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F VQMEC KWA_WMA\ KG

T_KBAE^ HFIFLAHAI^

IMLAJ F)J) O_KKCU

^@A OQUMIAUU JAFNA_U@MT NAWAJKTHAI^ EK_TK_F^MKI

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F VQMEC KWA_WMA\ KG T_KBAE^ HFIFLAHAI^

^`mu fr~meja trkwmnau fi kwarwma| kg ~`a trkbae~ hfiflahai~ nmuemtjmia

fin mu feekhtfiman o} ~`raa k~`ar fr~mejau ~`f~ eki~fmi hkra na~fmjan

migkrhf~mki fokq~ ~`a hae`fimeu2

Trkbae~ feekqi~mil2

|||)ojnukjq~mkiu)ekh+fr~mejau+tf)tng

Afrian wfjqa2

|||)ojnukjq~mkiu)ekh+fr~mejau+aw)tng

Milranmai~u gkr fi aggae~mwa trkbae~ trktkufj2

|||)ojnukjq~mkiu)ekh+fr~mejau+att)tng

\`f~ mu trkbae~ hfiflahai~;

Trkbae~ hfiflahai~mu ~`a fttjmef~mki kg ekhta~aiemau (cik|janla* ucmjju*

fin aifojmil ~ae`ikjklmau* miejqnmil hknaju* ha~`knkjklmau* ~kkju* fin

~ae`imvqau- ~k ~`a nawajkthai~ kg ia| kr ai`fiean trknqe~u fin+kr

uarwmeau* trkeauuau* kr u}u~ahu)

Jmia hfiflahai~mu ~`a fttjmef~mki kg ekhta~aiemau ~k ufjau fintrknqe~mki fe~mwm~mau ~`f~ laiarf~a rawaiqa gkr fi ai~artrmua)

U~fgg hfiflahai~mu ~`a fttjmef~mki kg ekhta~aiemau ~k fe~mwm~mau ~`f~uqttkr~ ~`a jmia* uqe` fu jalfj* gmifiea* `qhfi raukqreau* migkrhf~mki~ae`ikjkl}* fin rauafre` fin nawajkthai~)

Trkbae~ hfiflahai~ fe~mwm~mau fra ahorfean |m~`mi jmia gqie~mkiu mi uqe`

minqu~rmau fu ekiu~rqe~mki* ekiuqj~mil* fin equ~kh naumli hfiqgfe~qrmil*

|`ara afe` najmwarfoja `fu qimvqa e`frfe~armu~meu3 k~`ar|mua ~`a} fra

ahorfean am~`ar mi fnhmimu~rf~mwa kr ktarf~mkifj u~fgg gqie~mkiu)

\`arafu jmia hfiflahai~ fe~mwm~mau fra tarta~qfj (minagmim~a gkr ~`a jmga kg~`a ai~artrmua kr trknqe~ fin+kr uarwmea jmia-* trkbae~u (u`kqjn- `fwa

nagmim~a u~fr~ fin ain nf~au (|`me` fra quqfjj} uqobae~ ~k e`fila-)

@k|awar* f hfiflar efi keeqt} f tkum~mki ~`f~ mu mi m~uajg minagmim~a* oq~

oa rautkiumoja gkr f tkr~gkjmk kg ekhtkiai~ trkbae~u kg gmim~a nqrf~mki)

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http://www.bldsolutions.com/articles/pa.pdfhttp://www.bldsolutions.com/articles/ev.pdfhttp://www.bldsolutions.com/articles/epp.pdfhttp://www.bldsolutions.com/articles/pa.pdfhttp://www.bldsolutions.com/articles/ev.pdfhttp://www.bldsolutions.com/articles/epp.pdf

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Gaf~qrau kg f trkbae~ miejqna2

