Overview of Investigational Drug Services and Study Drug Accountability
A REPORT OVERVIEW ON DRUG PRODUCTION
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Transcript of A REPORT OVERVIEW ON DRUG PRODUCTION
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1.0 CHAPTER ONE
1.1INTRODUCTION:Pharmaceutical Laboratory deals with the production of various drugs. The drug may
be produced in liquid form, solid form or powdery form. It can be used orally or by
applying it to the external part of the body.
The laboratory scientist always carry out different analysis on the raw materials and
the finished products whether the finished products comply with the specification
(standard) or not.
1.2BACKGROUND:This report was based on different types of drugs that is being produced in the
laboratory and some analysis that are being carried out on the drugs (finished products)
to ascertain that the drugs can be released for selling, during the period of my Student
Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) under the supervision of the laboratory
scientist of DeShalom Pharmaceutical Lab. Nig. Ltd. Ilesha.
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1.3OBJECTIVES OF SIWES:The innovative scheme (SIWES) is initiated by the federal government and
supervised/coordinated by ITF. More so, it has a policy documentation number 1 of
1973, which establish the scheme, and includes the following objectives:
- Preparation of the student for industrial work situation that they are likely to meet
after graduation.
- Provision of avenue for students in higher institution of learning to acquire industrial
skill and experience during the course of study.
- The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a means of exposing
students to the labour market.
- To expose student to method and techniques in handling equipment and
machineries that they may not be available in their institutions.
- It gives student the practical knowledge of theoretical studies they have learnt in
school.
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- It widen the students horizon to opportunities in various field of study.
1.4 RELEVANCE OF SIWES TO BIOCHEMISTRY:
The relevance of siwes to student cannot be over emphasized as ITF has a strong vision
backing the initiation of SIWES. Therefore, as a biochemistry student, I have acquired a lot
of benefits during the course of my SIWES which are listed below:
1. SIWES has helped me in apply the theoretical principles I have learnt in school to real
job situation and this has led to a better understanding of my course.
2. It has given me the privilege to see and operate some equipment and apparatus that
I have not seen or touch before.
3. SIWES has helped in building good and formidable human relations in an industrial
set up, unlike the lecturetostudent relationship on campus.
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2.0 CHAPTER TWO
2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE ESTABLISHMENT:
DeShalom Pharmaceutical Lab. Nig. Ltd. Is a drug manufacturing company
located at KM 4, IlokoIjesha Road,Ilesha, Osun State, Nigeria.
The company was incorporated in the year 1998 in Nigeria. The company is 100%
indigenous to Nigeria and fully owned by Nigerian. The company is manufacturing
OralLiquid Drugs, External Liquid Drugs, Tablet Drugs and Flavoured Drinks.
2.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESTABLISHMENT:
- To enhance quality health services.
- To eradicate the rate at which people are suffering and dying of minor and major
diseases.
- To boost the activities of some cells like White Blood Cell (Immune Cells), Red
- Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) and other cells in the body.
- To provide job opportunities for qualified scientist and unskilled labourers.
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2.3 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
2.4 UNITS OF THE ESTABLISHMENT AND THEIR FUNCTION
RAW MATERIALS STORE: All raw materials that are being used
for the manufacture of drugs are stored in this room at appropriate
temperature. This section contain two subsections. They are;
1. REJECTED MATERIALS ROOM: Rejected raw materials arestored in this room.
RECEPTION/ADMIN OFFICE
PRODUCTION ROOM QUALITY ASSURANCE DEPARTMENT
TABLET
ROOM
ORAL
LIQUID
LINE
EXTERNAL
PRODUCT
LINE
EQUIPMENT
LAB
CHEMICAL
LAB
MICRO
BIOLOGY
LAB
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2. DISPENSING ROOM: Weighing of raw materials are done in thisroom, after which the weighed raw materials are being transferred
to the mixing room.
PACKAGING MATERIALS STORE: Packaging materials like
labels, leaflet or fliers, jackets and external cartons were stored in this
room.
BOTTLING RINSING ROOM: Plastics and bottles of different size
are being washed in this room by following the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP).
