Application variety of the novel superconducting, organic and CNT transducers allows us to design processors of the biosignals (nerve, neuronic, DNA, etc.) that transduce them into different quantities, including electric voltage, density of chemical and biomolecules. On the other hand, the said NSs can be controlled vice versa by the applied electrical signals, or bio and chemical mediums [4].

3.2 Application of a Solid-State Electromagnetic (Optical) Transistor

The known ferromagnetic materials have a hysteresis loop. That is why their application do not possible because of ambiguity of characteristic. The device for controlling the magnitude of optical flux by the application of an electromagnetic (EM) field is based on a ferroelectric (FE) or ferroelectromagnetic (FEM) polarizer that allows the rotation of the polarizing plane according to a hysteresis loop [6]. Besides, the controlling possibility of the known ferromagnetic and FE devices is substantially restricted by an ambiguous part of a hysteresis. That is why it is possible only switching of an EM flux between two stages.

The invented transistor consists of FE or FEM processing crystal, source of an EM energy, and the analysing element (Fig. 5). Control of an EM flux or OB has been carried out by splitting them on two parts: a passed one through the processing body and reflected part by this body. An EF or MF is applied by the carbonic nanotubes (CNT) or polymer nanowires to the crystal which is rotating a polarization angle of EM flow or OB. The electrical transport between the contact metal and the nanotube occurs along the entire nanotube under the contact electrode. This suggests that the transfer length, which is defined as the distance required for current to flow into or out of the contact electrode is thought to be less than 50 nm [7]. This angle is rotated according to the linear part of a FE or FEM crystal’s characteristic. The amplified signal is analysed in the units of a polarization angle. The reflected part is used as polarization P2(φ) (Fig. 5) for creating the logical (optical and magnetic) elements “AND”, “OR”, and “NOT”. This device is switching or amplifying of EM flow and OB as by magnitude, as well as by an angle of polarization.

As a result, it will be possible to overcome the said disadvantages of the known devices, namely: 1) to raise the fast-action up to the maximal possible- the speed of spreading an electromagnetic (optical) wave; 2) to reduce the noise level in an amplified signal at the expense of using the material with a unique fashion amplifying (without a hysteresis) performance- without the internal mechanical transformations; 3) to improve an ease of manufacture by using of printing nanotechnologies and expulsion of an additional optical planes or mirrors.

Opt rev

Fig. 5 An Electromagnetic Transistor based on CNT

Opt trans

Opt in

+ N

S _

P2(φ)

P1(φ)

Ferro-el/magn

Exploitation of the parallel input to multiprocessor allows determination of space and time dynamics of NSs in the nerve fibre and neurons and also the amplification of output signal Uout by multiplying the concentration of molecules according to a number of input NSs. After the implantation of parallel SuFET(s) or optical transistors, the averaging or summation of this dynamic among the whole flow network, nerve fibre or neurons is possible.

REFERENCES

[1] R. Sklyar, “Superconducting Organic and CNT FETs as a Biochemical Transducer”, ISMCR 2004: 14th International Symposium on Measurement and Control in Robotics, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, IEEE (ISMCR), section 24, (13 pages), 2004.

[2] F. Patolsky, B. P. Timko, G. Yu et al., Detection, Stimulation, and Inhibition of Neuronal Signals with High-Density Nanowire Transistor Arrays, Science 313 (2006) 1100–1104.

[3] R.Sklyar, Superconducting Induction Magnetometer, IEEE Sensors Journal, April 2006, Vol. 6, Iss. 2, pages 357- 364.

[4] R. Sklyar, Sensors with a Bioelectronic Connection, IEEE Sensors Journal (Special Issue), May 2007, Vol. 7, Iss. 5, pp. 835-841.

[5] R. Sklyar, The Microfluidic Sensors of Liquids, Gases, and Tissues, Journal of Automation, Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems (JAMRIS), 2007, No. 2, pp. 20-34.

[6] R. Sklyar, Patent UA #76691 "The control method of the electromagnetic flow intensity and amplifying elements on its bases”, Bull. 9, 2006.

[7] Yo. Nosho et al., Evidence of Edge Conduction at Nanotube/Metal Contact in Carbon Nanotube Devices, Jap. J. of Appl. Phys., vol. 46, 2007, pp. L474–L476.

International Scholarly Research NetworkISRN NanotechnologyVolume 2012, Article ID 102783, 9 pagesdoi:10.5402/2012/102783

Review ArticleA CNTFET-Based Nanowired Induction Two-Way Transducers

Rostyslav Sklyar

Verchratskogo st. 15-1, Lviv 79010, Ukraine

Correspondence should be addressed to Rostyslav Sklyar, sklyar@tsp.lviv.ua

Received 15 December 2011; Accepted 28 February 2012

Academic Editors: C. A. Charitidis and J. Sha

Copyright © 2012 Rostyslav Sklyar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

A complex of the induction magnetic field two-way nanotransducers of the di!erent physical values for both the external andimplantable interfaces in a wide range of arrays are summarized. Implementation of the nanowires allows reliable transducing ofthe biosignals’ partials and bringing of carbon nanotubes into circuits leading to examination of the superconducting transition.Novel sensors are based on the induction magnetic field principle, which causes their interaction with an ambient EM field.Mathematical description of both the signal and mediums defines space embracing of the relevant interfacing devices. As a result,a wide range of the nano-bio-transducers allow both delivering the variety of ionized biosignals and interface the bioEM signalswith further stages of electronic systems. The space coverage and transducing values properties of the state-of-the-art magneticinterfaces are summarized, and directions for their future development are deduced.