E`frfe~armu~meu2

Gkrhan ~k nawajkt* ai`fiea* kr hfmi~fmi utaemgme ain

najmwarfojau* |`me` efi ekiumu~ kg hqj~mtja ekhtkiai~u

Trknqeau mi~arhanmf~a fin gmifj najmwarfojau

Ekiu~rfmian o} jmhm~an raukqreau

Apmu~aiea mu ~ahtkrfr} (fj~`kql` hfmi~aifiea fe~mwm~mau efi

eki~miqa gkr ap~ainan tarmknu kg ~mha mi uqotrkbae~u fmhan f~

hfcmil utaemgme e`filau-

Efi oa f ekhtkiai~ kg f jfrlar trklrfh

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Ekhtkiai~u2

Trktkufj (nagmim~mki fin uektmil nkeqhai~-

Jmgae}eja ha~`knkjkl} |krc naekhtkuan mi~k t`fuau*

ualhai~u* fin ~fucu (|krc orafcnk|i u~rqe~qra- gkr jkilar

nqrf~mki (hki~`u ~k }afru-* fin+kr ekinqe~an qumil mierahai~fj

fin m~arf~mwa ~ae`imvqau kg u`kr~ (nf}u ~k hki~`u- ~k jkilar

nqrf~mki2

Tjfiimil fin tkjme} nawajkthai~

Uektmil (gkr fn`ke trkbae~u kq~umna kg f gkrhfj tjfi

nagmian o} f @mUtk~ _awma|-

Nawajkthai~2

Fifj}umu (oqumiauu fe~mwm~mau-

Naumli (gqie~mkiu fin gaf~qrau fin eku~+oaiagm~fifj}uau-

Ekiu~rqe~mki (oqmjnmil f trk~k~}ta kr ain trknqe~-

Mhtjahai~f~mki (e`filmil ~`a aiwmrkihai~-

Fnft~mki fttainmp ~k nawajkthai~ fe~mwm~mau ofuan qtki

gaanofec grkh ~`a hfrca~tjfea (ap~arifj fin mi~arifj- fg~ar

mhtjahai~f~mki* fin miejqnau gmia ~qimil* u~finfrnmmil*fin mi~alrf~mil |m~` k~`ar najmwarfojau grkh ~`a trkbae~ fin

ajua|`ara

Ai`fieahai~ (ia| gaf~qrau fin gqie~mkiu- (quau ufha

fe~mwm~mau fu nawajkthai~-

Hfmi~aifiea (arrkr ekrrae~mki fin mhtrkwahai~-

Targkrhfiea hafuqrahai~ fe~qfj waruqu tjfiian mi ~arhukg uekta* oqnla~* ue`anqja* fin vqfjm~}

Hfiflahai~ trkeauuau* hknaju* ~kkju* fin u~finfrnu

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U~fca`kjnaru ~`kua mhtfe~an o} f trkbae~ nqrmil m~u jmga* kr fu f

ekiuavqaiea kg m~u najmwarfojau2

E`frfe~armu~meu2

Fra ~`a} f ravqmran raukqrea kr f naemumki hfcar;

Fra ~`a} nmrae~j} fggae~an o} ~`a trkbae~;

Fra ~`a} minmrae~j} fggae~an o} ~`a trkbae~;

Fra ~`a} qifggae~an* oq~ tkuuauu ~`a tk|ar ~k fggae~ ~`a

trkbae~ u`kqjn ~`a} e`kkua ~k nk uk;

_atrauai~f~mwa lrkqtu2

Trkbae~ hfiflar kwarfjj rautkiumomjm~}

Trkbae~ ~afh hahoaru ~`a minmwmnqfju ~`f~ la~ ~`a |krc

nkia

Oaiagmemfrmau ~`a tfr~mau (~frla~u- ~`f~ |mjj am~`ar qua ~`a

najmwarfojau* kiea ekhtja~an* kr oaiagm~ grkh ~`amr

apmu~aiea

Targkrhmil krlfimf~mkifj qim~ ~`a krlfimf~mkifj qim~

|`kua hahoaru `fwa ~`a trmhfr} rautkiumomjm~} gkrhfiflmil ~`a trkbae~ fin trknqemil ~`a najmwarfojau

Utkiukru2

Mim~mf~mil ~`a minmwmnqfj (kr lrkqt- |`k `fu ~`a

tk|ar ~k jalm~mhma ~`a najmwarfojau gkr fjj fggae~an

~frla~u mim~mf~mil utkiukru nk ik~ quqfjj} `fwa ~k fuc

tarhmuumki ~k trkeaan

Uqu~fmimil ~`a minmwmnqfj (kr lrkqt- |`k `fu nmrae~

migjqaiea |m~` ~`a ~frla~u* ofuan qtki aekikhme*jklmu~mefj* fin tkjm~mefj trkpmhm~}

Gmifiemfj ~`a trkwmnar kg gmifiemfj raukqreau ~k aife~

e`fila

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Tfr~mau2

Naemumki hfcar fggae~u uektmil* gqinmil* u~fggmil* fin

fttrkwfj kg najmwarfojau

Migjqaiear efi migjqaiea ~`a naemumki hfcar fin hf}

`fwa ~k lmwa ekiuai~ ~k ~`a trkbae~

Tjf}aru nmrae~ kr minmrae~ rajf~an tfr~mau* am~`ar

targkrhmil fe~mwm~mau kr trkwmnmil raukqreau

Trkbae~ hfiflahai~ ~ae`imvqau |ara nawajktan mim~mfjj} mi ~`a

ekiu~rqe~mki fin equ~kh hfiqgfe~qrmil minqu~rmau |`ara aggkr~u hf}

ravqmra ap~aiumwa raukqreau kwar jkil tarmknu kg ~mha) @k|awar* trklrauu

ekqjn kg~ai oa hafuqran o} kouarwf~mki flfmiu~ tjfiu fin utaemgmef~mkiu

oaefqua ~`a najmwarfojau fra ~filmoja)

Trkbae~ hfiflahai~ ~ae`imvqau `fwa oaai fttjman ~k migkrhf~mki u}u~ahu

nawajkthai~ fe~mwm~mau |m~` hmpan uqeeauu oaefqua najmwarfojau hf} oa

jauu nagmian fin mi~filmoja) Kq~ekhau fra kg~ai hkra nmggmeqj~ ~k tranme~oaefqua kg miaptarmaiean tarukiiaj* mhhf~qra ~ae`ikjklmau* kr f laiarfj

jfec kg nmuemtjmia) Mi gfe~* hfi} migkrhf~mki u}u~ahu trkbae~u fra

ekinqe~an |m~`kq~ fi} trktar hfiflahai~ trkeauuau mi tjfea |`f~ukawar)