QUALITY ASSURANCE DEPARTMENT: This department
dictate whether the raw materials are to be used or not and whether the
finished products are to be released out for selling or not. This
department has three arms;
1. EQUIPMENT LABORATORY: Laboratory equipment were stored in
this room.
2. CHEMICAL LABORATORY: All chemical analysis on either rawmaterials or finished products are being executed here.
3. MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY: Analysis of finished product isdone in this laboratory.
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ENGINEERING ROOM: All tools that are being used by the
engineers were kept here.
REFERENCE SAMPLE ROOM: Reference samples of drugs of
difference batches are kept in this room.
PRODUCTION ROOM: All sort of drugs are being produced in this
department. This department has three branches;
1. TABLET ROOM: Only tablet drugs of difference types are beingproduced in this section.
2. ORAL LIQUID LINE: Production of oral liquid drugs are done here.
3. EXTERNAL PRODUCT LINE: Drugs that are used for external part of
the body are being produced in this unit.
STORE: All drugs that are being produced in the production department of the
company were stored in this room.
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3.0 CHAPTER THREE
3.1 WATER TREATMENT: The source of water that is being using in DeShalom
Pharmaceutical Lab. is bore hole. The water is treated in order to get rid of some micro-
organism and metals like magnesium ion (Mg2+), Calcium ion (Ca2+) etc.
METHOD:
- The water is pumped from the bore hole into a 1,500Litre surface tank.
- The first treatment is chlorination (chlorine disinfection) which is done by the
addition of 6% DeShalom chlorine solution to the water that has been pumped
into the surface tank. This is done to make the water microbial free and to introduce
oxidation.
- Add of 100g sodium bicarbonate (Na2CO3) to soften the water and to shift the pH
value from acidic towards neutral or basic medium.
- The water is allowed to pass through sand bed filtration. There are two types of sandbed filtration, they are;
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1. Rapid sand bed filtration.
2. Slow sand bed filtration by composite filter.
- The water is transferred into the holding tank of 10,000L and then pass through
series of micron filters ranging from 5 micron to 0.5 micron.
5micron 2micron 2micron 1micron 0.5micron
deionizer
- The water is passed through the deionizer (an ion exchange resin i.e Na+ and K+
exchange resin) which remove all ions except Na+ and K+.
- The water is then exposed to ultra violet sterilizer so as to screen and to kill any
microbe that may be present.
Water source 1500L Surface tank Sand bed 5micron filter 10000L
Storage tank Series of micron filters ranging from 5micron filter to
0.5micronfilter Deionizer with ion exchange resin Ultra Violet sterilizer.
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3.2 PRODUCTION OF DRUGS
PRODUCTION OF PEACETONE SYRUP (SHALOM BLOOD TONIC):
MATERIALS: Hot water (95oC - 100oC), Sugar, Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC),
Xanthangum, MethylParaben, Propyl Paraben, 95% Ethanol, Glycerine, Ferric Ammonium
Citrate, Cold Water (Treated water), Mixer, Bowl and Thermometer.
PROCEDURE: Pour part of the sugar into the mixer.
Add hot water and switch on the mixer.
Add Carboxy Methyl Cellulose and Xanthan gum one after the other.
Leave it for some minutes to gel out (i.e to form syrup).
Dissolve methyl and propyl paraben in ethanol.
Pour the solution into the syrup in the mixer gently.
Add glycerine.
Dissolve the remaining sugar and ferric ammonium citrate in a container
containing hot water.
Pour the solution into the mixer.
Add rhasberry and fill the mixer to the desire level with cold water.
Leave it for some minutes to form homogenous mixture.
Transfer it to the holding tank.
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PRODUCTION OF VITAMIN C SYRUP:
MATERIALS: Hot water (65oC - 70oC), Sugar, Soda-Ash, CMC, MethylPropyl
Paraben, 95% Ethanol, Glycerine, Sorbitl, Salt, Dextrose Powder, Ascorbic Acid, Pineapple
Flavour, Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA), Metabisulphite, Concentrated Hydro
Chloric Acid (HCl), Colourant, Thermometer, Bowls and Mixer.
PROCEDURE: Pour sugar into the mixer and add sodaash.
Transfer hot water into the mixer and switch on the mixer.
