A Quick Review of Analysis Stages of the Systems Development Life Cycle Planning Analysis Design...
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A Quick Review of Analysis
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Stages of the Systems Development Life Cycle
Planning
Analysis
Design
Construction
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Modeling
• A model is a representation of reality
• Systems analysts try to understand a business by drawing “pictures” or models of the business and its workings.
• Three primary types of models: (1) activity models, (2) data models, and (3) interaction models
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Business Modeling In Planning and Analysis: An Overview of the MIS Approach
DataModel
Activity Models
InteractionModels
SystemsDesign
ERD
FHD, PM
PLD, ELC
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Analysis Tasks with REAL Interaction Modeling
SystemsDesign
ActivityAnalysis
Interaction Analysis 1
InteractionAnalysis 2
PLD, ELC
FHD, PM
REA
Data Analysis
ERD
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Types of Models• Activity models: Records the activities of
interest to the business (i.e., the things the business does or should do)
• Involves decomposition of business processes from the highest level (AMP of Resources, Conversion Processes, MSC Processes) to the lowest (elementary processes)
• Also involves the specification of process dependency events, to refine decomposition of the processes
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HEART OF ORGANIZATION
Conversion
Processes
Customers
Finished Goods and Services to Customers
MSCProcesses
Supply goods and services
Receive payment
Activity Models: Template for Decomposition of Business Processes
(IPSO)Suppliers
AMP Processes
Input Resources to
the Organization
Requestinput
resources
Pay for inputresources
Adds value
RBMSSource: Hollander, Denna & Cherrington (2000), adapted
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Business Processes
AMP Processes
Human ResourcesFinancial ResourcesSuppliesInventoriesProperty, Plant and Equipment
Conversion Processes
Operations
Varies widely depending upon the industry
MSCProcesses
MarketingSalesCollection and Credit
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Business Process: Simple MS
Process and Events
Ship goodsTake customer order
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Figure 6FHD: Partial Business Function Decomposition
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Types of Models• Interaction models: Define how things the
business does (activities/events) affect things of interest to the business (data)
• Faculty at OU have combined the IE notation of an interaction model with the accounting REAL model
• Formal interaction modeling facilitates the transition from systems analysis to systems design.
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REAL Model of A Business Event:The Event and Surrounding RALs
• What happened? - event
• When did it happen?- sequence
• Who was involved?-agents
• What resources were involved? – resource(s)
• Where did it occur? – loc.
Event
Internal Agent
ResourceExternalAgent
Location
Source: Hollander, Denna & Cherrington, 1996
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• REAL modeling is an aid in analyzing an organization and its activities (helps develop activity models by identifying lowest level of decomposition)
• Helps decide what data to collect (helps develop data models)
• Enhances your ability to evaluate business processes
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REA Template With Two Events
ResourceResource
Internal Agent
Internal Agent
ExternalAgent
ExternalAgent
LocationLocationEvent 1:
Take customer
order
Event 1: Take
customer order
Internal Agent
Internal Agent
ResourceResource
Event 2:Ship
goods
Event 2:Ship
goods
LocationLocation
External Agent
External Agent
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Business Rules
• Narrative descriptions of policies, procedures, or principles in an organization
• Simple Examples: – Each purchase order must have only one vendor– Each vendor may have one or more purchase
orders
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Relationships• Data modeling term that indicates an association
between tables: How the things of significance are related (A FK must match to an existing PK, or else be NULL)
• This controlled redundancy allows linking of tables (hence “relational”)
• Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD): A data model (at the conceptual level) that shows the relationships enforcing business rules between entities (tables) in a database environment
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Connectivity or Cardinality
One-to-One (PK ---> PK) - Generally indicates that your data model has two entity types that can be collapsed into one
• One-to-Many (PK ---> FK) - Most common
• Many-to-Many (FK ---> FK) - Not enforceable by RDMS; generally indicates that a modeling error has occurred - this type of relationship means that your model is missing an entity type
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Cardinality of Relationships
• Mandatory - an instance of an entity in one table does require a associated record in another table (as defined by a relationship)
• Optional - an instance of an entity in one table does not require a associated record in a another table (as defined by a relationship)
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Validate The REAL Model With Business Persons
• Those who understand the details and objectives of the business process and events being modeled should perform the validation.
• Validation sessions should result in either the confirmation of the model’s accuracy or modification of the model.
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EventsMost events are easy to identify because the business
records data on forms or files. • Events are characterized by the fact that they
happen or have duration– For activity and REAL models, they are characterized
by at least a verb and a noun, but could have an adjective, take customer order, deliver customer order, pay supplier
– For data models (converting REAL to ERD), they are characterized by a noun, e.g., Order header, Order detail, Sales header, Sales detail, Cash receipt
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Surrounding RALS
RESOURCES
• Entity types that describe tangible things.
• EQUIPMENT, INVENTORY, CASH, MACHINE, MATERIAL, PART, PRODUCT, VEHICLE, but they can also be Informational Resources, e.g., PRODUCT CATALOG
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Surrounding RALs
AGENTS• Entity types that describe roles played in a
system. They usually represent people or organizations.
• APPLICANT, BORROWER, CLIENT, CREDITOR, EMPLOYEE, EMPLOYER, INSTRUCTOR, MANAGER, SALESPERSON, VENDOR
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Surrounding RALs
LOCATIONS
• Entity types that describe locations
• BRANCH, BUILDING, CAMPUS, CITY, COUNTRY, COUNTY, SALES REGION, WAREHOUSE, STORE, FRANCHISEE
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A REAL Interaction Model for MSC Function
Sell Goods
CustomerInventory
SalespersonDepartment
Receive Payment
CashierCash
Store
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Types of Models• Data model: One type is the ERD that depicts
data (entities, attributes) and the relationships enforcing business rules between entities.
• The primary goal is to accurately portray the fundamental elements of the business information system.
• The data model is implemented as a database in a developed system (central to the IS)
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ERD with Normalization