Fu f ekiuavqaiea ~`a gfmjqra fin efieajf~mki rf~au fra `ml`)

Naof~au eki~miqa ralfrnmil ~`a qua kg gkrhfj ha~`knkjklmau ~`f~

naekhtkua trkbae~u mi~k t`fuau (~`a |f~argfjjfttrkfe`- waruqu

mierahai~fj fin m~arf~mwa ~ae`imvqau ~`f~ u~rauu trknqemil ukha~`mil kg

vqmecj} awai mg kg jmhm~an wfjqa) F ojainan fttrkfe` mu kg~ai oau~)

@k|awar* |`ai nawajktmil migkrhf~mki u}u~ahu gkr ia| fttjmef~mkiu

fin+kr qumil ia| ~ae`ikjklmau* m~ mu `ml`j} jmcaj} ~`f~ f ra~`mic kg ~`a

najmwarfojau fin ~`a fttrkfe` ~k eraf~mil ~`ah hf} oa iaeauufr} fu

aptarmaiea mu lfmian* fin ~`qu u`kqjn oa fi~memtf~an fu tfr~ kg ~`a trkeauu)

M~ mu fjuk ~k oa aptae~an ~`f~ |`f~awar mu gmifjj} najmwaran |mjj ravqmra gmia

~qimil* u~finfrnmmil* fin mi~alrf~mki ofuan qtki gaanofec grkh ~`a gmajn)

^`a qua kg ekjjfokrf~mwa ha~`knu ~k najmwar rafj ~mha ukjq~mkiu ki fimierahai~fj fin m~arf~mwa ofumu u`kqjn ranqea ~`a rmuc kg gfmjqra) @k|awar*

ki jkil trkbae~u m~ mu fj|f}u iaeauufr} ~k `fwa gravqai~ trauai~f~mkiu kg

gaf~qrau* oaiagm~u* trklrauu* fin mi~armh najmwarfojau mi krnar ~k hfmi~fmi

~`a mi~arau~ fin ekhhm~hai~ kg ~`a rajf~an tfr~mau)

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Jmgae}eja ha~`knkjkl}

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F jmgae}eja ha~`knkjkl} trkwmnau f ekiumu~ai~ u~finfrnman fttrkfe` ~k

trknqemil najmwarfojau* fin ekhhqimef~mil |m~` utkiukru* oaiagmemfrmau*fin ~afh hahoaru)

Mi ~`a eki~ap~ kg tjfiimil fin tkjme} nawajkthai~ fin targkrhfiea

hafuqrahai~* ~`a laiarme t`fuau kg f ha~`knkjkl} kg~ai ragarran ~k fu f

|f~argfjjfin trauai~an jmiafrj}* oq~ quqfjj} targkrhan m~arf~mwaj} fin

`aiea trauai~an `ara fu f e}eja2

Fifj}umu

Naumli

Ekiu~rqe~mki

Mhtjahai~f~mki (gkjjk|an mhhanmf~aj} o} fnft~mki-

Ai`fieahai~

Hfmi~aifiea

Afe` t`fua oalmiu |m~` f na~fmjan tjfiimil fe~mwm~} fin ainu |m~` ~`a

hafuqrahai~ kg targkrhfiea fin f tjfi gkr ~`a iap~ t`fua) ^`a

mhtjahai~f~mki t`fua ainu |m~` f tjfi gkr f tk~ai~mfj ai`fieahai~

trkbae~* mg fttrkwan) Afe` t`fua ekiumu~u kg ~`a ualhai~u* ~fucu* fin ~`a

na~fmjan u~atu gkr ekhtja~mki kg najmwarfojau) ^`a najmwarfojau rfila grkh

hahkrfinqhu ~k ain trknqe~u* uqe` fu gfemjm~mau* avqmthai~* fin u}u~ahu)

Ik~a2 m~ mu auuai~mfj ~k fwkmn ekigqumki oa~|aai f trkbae~ fin ~`a trknqe~(uqe` fu f u}u~ah- ~`f~ ~`a trkbae~ najmwaru (~`a najmwarfoja)-

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)))Mierahai~fj fin m~arf~mwa fttrkfe`au

\`arafu ~`a fifj}umu* naumli* ekiu~rqe~mki* mhtjahai~f~mki* ai`fieahai~*

fin hfmi~aifiea fe~mwm~mau |mjj fj|f}u oa trauai~ ~k ukha ap~ai~*

migkrhf~mki u}u~ahu nawajkthai~ trkbae~u fra hkra jmcaj} ~k rauqj~ mi

vqfjm~} najmwarfojau mg mierahai~fj fin m~arf~mwa fttrkfe`au fra quan

|`arao} utkiukru fin oaiagmemfrmau efi uaa kq~tq~u ralqjfrj}) Qumil

m~arf~mwa ~ae`imvqau* ~`a afe` najmwarfoja trknqemil fe~mwm~} mu f uhfjj qim~

kg |krc ekhtfran ~k ~rfnm~mkifj fttrkfe`au)