Add CMC and leave the mixture to form gel.
Add Conc. HCl to the syrup formed follow by glycerine.
Dissolve salt, sorbitol, dextrose powder, EDTA and metabisulphite in a
bowl Containing hot water (65oC70oC) and pour the solution into the mixer containing
syrup.
Also, dissolve ascorbic acid in a separate bowl containing hot water and
pour the solution into the mixer as well.
Pour methylpropyl paraben solution (methylpropyl paraben that has
been dissolved in 95% ethanol) into the mixer.
Add pineapple flavour and colorant one after the other.
Make up the solution in the mixer to the desire level with hot water and
leave for some minutes to homogenize.
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Transfer the mixture into the holding tank.
NOTE: The temperature of the hot water used should not exceed 70oC during the
production of the Syrup and the temperature must be reduced to 60oC before the
addition of ascorbic acid.
PRODUCTION OF MIST POT CITRATE:
MATERIALS: Hot water (90oC100
oC), Potassium Citrate, Citric Acid, Sorbitol,
Methyl Paraben, Chloroform, Lemon flavour, Colorant, Thermometer, Bowl and Mixer.
PROCEDURE: Pour hot water into the mixer and switch on the mixer.
Add potassium citrate, citric acid, sorbitol solution, methyl paraben
Solution (methyl paraben that has been dissolved in hot water), chloroform, lemon
flavour and colorant one after the other.
Fill up the mixer to the level of interest and leave for some minutes to
homogenize.
Transfer it into an holding tank and leave it for about three days to
improve its colour before packaging.
PRODUCTION OF SHALOM COF SYRUP:
MATERIALS: Treated Water (i.e cold water), CMC, Xanthan Gum, Aspartame, Methyl
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Propyl Paraben, 95% Ethanol, Sorbitol, Ammonium Chloride, Ammonium Bicarbonate,
Chlorpheniramine, Sodium Citrate, Liquorise Block, Peppermint oil, Dextrose Powder,
bowl and mixer.
PROCEDURE: Transfer treated water into the mixerandswitch on the mixer.
Add CMC, xanthan gum and aspartame.
Leave it for some minutes to form gel.
Pour methylpropyl paraben solution into the mixer.
Dissolve sorbitol, chlopheniramine, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium
chloride and sodium citrate in a bowl containing cold water.
Pour the solution into the mixer.
Dissolve dextrose powder in cold water.
Pour the solution into the mixer as well.
Pour liquorise block solution and add peppermint oil.
Use cold water to make up the mixture to the quantity desired.
Leave for some minutes to homogenize.
Transfer it into an holding tank.
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PRODUCTION OF PARACETAMOL SYRUP:
MATERIALS: Hot water (95oC100
oC), CMC, Sugar, MethylPropyl Paraben, 95%
Ethanol, Glycerine, Sorbitol, Paracetamol Powder, Colorant, Rhasberry, Cold Water,
Thermometer, Bowl and mixer.
PROCEDURE: Pour sugar into the mixer and transfer hot water into it.
Switch on the mixer and add CMC.
Leave for some minutes to gel out.
Dissolve the remaining sugar and the sorbitol in a separate bowl
containing cold water and pour the solution into the mixer.
Add glycerine.
Dissolve methylpropyl paraben and paracetamol powder in 95% ethanol
in a separate bowl and pour the solution into the mixer as well.
Add rhasberry and colorant.
Fill the mixer with cold water to the desire litre.
Leave for some minutes to homogenize.
Transfer it into an holding tank.
PRODUCTION OF MIST MAG (NON SYRUP):
MATERIALS: Treated water, Sodium Bicarbonate, Magnesium Trisilicate, Light-
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Magnesium Carbonate, Sorbitol, MethylPropyl Paraben, 95% Ethanol, Peppermint Oil,
chloroform and mixer.
PROCEDURE: Transfer cold water into the mixer and switch the mixer on.
Add sodium bicarbonate, magnesium trisilicate and light magnesium-
carbonate.
Add sorbitol solution, methylpropyl paraben solution.
Also, add peppermint oil and chloroform.
Make it up to the desire level with cold water.
Transfer into an holding tank.
