A Republican Decade Angela Brown Chapter 11 1.
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Transcript of A Republican Decade Angela Brown Chapter 11 1.
A Republican Decade
Angela BrownChapter 11
http://www.fcps.edu/westspringfieldhs/academic/english/1project/99gg/99gg2/clothe2.htm 1
The Red Scare
□“Normalcy” appealed to American in 1920
□Events convinced people U.S. threatened by political violence.
http://www.fcps.edu/westspringfieldhs/academic/english/1project/99gg/99gg2/clothe2.htm
2
Russian Revolution
□Czar Nicholas II forced to abdicate March 1917
□Vladimir Lenin and Bolsheviks took control
□Bolshevik government put all privately owned farms, industries, land, and transportation under government ownership.
3
□1918 Civil War Lenin forces “Reds”, opponents “White”
□Britain, France Japan, U.S. whose investments had been seized – backed Whites (farmers/landowners)
□Reds triumphed in 1920 = Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)/Soviet Union
5
□Communism as practiced in Soviet Union
□government owned all land-property□single political party controlled
government□Individuals had no rights□government vowed to spread
communism7
□Redscare – intense fear of communism and other extreme ideas
□Known communists jailed or driven out of country.
8
Schenck Vs U.S.
□Government justified in silencing free speech when “clear and present danger” stated Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
□Charles Schenck – letters to draftees urged them not to report to duty
□Convicted of violating espionage act
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The Palmer Raids
□1919 Attorney General Mitchell Palmer of Justice Department set up special force to overthrow “subversives” – targets included communists, socialists, anarchists
□Thousands jailed, 500 immigrants deported most innocent – none convicted of any crime
10
□At first supported – went to far□1920 NY State assembly expelled (5)
socialists (had done nothing wrong – legally elected)
12
Sacco and Vanzetti
□1920 gunman robbed /killed guard and paymaster of shoestore
□Nicola Sacco, shoemaker; Bartolomeo Vanzetti, fish peddler – both carrying guns when arrested
□Drew international attention/controversy
http://thegurglingcod.typepad.com/thegurglingcod/cheffelation/
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□ Americans suspected/accused because they were immigrants (Italian)
□ Many appeals upheld conviction – electrocuted 1927
□ Labor Strikes□ Americans believed communists behind
strikes□ Simpler cause, cost of living double
prewar levels
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Boston Police Strikes
□Strike – no pay increases since before WWI
□Rioting began – Calvin Coolidge (Governor) called out state guard
15
Steel and Coal Strikes
□1919 U.S. Steel Corp. used force to break strike (private police force) – killed 18 – beat hundreds
□United mine Workers of America – no strike agreement during war
□Governor Court ordered strikers back to work
□UMW cancelled strike – got raise□1920’s economy boomed – strikes/unions
decreased
16
Republican Leadership
□Republican Party dominated all (3) branches of government (President Harding, Coolidge, Hoover 1921-1933)
□William H. Taft – Chief Justice of Supreme Court
□Favored business, social stability = economic growth
17
The Harding Presidency
□Herbert Hoover, Secretary of Commerce
□Many appointments to friends – incompetent and dishonest – overwhelm his presidency and life
18
Isolationism
□Foreign policy reflected Americans’ postwar desire for isolationism
□Isolationism – a policy of avoiding political or economic alliances with foreign countries
□No attempt to join League of Nations
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□Support disarmament – program for nations to voluntarily give up weapons
□1921 Washington Conference nations signed treaties limiting size of navies
□1922 Fordney – McCumber Tariff – raised rates on a number of imports – discouraged imports that competed with goods made by U.S.
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Limiting Immigration
□Nativist movement became stronger□immigrants could never be fully loyal□mostly protestants – disliked Catholics,
Orthodox Christians, or Jews□Blamed immigrants for city problems
(slums, corruption)
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□ feared would take away U.S. jobs□ came from unstable parts of Europe –
might hold or adopt dangerous political ideas
□ 1921, 1924 Congress passed laws restricting immigration at Harding’s request
□ 350,000 total immigrants
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□quotas, numerical limits form each foreign nation
□low quotas for southern/eastern European countries – Asian immigration banned altogether
23
Teapot Dome Scandal
□Harding died of heart problems Aug 2, 1923
□Possibly due to upset from corruption scandals of his administration- stolen government funds, bribes taken, two committed suicide.
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Sec. of Interior, Albert Fall, secretly gave oil drilling rights on government oil fields (Elk Hills, California and Teapot Dome, Wyoming)
Fall received $300,000 disguised as loans – jailed
25
The Coolidge Presidency
□Vice- President Calvin Coolidge’s father, a justice of the peace administered him oath of office of President of the United States by kerosene lamp
□Coolidge respected as governor of Mass. – not part of Harding scandals
26
□1924 election won in own right “Keep Cool with Coolidge” slogan
□skilled public speaker, privately man of few words (could be silent in (5) languages
27
Laissez Faire
□“The business of the American People is Business”
□Republican decade – theme – do not interfere with big business – tried to make federal government smaller
□Coolidge’s efforts to have government do less drew criticism from those who saw it as failure to take action
28
Continued Isolationism
□Sec. of State, Frank Kellogg – French Foreign minister, Aristide Briand
□Kellogg-Briand Pact – 15 nations agreed not to use the threat of war in their dealings with one another – more than 60 nations joined (unrealistic, unworkable – no way to enforce)
□1941 many nations that signed at war
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