\`arafu ~`mr~} }afru flk* m~ ~kkc hki~`u mg ik~ }afru ~k ~filmoja rauqj~ugrkh migkrhf~mki u}u~ahu trkbae~u* m~ mu ik| tkuumoja ~k nk ~`a ufha mi

nf}u* |aacu fin hki~`u qumil ekhtq~arfmnan ukg~|fra nawajkthai~

~ae`imvqau ~k najmwar rafj~mha ukjq~mkiu* autaemfjj} |`ara mi~artra~an

jfilqflau fra quan)

Gkr apfhtja* |aoum~a nawajkthai~ mu kilkmil trkeauu fu naumliu e`fila

nqa ~k ia| ~ae`ikjklmau fin hfrca~tjfea rafe~mki) ^`a eki~ai~ ki

|aoum~au efi oa e`filan mi uaekinu* fin naumliu efi oa e`filan mi

hmiq~au qumil mi~arfe~mwa ~kkju)

Ekjjfokrf~mwa m~arf~mwa fttrkfe`au fjjk| nawajktaru fin quaru ~k

tfr~memtf~a bkmi~j} fin u`fra hqj~mtja tkmi~u kg wma| jafnmil ~k hkra rkoqu~

ukjq~mkiu najmwaran mi u~flau) ^`a vqmecar najmwarfojau efi fnn wfjqa ~k f

oqumiauu* ~`a hkra aggae~mwa ~`a kwarfjj rauqj~u kg f trkbae~ u`kqjn oa)

_ftmn fttjmef~mki nawajkthai~ fttrkfe`au gfwkr jauu tjfiimil fin hkra

trk~k~}tmil* fin fra ~`a ofumu gkr hfi} |aoofuan ekjjfokrf~mwa

migkrhf~mki u}u~ahu nawajkthai~ fttrkfe`au)

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Nmggaraiea oa~|aai m~arf~mwa fin raeqrrmil trkeauuau

M~arf~mwa trkeauuau fra jmiafr) ^`a} najmwar futaemgme nmuera~a kq~tq~ grkh

f nmuera~a mitq~) M~arf~mwa trkeauuau rataf~ |`ai ia| nmuera~a kq~tq~u fra

ravqmran grkh nmuera~a mitq~u) F trkeauu mu m~arf~mwa |`ai m~ rataf~u gkr

nmggarai~ mitq~u fin kq~tq~u)

^`a aggae~u kg m~arf~mwa trkeauuau fra eqhqjf~mwa |`ai fi kq~tq~ grkh kia

m~arf~mki oaekhau fi mitq~ ~k fik~`ar)

M~arf~mwa trkeauuau fra ekhhki equ~kh naumli fin hfiqgfe~qrmil |krc)

_aeqrrmil trkeauuau rataf~ ~`a ufha fe~mwm~mau kwar fin kwar flfmi) ^`a}

fra raeqrrmil oaefqua ~`a keeqrraiea kg ~`amr qua rataf~u gkr ~`a ufhamiu~fieau kg mitq~u fin kq~tq~u)

Afe` ~mha ~`a trkeauu mu targkrhan* fi miu~fiea kg ~`a ufha mitq~ mu

trkeauuan ~k najmwar fi miu~fiea kg ufha kq~tq~) Fi miu~fiea mu f qim~ kg

kq~tq~ |m~` mnai~mefj e`frfe~armu~meu ~k fi} k~`ar |m~`mi ~kjarfiea jawaju)

_aeqrrmil trkeauuau fra ekhhki mi hfuu trknqe~mki fe~mwm~mau)

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)))Apfhtjau kg trkbae~ hfiflahai~ u}u~ahu fin migkrhf~mki u}u~ahu

nawajkthai~ ha~`knkjklmau

Flmja fi m~arf~mwa fin mierahai~fj fttrkfe` ~k ukg~|fra

nawajkthai~ ~`rkql` ekjjfokrf~mki oa~|aai uajgnmrae~an erkuu

gqie~mkifj ~afhu ha~`knu miejqna Gaf~qra Nrmwai Nawajkthai~

fin Uerqh

Ofuaefht |aoofuan kijmia ekjjfokrf~mwa trkbae~ hfiflahai~ ~kkj

nawajktan o} 5< Umlifju

Migkrhf~mki Ailmiaarmil f ukg~|fra ailmiaarmil fttrkfe` ~k

nawajktmil u}u~ahu ofuan qtki am~`ar oqumiauu trkeauu kr nf~f

fifj}umu nawajktan o} Bfhau Hfr~mi fin Ejmwa Gmicaju~ami

Ha~`kn+6 ~`a ejfuume gqjj trkbae~ hfiflahai~ fin u}u~ahu

nawajkthai~ jmgae}eja ha~`knkjkl} nawajktan o} Finaruai

Ekiuqj~mil (ik| Feeai~qra-

Hmerkukg~ Trkbae~ ~kkj gkr nawajktmil trkbae~ tjfiu fin oqnla~u*fuumlimil raukqreau ~k ~fucu* fin ~rfecmil trklrauu