PRODUCTION OF SHALOM MAG (WITH SUGAR):
MATERIALS: Hot Water, Sugar, CMC, MistMag (without peppermint oil and
chloroform), Peppermint Oil, Cold Water and Mixer.
PROCEDURE: Pour sugar into the mixer and transfer hot water into it.
Add CMC and switch on the mixer.
Leave it for some minutes to form gel.
Transfer the mistmag that has just been prepared in another mixer into the mixer
containing syrup.
Add peppermint oil.
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Make the mixture up to the expected litres with cold water.
Leave for some minutes to mix properly.
Transfer to an holding tank.
PRODUCTION OF SHALOM MAG (NON SUGAR):
MATERIALS: Cold Water, CMC, MistMag (without peppermint oil and chloroform),
Peppermint Oil, Chloroform and Mixer.
PROCEDURE: Transfer cold water into the mixer.
Switch on the mixer and add CMC.
Leave it for some minutes to gel out.
Transfer the mistmag that has just been prepared in another mixer into
the mixer containing syrup.
Add peppermint oil and chloroform.
Make the mixture up to the expected litres with cold water.
Leave for some minutes to mix properly.
Transfer it into an holding tank.
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PROCEDURE: Pour hot water into the mixer.
Pour crystal violet into the mixer and switch the mixer on.
Leave for some minutes to homogenize.
Transfer into the holding tank.
PRODUCTION OF METHYLATED SPIRIT:
MATERIALS: Methanol, Isoproylene and Mixer.
PROCEDURE: Pour methanol and isoproylene into the mixer one after the other.
Switch on the mixer and leave for some minutes to mix properly.
PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2):
MATERIALS: Stabilizer (mixture of benzoic acid and methanol), Concentrated
Hydrogen Peroxide, Phosphoric Acid, Cold Water and mixer.
PROCEDURE: Pour cold waterinto the mixer.
Add conc. hydrogen peroxide to the water gently.
Add phosphoric acid and stabilizer.
Make it up to the desired litres by adding cold water.
Switch on the mixer and leave for some minutes to homogenize.
NOTE: H2O2 is highly reactive, so, care must be taken during its preparation.
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4.0 CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS: The physicochemical analysis is the test usually
done on every drug being produced (finished product) to know whether the drug pass or fail.
Some fact to test on during physicochemical analysis include;
- Appearance
- Taste
- Odour
- pH
- Acidity
- Chloride
- Oxidizable Substance
- Conductivity
- Specific Gravity
-Flow Rate
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DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
- Weigh an empty pycnometer at 25oC.
- Fill the pycnometer with the liquid to be weighed and note that the liquid
temperature is adjusted to 28oC.
- Weigh the pycnometer which contain liquid.
Let the weight of pycnometer be W1,
Let the weight of pycnometer plus liquid be W2,
Let the weight of the liquid be W3,
W3 = W2 W1
Density = Weight of liquid (sample)
Volume of liquid (sample)
Specific Gravity = Density of sample (g/ml)
Density of water (g/ml)
NOTE: Specific Gravity has no unit
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FLOW RATE DETERMINATION:
Take 20ml of the sample and make it up to 62.5ml with water.
Mix until you have homogenous solution.
Pipette 25ml of the homogenized solution and get your stop watch ready.
Simultaneously release the liquid by allowing it to flow and start your stop watch at
the same time.
Repeat the process three times and then calculate the average flow time.
Average flow time = 1st + 2nd +3rd
3
Flow Rate = Volume of homogenized sample (in cm3 or ml)
Flow time of the sample (in sec.)
NOTE: Flow Rate unit is cm3/sec or ml/sec.
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PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PEACETONE (BLOOD TONIC)
Physicochemical
parameter
Specification Result
Appearance A dark brown syrupy
liquid
Complies
Odour Strawberry like Complies
Taste Strawberry like Complies
Specific Gravity 1.1221.209 Complies
Flow Rate 1.532.53 cm s- Complies
pH 6.57.9 Complies
Assay of ferric ammonium
citrate
380420mg per 10ml Complies
NOTE: The batch number, manufacturing date and expiry date of the drug must be
recorded.
