; but the demand for such services increases.
• Fiscal crisis dramatically reduces public funding, and reduces the
ability of the private sector to contribute...
• Competition for the scarce tangible resources is increasing.
• Non-for Profit initiatives increasing.
• The sustainability of libraries is judged solely upon economic criteria ... disregarding in many cases the social capital creation and role.
Intellectual Capital versus Economic Crisis
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 13 Kostagiolas , Lectures
• Prosperity from mid-20th century and until the economic crisis of 2008 … • Expansion of existing libraries • Development of new libraries • Digitization and new library-programs • Number of users increased
• Library Science has been established as a university discipline.
• Over all these years libraries in Greece remained highly dependent upon the state funding and (unfortunately) the BUREAUCRACY INCREASED… • Economic crisis consequences are increasing year after year…
An example: The impact of the economic crisis on libraries in Greece
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 14 Kostagiolas , Lectures
Intellectual capital management as a novel management philosophy …
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Jk6clmMycI Jason Clarke - Embracing Change
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPhM8lxibSU
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 15 Kostagiolas , Lectures
The term Intellectual (or Knowledge) Capital has received different interpretations according to the
different academic disciplines, i.e. accounting, economics, law, management etc.
Three terms are widely used: Intangible Assets — in accounting literature, Knowledge Capital — by economists, Intellectual Capital — in management and law.
Equivalent interpretations of Intellectual Capital
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 16 Kostagiolas , Lectures
An omnibus definition is the “totality of
intangible/knowledge assets/resources held
by an organization that are amassed
over time, not included in the
balance sheet and identified and
analyzed distinctively.”
A definition for Intellectual Capital
Intellectual capital has always been present in libraries ...
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 17 Kostagiolas , Lectures
Infrastructure, processes and systems of a library that enable the work of the
human capital as well as the organizational philosophy and structure; management
systems and other information systems; patents;
copyrights etc;
Knowledge that remain within the library at the end
of the working day.
Resources linked to the external environment of the
library.
Library networks;
Library’s reputation – goodwill;
User loyalty
Human Capital Organizational Capital Relational Capital
Intellectual Capital Categories
Includes the knowledge, experiences, competencies and
creativity of the staff;
Knowledge that employees take with them when they
leave the library;
It is the knowledge in peoples’ minds, is a totally portable resource and an enormous
capital asset.
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 18 Kostagiolas , Lectures
18
Categories of Intellectual
Capital
Indicative Intangible Assets/Resources
Human Capital Staff training / education Staff quality / competence / skills / experiences / talents
Attributes Learning culture Innovation culture
Structural or Organization Capital,
Contracts copyrights Digitized collections Access policies Quality and safety systems Accreditation/certifications Branding Knowledge based teams
Staff Information Remote services Repository Archive Systems for network development Website Security
Relational Capital
Relationship with stakeholders Networking and cooperation Participation in innovation networks; Personnel networks Professional Networks
Users’ Trust/ loyalty User training
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 19 Kostagiolas , Lectures
Intellectual Capital Management (IC Management) is defined as the deployment and management of intellectual capital resources and their transformations (into intellectual
capital resources or into traditional capital resources) to maximize library’s value creation in the eyes of its stakeholders.
Defining Intellectual Capital Management in Libraries
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 20 Kostagiolas , Lectures
• Users – Society • Other organizations – economy • Employees – Volunteers • Information material/ collections • Partners & competitors • Processes for library operations • Information Services • Information Technologies
Desired “Value(s)” and “Impact” need to be agreed among the stakeholders!
These concepts are often subjective, difficult to measure and often “lie in the eye of the
beholder”!
Inspiration drivers for investing on IC Value & Impact Drivers
http://www.jackson-pollock.org/number-18.jsp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle_with_a_Bust_of_Homer#/media/File:Rembrandt_Harm
ensz._van_Rijn_013.jpg
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 21 Kostagiolas , Lectures
-2-Measurement
-1- Identification -3- Action
Intellectual Capital investment criteria: • Valuable • Durable • Scarce
• Inimitable • Unsubstitutable
The three steps of IC Management
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 22 Kostagiolas , Lectures
• Capturing persons’ “talents” and skills for specialized services;
• Information distribution agreements;
• Insurance contracts;
• Service level agreements with suppliers and/or specific groups of users (user and subscription rights;);
• License rights for the protection of intellectual property;
• Branch contracts for services provision “outside” the main library infrastructure.
Examples of Intellectual Capital resources that are expressed through contracts
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 23 Kostagiolas , Lectures
Valuation versus Measurements and Metrics
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 24 Kostagiolas , Lectures
Human Capital • Team development • Motivation index • Flexibility index • Experience & training
Structural Capital • Usage of Library Systems & Usage of
WEB 2.0 Services • Value of Library Collection • Leadership index • Flexible practices • General culture of the library
• Management systems (business plans,
quality certification) • Information literacy
24
Indicative Intellectual Capital Metrics for Libraries
Relational Capital Loyalty and trust Agreements/ contracts with external
parties Reputation/ Fame Brand name
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 25 Kostagiolas , Lectures 25
A Methodology for developing a hierarchy of Intellectual Capital Resources
Research Goal: A hierarchy among the three IC categories in terms of
their contributions in improving library
performance.
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 26 Kostagiolas , Lectures
Developing a hierarchy of Intellectual Capital Resources in terms of their contributions
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 27 Kostagiolas , Lectures 27
Developing a reporting model for Intellectual Capital Resources in Libraries
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 28 Kostagiolas , Lectures
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 29 Kostagiolas , Lectures
a. How influential is a given intangible resource upon the
library’s ability to create value?
b. What is the level of quality held by the intangible resource as compared to the ideal intangible resource quality?
c. What is the quantity of intangible resources that the library
should acquire, as compared to an ideal situation?
d. How the reliability/ durability of a specific intellectual capital resource can be measured and impact on future
utilization?
IC Management “questions” …!!
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 30 Kostagiolas , Lectures
• Like every innovative concept, intellectual capital has created dilemmas and uncertainties, since we can only approximate the degree to which we gain advantage from any intellectual capital management activity.
• The prevailing library management paradigms do not appropriately handle the entire significance of knowledge assets/resources as value and impact creators; while professionals must be properly skilled for knowledge capital management techniques.
• Further research results of practical and theoretical nature are required allowing the decision making mechanisms of libraries to identify and manage its core intangible recourses.
Summary – Final Thoughts
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 31 Kostagiolas , Lectures
Development of IC reporting scheme and an online IC dashboard & resource center
ESRC SCOTTISH DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE INFORMATION SCIENCE PATHWAY TRAINING 2016 12th-13th April 20156- SLIDE 32 Kostagiolas , Lectures
Thank you
“not everything worth knowing can be counted precisely and reduced to a rank, percentage or ratio; many aspects of information service are intangible, and
must be evaluated in other ways” (Hernon & Altman, 2010, 50)