Krfeja Trmhfwarf ue`anqjmil ~kkj gkr ~`a Erm~mefj Tf~` Ha~`kn

afhokp f |aoofuan trkbae~ hfiflahai~ ~kkj ~`f~ ahtk|aru

|krctjfea ekhhqimef~mkiu

Ik~a2 ukha ha~`knkjklmau fra fmhan tqraj} f~ fttjmef~mki ukg~|fra

nawajkthai~3 `k|awar* ukg~|fra mu ekhtkiai~ kg f u}u~ah ~`f~miejqnau oqumiauu tkjmemau fin trkeauuau* `frn|fra* u}u~ahu ukg~|fra*

ia~|krcmil fin ~ajaekhhqimef~mkiu* fin quar trkeanqrau)

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Trkbae~ Hfiflahai~ Trkeauu

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Trkbae~ hfiflahai~ fe~mwm~mau fra targkrhan |m~`mi ~`a eki~ap~ tjfiimil

fin tkjme} nawajkthai~ fin targkrhfiea hafuqrahai~2

Tjfiimil fin tkjme} nawajkthai~2

Uhfjjar fin u`kr~ar trkbae~u efi oa targkrhan qumil mierahai~fj fin

m~arf~mwa ~ae`imvqau |`ai apeauumwa tjfiimil hf} fnn jm~~ja ~k ik

wfjqa oaefqua ravqmrahai~u fin ~`amr mhtjmef~mkiu |mjj ik~ oa gqjj}

qinaru~kkn qi~mj ukha fifj}umu* naumli* fin trk~k~}tmil |krc `fu

oaai targkrhan)

Jfrlar fin jkilar trkbae~u u`kqjn oa targkrhan ki f t`fuan ofumu

feekrnmil ~k f trkbae~ trktkufj tjfiu fra naekhtkuan mi~k hkra

na~fmj o} t`fua qi~mj ~`a gmifj najmwarfojau fra ekhtja~an* kr ~`a

trkbae~ `fu oaai efieajan)

Fttrkpmhf~an trkbae~mkiu fra ~rfiujf~an mi~k au~mhf~an trkbae~mkiu f~

~`a oalmiimil kg afe` t`fua) F~ ~`a oalmiimil kg afe` t`fua* ~`a

tjfi mu ~rfiujf~an mi~k f oqnla~* fin f~ ~`a ain kg ~`a t`fua* f tjfi mu

tratfran gkr ~`a iap~)

Ki jfrlar* jkilar* fin ekhtjap trkbae~u* m~ mu iaeauufr} ~k nk f ear~fmi

fhkqi~ kg fifj}umu fin naumli |krc uk ~`f~ f ~`krkql` aekikhme

awfjqf~mki fin eku~+oaiagm~ fifj}umu efi oa targkrhan* grkh |`me` f

lk+iklk naemumki efi oa hfna ~k ekiu~rqe~ fin mhtjahai~)

Ekiu~rqe~mki fin mhtjahai~f~mki eku~u fra quqfjj} f hqj~mtja kg

fifj}umu fin naumli eku~u)

^`a trkbae~ trktkufj gkr ~`a gmru~ t`fua hf} oa eraf~an mi f rajf~anfe~mwm~}* uqe` fu f u~rf~alme tjfi kr `mutk~ rawma| nk|iu~rafh

trkbae~ trktkufju fra eraf~an f~ ~`a ain kg afe` trmkr t`fua kg |krc)

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^`a eki~ai~u kg f trkbae~ trktkufj miejqna2

Qinaru~finmil kg ~`a trkojah2

Um~qf~mki

Ekhtjmef~mki

Trkojah u~f~ahai~u

Ukjq~mki `}tk~`aumu

Uekta* kobae~mwau* fin lkfju

Fttrkfe`

Najmwarfojau miejqnmil tjfi gkr iap~ t`fua

\krc tjfi2

\krc orafcnk|i u~rqe~qra

_aukqrea ravqmrahai~u

Ue`anqja

Lkwarifiea (trkbae~ hfiflar* u~aarmil ekhhm~~aa* gravqaie} kg

trklrauu ratkr~mil-

Iap~ u~atu

Kiea f trkbae~ `fu oaai fttrkwan* f na~fmjan |krc trklrfh u`kqjn oa

tratfran ~`f~ naekhtkuau ~`a |krc orafcnk|i u~rqe~qra feekrnmil ~k

~`a jmgae}eja ha~`knkjkl} mi~k f ue`anqja fin na~fmjan raukqreafjjkef~mkiu fin ~mha au~mhf~au)

^`a gmifj najmwarfojau hf} ravqmra hfi} ekhtkiai~u ~`f~ fratrknqean kwar ~mha) ^`a trkbae~ trktkufj u`kqjn eki~fmi nauermt~mkiu

kg ~`a gqie~mkiu fin gaf~qrau kg ~`a gmifj najmwarfojau fin ~`amrekhtkiai~u fu mu cik|i f~ ~`a ~mha kg |rm~mil)