1. Introduction: Biophysical Signals,Transducing, and Interface Applications

A biosensor is a device that incorporates a biologically activelayer as the recognition element and converts the physicalparameters of the biological interaction into a measurableanalytical signal [1]. Understanding of biosignals’ (BS)nature and properties of their mediums are a basis fore!ective design of magnetic interfaces (MIs). Rapid progressin the advancement of several key science areas includingnanoscale interfaces has stimulated the development ofelectronic sensor technologies applicable to many diverseareas of human activity. For example, the conceptualizationand production of electronic nose devices have resulted inthe creation of a remarkable new sector of sensor technologyresulting from the invention of numerous new types ofolfactory-competent electronic sensors and sensor arrays [2].

The growing variety of biosensors can be grouped intotwo categories: implantable and external. In turn, the last onehas two existing paradigms: wearable sensor and noncontactsensor. A wearable sensor had potential to be intrusive,and noncontact sensor methods may still be intrusivenessto a certain extent, while a noncontact sensor is limited inits capability of acquiring physiological signals [3]. Voltagepotentials of the living organism and its organs are measured

by both implantable and external electric field probes of highsensitivity [4]. Information on organ activity is obtainedby measuring biomagnetic signals. For such purposes amultichannel high-temperature superconducting quantuminterference device (high Tc SQUID) system for magneto-cardiography (MCG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG)of humans, with high magnetic field resolution, has beendeveloped [5, 6].

The most current sensing devices give us the possibilityto receive a full scale of both the internal and externalcontrol BS. The internal ones are picking up by polymericmicroprobes, CMOS chips, and nanoneedles, while theexternal by electromyography and neuroprosthetic (elec-troencephalogram (EEG) and MEG) systems. Improving aninformational capability of the interface is implemented bythe application of the advanced superconducting transducerand electromagnetic (EM) transistor/memristor [7, 8]. Theseelements are arranged into the arrays of a di!erent config-urations and can cover the order of spaces from macro- tonanolevels.

There are a number of methods and devices for transduc-ing di!erent BS into recordable or measurable information.The transfer of nerve impulses (NI) is the main data flowthat carries sensory information to the brain and controlsignals from it and from the spinal cord to the limbs.

International Scholarly Research NetworkISRN NanotechnologyVolume 2012, Article ID 102783, 9 pagesdoi:10.5402/2012/102783

Review ArticleA CNTFET-Based Nanowired Induction Two-Way Transducers

Rostyslav Sklyar

Verchratskogo st. 15-1, Lviv 79010, Ukraine

Correspondence should be addressed to Rostyslav Sklyar, sklyar@tsp.lviv.ua

Received 15 December 2011; Accepted 28 February 2012

Academic Editors: C. A. Charitidis and J. Sha

Copyright © 2012 Rostyslav Sklyar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

A complex of the induction magnetic field two-way nanotransducers of the di!erent physical values for both the external andimplantable interfaces in a wide range of arrays are summarized. Implementation of the nanowires allows reliable transducing ofthe biosignals’ partials and bringing of carbon nanotubes into circuits leading to examination of the superconducting transition.Novel sensors are based on the induction magnetic field principle, which causes their interaction with an ambient EM field.Mathematical description of both the signal and mediums defines space embracing of the relevant interfacing devices. As a result,a wide range of the nano-bio-transducers allow both delivering the variety of ionized biosignals and interface the bioEM signalswith further stages of electronic systems. The space coverage and transducing values properties of the state-of-the-art magneticinterfaces are summarized, and directions for their future development are deduced.

1. Introduction: Biophysical Signals,Transducing, and Interface Applications

A biosensor is a device that incorporates a biologically activelayer as the recognition element and converts the physicalparameters of the biological interaction into a measurableanalytical signal [1]. Understanding of biosignals’ (BS)nature and properties of their mediums are a basis fore!ective design of magnetic interfaces (MIs). Rapid progressin the advancement of several key science areas includingnanoscale interfaces has stimulated the development ofelectronic sensor technologies applicable to many diverseareas of human activity. For example, the conceptualizationand production of electronic nose devices have resulted inthe creation of a remarkable new sector of sensor technologyresulting from the invention of numerous new types ofolfactory-competent electronic sensors and sensor arrays [2].