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PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF VITAMIN C SYRUP
Physicochemical
parameter
Specification Result
Appearance A clear syrupy liquid Complies
Odour Characteristic Complies
Taste Characteristic and Citrus
like
Complies
Specific Gravity 1.02401.1540 Complies
Flow Rate 1.8912.613 cm s- Complies
pH 4.25.2 Complies
Assay of ascorbic acid 95105mg per 5ml Complies
NOTE: The batch number, manufacturing date and expiry date of the drug must be
recorded.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MIST POT CITRATE
Physicochemical
parameter
Specification Result
Appearance A clear liquid Complies
Odour Lemon like Complies
Taste Lemon like Complies
Specific Gravity 1.0201.080 Complies
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Flow Rate 1.0401.090 cm s- Complies
pH 3.56.5 Complies
Assay of potassium citrate 1.45mg1.55mg per 10ml Complies
Assay of citric acid 2.45mg2.55mg per 10ml Complies
NOTE: The batch number, manufacturing date and expiry date of the drug must be
recorded.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SHALOM COF
Physicochemical
parameter
Specification Result
Appearance A dark brown, turbid
syrupy liquid
Complies
Odour Characteristic and
peppermint like
Complies
Taste Characteristic and
peppermint like
Complies
Specific Gravity 1.0231.153 Complies
Flow Rate 1.822.65 cm s- Complies
pH 6.57.9 Complies
Assay of ammonium
chloride
95105mg per 5ml Complies
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NOTE: The batch number, manufacturing date and expiry date of the drug must be
recorded.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PARACETAMOL SYRUP
Physicochemical
parameter
Specification Result
Appearance A clear syrupy liquid Complies
Odour Apple like Complies
Taste Apple like Complies
Specific Gravity 1.07801.1860 Complies
Flow Rate 2.2803.210 cm s- Complies
pH 5.1
6.2 Complies
Assay of paracetamol
powder (C8 H9NO3)
120130mg per 5ml Complies
NOTE: The batch number, manufacturing date and expiry date of the drug must be
recorded.
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PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MIST MAG
Physicochemical
parameter
Specification Result
Appearance A white suspension which
sediment very slowly &
re- disperse easily
Complies
Odour Peppermint like Complies
Taste Peppermint like Complies
Specific Gravity 1.03701.1270 Complies
Flow Rate 1.2041.350 cm s- Complies
pH 7.510.5 Complies
Assay of magnesium
trisilicate
1.31.7% w/v Complies
Assay of sodium
bicarbonate
4.75.3% w/v Complies
NOTE: The batch number, manufacturing date and expiry date of the drug must be
recorded.
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PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SHALOM MAG
Physicochemical
parameter
Specification Result
Appearance A white viscous liquid
which does not sediment
Complies
Odour Peppermint like Complies
Taste Peppermint like Complies
Specific Gravity 1.1301.310 Complies
Flow Rate 1.752.85 cm s- Complies
pH 7.510.5 Complies
Assay of magnesium
trisilicate
1.31.7% w/v Complies
Assay of sodium
bicarbonate
4.75.3% w/v Complies
NOTE: The batch number, manufacturing date and expiry date of the drug must be
recorded.
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PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ANTI - DIARRHOEA
Physicochemical
parameter
Specification Result
Appearance Pink suspension Complies
Odour Characteristic Complies
Taste Sweet peppermint like Complies
Specific Gravity 1.0351.313 Complies
Flow Rate 2.023.989 cm s- Complies
pH 7.99.9 Complies
Assay of light kaolin 240260mg per 5ml Complies
NOTE: The batch number, manufacturing date and expiry date of the drug must be
recorded.
IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DRUGS: It helps
the laboratory analyst to know if there is mistake during the production process of the
drug.
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4.2 ASSAY OF FINISHED PRODUCT
ASSAY OF VITAMIN C
AIM: To show whether the claim complies with the specification or standard.
REAGENT: Starch mucilage, 1M H2SO4,CO2 free water, 0.05M iodine solution,
Sample.
PRINCIPLE: The principle of this experiment is redox reaction.
APPARATUS: Burette, Pipette, Dropper, Spatula, Weighing Balance, Beaker and
conical flask.