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Targkrhfiea hafuqrahai~2

Trklrauu ratkr~mil ~k f u~aarmil ekhhm~~aa (tratfran |aacj}*

hki~`j}* fin +kr vqfr~arj} fu ravqmran-2

Kwarfjj u~f~qu wfrmfieau flfmiu~2

Uekta

Oqnla~

Ue`anqja

Vqfjm~}

Gkraefu~2

Qua kg eki~milaie}

Oqnla~ gkraefu~

Ue`anqja gkraefu~

_aukjq~mki kg hfbkr muuqau

Muuqau gkr ekiumnarf~mki

\rftqt qtki ekhtja~mki kg afe` trkbae~ t`fua2

Au~mhf~mil lqmnajmiau u`kqjn oa rawma|an fin fnbqu~an

ofuan qtki fe~qfj targkrhfiea

Tratfrmil f ratkr~ ~`f~ uqhhfrman fe~qfj waruqu tjfiian

targkrhfiea |m~` raekhhainf~mkiu gkr gq~qra trkbae~u

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^`a natjk}hai~ fe~mwm~mau miejqna2 krlfimf~mki* apaeq~mki* awfjqf~mki*

fin fnbqu~hai~2

Krlfimf~mki2

Uekta* kobae~mwau* fin lkfju fra ekigmrhan mi f trkbae~ e`fr~ar ofuan

qtki ~`a fwfmjfomjm~} kg fe~qfj raukqreau* miejqnmil2

Taktja

Gfemjm~mau

Avqmthai~ Hf~armfju fin uqttjmau

Na~fmjan au~mhf~au fra nawajktan o} fnbqu~mil ~`a fttrkpmhf~mkiu o}

u~finfrn au~mhf~mil lqmnajmiau fin migjf~kru kr nagjf~kru feekrnmil ~k

~`a gqie~mkifj cik|janla fin ucmjj jawaju kg ~`a `qhfi raukqreau* fin

k~`ar aiwmrkihai~fj gfe~kru)

Jkil trkbae~u u`kqjn oa tjfiian ki ~`a ofumu kg ik hkra ~`fi 14

|aacu tar }afr (?*444 `kqru-* fin ik hkra ~`fi >0 |aacu tar tarukitar }afr (6*=?4 `kqru- fjjk|mil gkr wfef~mkiu* `kjmnf}u* fin umecnf}u)

\`ai ~`ara fra `ml` nahfinu qtki trkbae~ tarukiiaj ~k targkrh

k~`ar nq~mau* ~`a} u`kqjn oa ue`anqjan ki ~`a ofumu kg ik hkra ~`fi >nf}u tar |aac (6*157 `kqru tar }afr-)

^`a ain rauqj~ mu f na~fmjan |krc trklrfh ~`f~ trkwmnau ~`a uekta

(gaf~qrau-* oqnla~ (raukqreau-* ue`anqja (~mha-* fin vqfjm~} u~finfrnu)

^`a rajf~mkiu`mt oa~|aai raukqreau* ue`anqja* fin uekta

(gaf~qrau-+vqfjm~} u~finfrnu nagmia ekiu~rfmi~u2

_aukqrea jkfnan |krc orafcnk|i u~rqe~qra |m~`2

U~fr~ nf~au fin ain nf~au

\krc ~mha au~mhf~au

Oqnla~ fin ue`anqja eki~milaie} _autkiumomjm~} hf~rmp u`k|mil |`k mu rautkiumoja gkr

tratfrmil* rawma|mil* fqnm~mil* fin fttrkwmil afe`

najmwarfoja

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Ue`anqjau2

Hmjau~kiau fin ~frla~ nf~au2

Lfi~~ E`fr~ trkbae~ ue`anqja

TA_^ E`fr~ awai~u* mi~arnatainaiemau fin erm~mefj

tf~` qumil ~`a Trklrfh Awfjqf~mki fin _awma|

^ae`imvqa

Awai~u fin najmwarfojau2

_awma|u fin umlikggu

Vqfjm~} fuuqrfiea

U~aarmil ekhhm~~aa haa~milu

_muc fuuauuhai~ fin eki~milaie} tjfiu2

_muc2

Trkbae~ hfiflahai~ rmuc Najmwarfoja rmuc

Eki~milaie}2

Tjfiu mi ~`a awai~ kg ~`a trktkuan ukjq~mki2

Oamil migafumoja kr ik~ |krcmil fu tjfiimil

Oamil najmwaran jf~a

Gkr oqnla~ wfrmfieau2

Oqnla~ fnbqu~hai~u nqa ~k qigkrauaai ~fucu

Targkrhfiea wfrmfieau flfmi oqnla~

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Uekta (gaf~qrau-+vqfjm~} u~finfrnu2

Trkeauuau gkr `finjmil2

Muuqau ~k oa raukjwan2

Naumli naemumkiu

^rfnakggu2

Uekta Oqnla~+raukqreau

Ue`anqja

Vqfjm~}

E`fila krnaru ~k trawmkquj} fttrkwan

najmwarfojau

Fg~ar ~`a trkbae~ tjfiu `fwa oaai fttrkwan* fin ~`a trkbae~ ~afh `fu

oaai fuuahojan* ~rfmimil u`kqjn oa targkrhan mi2

Trkbae~ trktkufj qinaru~finmil ~`a uekta* kobae~mwau* fin

fttrkfe`

Jmgae}eja ha~`knkjkl}

^afh oqmjnmil

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Apaeq~mki2

Ekhhqimef~mil |m~` utkiukru fin oaiagmemfrmau

Ekhhqimef~mil |m~` fin najalf~mil ~k ~`a trkbae~ ~afh

Fuumlimil fin feekhtjmu`mil fe~mwm~mau |krc mu krlfiman mi

~arhu kg2

\`f~ mu ~k oa feekhtjmu`an fin |`} (uekta* kobae~mwau fin

lkfju-;