The growing variety of biosensors can be grouped intotwo categories: implantable and external. In turn, the last onehas two existing paradigms: wearable sensor and noncontactsensor. A wearable sensor had potential to be intrusive,and noncontact sensor methods may still be intrusivenessto a certain extent, while a noncontact sensor is limited inits capability of acquiring physiological signals [3]. Voltagepotentials of the living organism and its organs are measured

by both implantable and external electric field probes of highsensitivity [4]. Information on organ activity is obtainedby measuring biomagnetic signals. For such purposes amultichannel high-temperature superconducting quantuminterference device (high Tc SQUID) system for magneto-cardiography (MCG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG)of humans, with high magnetic field resolution, has beendeveloped [5, 6].

The most current sensing devices give us the possibilityto receive a full scale of both the internal and externalcontrol BS. The internal ones are picking up by polymericmicroprobes, CMOS chips, and nanoneedles, while theexternal by electromyography and neuroprosthetic (elec-troencephalogram (EEG) and MEG) systems. Improving aninformational capability of the interface is implemented bythe application of the advanced superconducting transducerand electromagnetic (EM) transistor/memristor [7, 8]. Theseelements are arranged into the arrays of a di!erent config-urations and can cover the order of spaces from macro- tonanolevels.

There are a number of methods and devices for transduc-ing di!erent BS into recordable or measurable information.The transfer of nerve impulses (NI) is the main data flowthat carries sensory information to the brain and controlsignals from it and from the spinal cord to the limbs.

6 ISRN Nanotechnology

Table 1: Dependence of the received BS parameters on the mode of SuFETTr’s functioning.

MediumMode

Serial Parallel

External Implantable External Implantable

NI∫ibio = 1cont. or sens. imp.

ibio = ibio( f1) + ibio( f2) +· · · + ibio( fN )

dibio/dt, dibio/dx∑ibio = 1 network or 1 fibre

Molecules∫

BSs ! bio and chem. molec.variation of BSs !concentr. of molec.

∑BSs = 1 type of molec.

∑BSs =

∑bio and chem. molec.

DNApropagation of BS along DNA’s

spiralsdecoding the BSs of

nucleoted recognitionspace and length dynamic

on both spirals4 nucleoteds 4 outputs

Table 2: Measuring e!ects (values) and the relative nanotransducers (for interfacing).

Physical valueNW element

SuFET channel PC(s) Superconducting membrane

Ionic currents NIimpl NIext NIimpl

FerroEM EMTM EMTM acoustical EMTMMagnetic induction NIcontr induction transducer noise absorb.Magnetodynam. gaseous flowmeter volume flowmeter universal flowmeter

single (passive) solid-state device EM transistor/memristor(EMTM) has been advanced [48]

An attempt to lay down the foundations of biosensingby natural sensors and in addition to them by the artificialtransducers of physical quantities, also with their expansioninto space arrays and external/implantable functioning inrelation to the nervous system, is performed. Because thesensing organs are exponentially better than any of analogousartificial ones, the advances in nanotechnology are openingthe way to achieving direct electrical contact of nano-electronic structures with electrically and electrochemicallyactive neurocellular structures. The transmission of the sen-sors’ signals to a processing unit has been maintaining by anEM transistor/memristor (externally) and superconductingtransducer of ionic currents (implantable). The arrays of theadvanced sensors give us information about the space anddirection dynamics of the signals’ spreading.

Recent developments in bioengineering, nanotechnol-ogy, and soft computing make it possible to create anew generation of intelligent sensing. There are developingopportunities for combining natural and artificial sensingabilities in the synthesized system. Backed up by the rapidstrides of nanotechnology, nanosensor research is makinga two-directional progress, firstly in evolving new sensorsemploying mesoscopic phenomena, and secondly in theperformance enhancement of existing sensors. Nanosensorsare nanotechnology-enabled sensors characterized by oneof the following attributes: either the size of the sensor orits sensitivity is in the nanoscale, or the spatial interactiondistance between the sensor and the object is in nanometers.These nanosensors have been broadly classified into physicaland chemical categories, with the biosensors placed onborderlines of biological signals with the remaining classes[49].

Multiprocessor data fusion is in e!ect intrinsically per-formed by animals and human beings to achieve a more

A functional pattern of SuFETTr

Electronic Ionic

el. current

Informational flow

el. voltage

Empirical data

EM fieldBiological Technical

Informational flow

Biological Technical

Sens

or

Act

uato

rFigure 7

accurate assessment of the processing environment. The aimof signal processing by the combined artificial-living beingmultiprocessor system is to acquire complete information,such as a decision or the measurement of quantity, usinga selected set of input data streaming to a multiprocessorsystem-digital data are coming to artificial processor andthe rest of information consumes by a neural system ofliving being (Figure 5). Thereby, a big amount of availableinformation is managed using sophisticated data processingfor the achievement of a high level of precision and reliability.

4. Results

Application variety of the novel superconducting, organic,and CNTFETs allows us to design transducers of BS(nerve, biochemical, etc.) that transduce them into di!erentquantities, including electric voltage, density of chemicaland biomolecules. On the other hand, the said BS can