PREPARATION OF STARCH MUCILAGE
- 1g of soluble starch is weighed and then dissolve with 5ml of water.
- 95ml of boil water (CO2 free water) was added to make it up to 100ml plus
continuous stirring.
NOTE: Use immediately after preparation to get accurate result.
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1ml of 0.05M iodine 0.008806g
Convert 0.008806g to mg
1g = 1000mg
0.008806g = (0.008806 1000)mg
0.008806g = 8.806mg
When 1ml of 0.05M iodine solution 8.806mg of ascorbic acid
11.4ml of 0.05M iodine solution = (11.4 8.806)mg of ascorbic acid
= 100.3884mg of ascorbic acid
100.4mg of ascorbic acid
Hence, 5ml of the sample (Vitamin C) contain 100.4mg of ascorbic acid.
TO CALCULATE % POTENCY OF THE SAMPLE (VITAMIN C)
% potency = Result 100%
Claim
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Given; Result = 100.4mg, Claim = 100mg per 5ml of sample.
% Potency = 100.4mg 100
100mg
= 100.4%
PRECAUTIONS:
- Starch mucilage must be used immediately after its preparation to get accurate
result.
- Do not waste much time on the practical to avoid oxidation of the active
ingredient.
NOTE: The batch number, manufacturing date and expiry date of the sample must be
recorded.
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ASSAY FOR AMMONIUM CHLORIDE IN SHALOM COF
AIM: To show whether the claim complies with the specification.
REAGENT: Silver Nitrate (AgNO3), 5% w/v Potassium Chromate (K2 Cr O7),
Sample.
APPARATUS: Pipette, Burette, Beaker, Conical Flask, Weighing Balance, Spatula,
Retort Stand, Amber Bottle and Measuring Cylinder.
PROCEDURE: Weigh 4.25g of silver nitrate and put it in a beaker.
Dissolve it in water and make it up to 250ml.
Weigh 5g of potassium chromate (K2CrO7) and dissolve it in 100ml of water.
Take 1ml of the sample (cof syrup) and put it in a conical flask.
Add 25ml of distilled water.
Add 1ml of 5% w/v potassium chromate as indicator.
Titrate against 0.1M AgNO3 until a colour change is obtained.
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RESULT:
Burette Reading (cm ) Titration
Initial Burette Reading (cm ) 0.0
Final Burette Reading (cm ) 3.7
CALCULATION:
Given; each ml of 0.1M AgNO3 is equivalent to 5.349mg of ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl) i.e
1ml AgNO3 5.349mg
3.7ml AgNO3 = (3.7 5.349)mg of ammonium chloride
= 19.7913mg of ammonium chloride
19.8mg of ammonium chloride
Hence, 1ml of shalom cof (sample) contain 19.8 mg of ammonium chloride.
To calculate for 5ml of the sample;
5 19.8 = 99mg of ammonium chloride
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5ml of shalom cof (sample) contain 99mg of NH4Cl.
TO CALCULATE THE % POTENCY OF THE SAMPLE (SHALOM COF)
% potency = Result 100%
Claim
Given; Result = 99mg, Claim = 100mg per 5ml of sample.
% Potency = 99mg 100
100mg
= 99%
NOTE: Silver Nitrate must always be prepared in amber bottle.
REASON FOR ASSAY OF THE ACTIVE INGREDIENT IN DRUGS
- To avoid drug tolerance which is the reduction or loss of the normal response to
drug. Drug tolerance may be developed when taking a lower quantity of drug than
the prescribed quantity. In such cases, increase dose is required to produce the
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desired effect.
- To avoid drug intoxication which is the symptom of poisoning due to ingestion ofexcess drug than the prescribed quantity.
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5.0 CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 RECOMMENDATION:
I recommend that SIWES programme should continue because it is really a medium
that empowers and exposing student to various industrial scheme and also prepare student
ahead of the coming challenges as regards his or her field of study.
Likewise, I recommend a constant medication for every individual suffering from
one disease or the other. Drugs can be taken to increase once shelflife or healthy life.
CONCLUSION:
I absolutely submit to the fact that university education without Student Industrial
Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is as worse as not schooling at all.