@k| m~ mu ~k oa feekhtjmu`an (raukqreau fin |krc qim~u-;

\`ai m~ mu ~k oa feekhtjmu`an (ue`anqja-;

Ukjwmil trkojahu

@finjmil apeat~mkiu

Awfjqf~mki2

Kilkmil hkim~krmil fin fuuauumil ~`a afrian wfjqa ofuan qtki

uekta* oqnla~* ue`anqja* fin vqfjm~}

Fuuauumil ~`a raukqreau (taktja* hf~armfju* uqttjmau* gfemjm~mau*

fin avqmthai~-

6=

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Fnbqu~hai~ (uekta* oqnla~* ue`anqja* vqfjm~}* raukqreau- mi

ekibqie~mki |m~` u~aarmil ekhhm~~aa rawma|-2

^qimil fnbqu~hai~u ~k ~`a eqrrai~ fuuqht~mkiu

_auektmil e`filmil ~`a fuuqht~mkiu nqa ~k wfrmfieau ~`f~

e`rkimefjj} fggae~ ~`a fomjm~} ~k najmwar rauqj~u fu tjfiian hf}

rauqj~ mi2

_anqean uekta

Fnnm~mkifj oqnla~

Ap~ainan ue`anqja

E`filau mi raukqrea fuumlihai~u

_anqean vqfjm~} u~finfrnu

Efieajf~mki

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Fttrkpmhf~mkiu waruqu au~mhf~mkiu

M~ ravqmrau |krc ~k feeqrf~aj} au~mhf~a |krc) ^`aragkra* ~`a fttrkfe` kg

fttrkpmhf~mkiu fin au~mhf~mkiu u`kqjn oa ~fcai ~k nawajktmil oqnla~u gkr

t`fuan trkbae~u) Fi fttrkpmhf~mki mu f `ml`jawaj au~mhf~a ofuan qtki

jmhm~an migkrhf~mki)

^`a mim~mfj oqnla~ gkr fjj t`fuau kg f trkbae~ mu fi fttrkpmhf~mki fin fi

au~mhf~mki gkr ~`a gmru~ t`fua oaefqua hkra migkrhf~mki fokq~ m~ mu

fwfmjfoja) ^`a fttrkpmhf~mki kg ~`a uaekin t`fua mu fnbqu~an ~k fi

au~mhf~mki f~ ~`a ain kg ~`a gmru~ t`fua ofuan qtki fe~qfj aptarmaiea) ^`atrkeauu mu rataf~an gkr ~`a rahfmimil t`fuau kg |krc)

\m~` rautae~ ~k ~`a eku~u fin oaiagm~u fuukemf~an |m~` ~`a najmwarfojau

trknqean o} ~`a trkbae~* ~`aua u`kqjn oa ragmian ofuan qtki |krc

targkrhan fu hkra na~fmj oaekhau fwfmjfoja)

Mi tjfiimil fin fifj}umu t`fuau* aekikhme awfjqf~mkiu |mjj oa

fttrkpmhf~mkiu) @k|awar* ~`a aekikhme awfjqf~mki grkh naumli fe~mwm~mau

u`kqjn oa ofuan qtki na~fmjan au~mhf~au)

Qua kg eki~milaie} gkr oqnla~ wfrmfieau

k~fj oqnla~u u`kqjn fj|f}u miejqna eki~milaie} gkr oqnla~ fnbqu~hai~u

fin targkrhfiea wfrmfieau)

Fu f lqmnajmia* ~`a ~k~fj oqnla~ u`kqjn oa f~ jafu~ 661! kg u~finfrn

oqnla~* qijauu trkbae~ rmuc gfe~kru uqllau~ k~`ar|mua)

Mi aggae~* ~`a trkbae~ mu au~mhf~an qumil u~finfrn au~mhf~an lqmnajmiau fu

fnbqu~an gkr migjf~kru fin nagjf~kru) ^`a u~finfrn oqnla~ mu ~`f~ lmwai ~k

~`a trkbae~ ~afh) ^`a eki~milaie} mu ~ ai fnnan ~k eraf~a ~`a ~k~fj oqnla~

~k |`me` trkbae~ hfiflahai~ mu `ajn feekqi~foja)

U~finfrn oqnla~ mu lmwai ~k ~`a trkbae~ ~afh ki f ia~ ofumu |m~`kq~

eki~milaie} mi krnar ~k hfmi~fmi f rauarwa3 `k|awar ~`a trkbae~ mu

hfiflan ki f lrkuu ofumu |m~` eki~milaie})

Nqrmil ~`a ekqrua kg f jfrla trkbae~* uekta e`filau fra jmcaj} ~k keeqr*

mierafumil ~`a krmlmifj oqnla~ ~k ~`a rawmuan oqnla~ o} fi fjjk|fiea gkr

~`a uekta e`filau)

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Fu ~`a trkbae~ trkeaanu* targkrhfiea |mjj oa ofuan qtki ~`a aggae~mwaiauu

kg ~`a oqnla~ fin ~`a trknqe~mwm~}+aggmemaie} kg ~`a trkbae~ ~afh)

\`arafu trkbae~ ~afh hahoaru hf} oa f|fra kg ~`a eki~milaie}* ~`a} fra

oqggaran iawar~`ajauu)

Eki~milaie} mu fjjkef~an o} ~`a trkbae~ hfiflar3 `k|awar fjjkef~mkiu hf}

ravqmra fttrkwfj grkh ~`a u~aarmil ekhhm~~aa kr ~`a gmifiemfj utkiukr)

Utaemfj ekiumnarf~mkiu

Trkbae~ hfiflahai~ fe~mwm~mau efi oa hkra nmggmeqj~ ~`fi k~`aru nqa ~k2

Qiear~fmi rauqj~u |`arafu jmgae}eja ha~`knkjklmau ahtjk}

nqtjmef~foja* hafuqrfoja* tranme~foja* rataf~foja* fin ~rfmifoja* fin

trkeauuau* qiear~fmi~} frmuau grkh2

Nawajkthai~ kg najmwarfojau ~`f~ fra ~ae`ikjklmefjj} ekhtjap kr

miwkjwa ~`a qua kg ekhtjap ~ae`ikjklmau ~k nawajkthai~

^afh hahoaru |`k fra qigfhmjmfr |m~` afe` k~`ar* trkbae~

krmai~an |krc* ~`a ~frla~ aiwmrkihai~* fin ~`a if~qra kg ~`a

najmwarfojau

@ml`j} hf~rmpan krlfimf~mki ~`a ~afh hmp |mjj e`fila fu ~`a

trkbae~ trklrauuau* fin |mjj `fwa ratrauai~f~mwau grkh nmggarai~

krlfimf~mkifj qim~u |m~` nmggarai~ eqj~qrau)

Fu f ekiuavqaiea* ~`ara |mjj oa hqj~mtja ratkr~mil jmiau2

^k ~`a krlfimf~mkifj qim~ kg nkhmemja (|`me` hf} miejqna f

hf~rmp mi m~uajg-

^k ~`a trkbae~ hfiflar

^k ~`a utkiukru

^k ~`a oaiagmemfrmau

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M~arf~mwa waruqu raeqrrmil trkeauuau ~afh hahoaru |`k `fwa oaai

fuumlian ~k f trkbae~ grkh oqumiauu nawajkthai~ fin ktarf~mkiugqie~mkiu |`ara trkeauuau fra raeqrrmil hf} ravqmra fnbqu~hai~ ~k

~`a m~arf~mwa trkeauuau kg trkbae~u* autaemfjj} mg ~`a e}ejau fra jkil)

Fjj kr ik~`mil qijmca ufjau fin trknqe~mki trkeauuau ~`f~ najmwar

rauqj~u ki f ralqjfr raeqrrmil ofumu* ~`a ain najmwarfoja grkh f

trkbae~* uqe` fu ia| trknqe~* ia| trkeauu migrfu~rqe~qra* kr ia|

u}u~ah hf} ~fca f jkil ~mha ~k nawajkt2

Mg ~`a trkbae~ mu efieajan trahf~qraj} oaefqua kg f e`fila miu~rf~al}* jfec kg gqinmil* kr ~ae`ikjklmefj migafumomjm~}* ~`a rauqj~

efi oa war} grqu~rf~mil ~k ~`a trkbae~ ~afh hahoaru)

^`a afrian wfjqa |mjj oa ark* qijauu najmwarfojau efi oa

ufjwflan gkr gq~qra qua) ^`a aptarmaiea lfmian |mjj oa

mhhafuqrfoja)

Trklrfh Kggmea

Trklrfh hfiflahai~ mu f gqie~mki ~`f~ ekkrnmif~au ~`a trkbae~

hfiflahai~ fe~mwm~mau gkr hfi} mi~arrajf~an trkbae~u* autaemfjj} gkr

ue`anqja mi~arnatainaiemau fin mi~alrf~mki kg najmwarfojau)

War} jfrla trkbae~u efi oa lrkqtan fu f trklrfh qinar f umilja jafnar kg

mi~arrajf~an ekhtkiai~ trkbae~u* |m~` f hfiflar rautkiumoja gkr afe`)

^`a gqie~mki ekiumu~u kg f trklrfh kggmea ~`f~ uqttjmau ~`a trkbae~

hfiflahai~ hknaju* ha~`knkjklmau* fin ~kkju ~k ~`a trklrfh+trkbae~hfiflaru mi ekhtjmfiea |m~` u~finfrnu)

^`a trklrfh kggmea trkwmnau ~`a wa`meja gkr trklrauu feekqi~mil fin

ratkr~mil ferkuu fjj trkbae~u)

?5

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^`a trklrfh kggmea tratfrau ratkr~u ~`f~ uqhhfrma targkrhfiea nf~f* fin

aiuqrau ~`f~ fjj tjfiian e`aectkmi~u keeqr uqe` fu2

U~aarmil ekhhm~~aa haa~milu

_awma|u fin fttrkwfju

Vqfjm~} fuuqrfiea rawma|u

Jf|u kg trkbae~ hfiflahai~

Hqrt`},u Jf|u2

Fi}~`mil ~`f~ efi lk |rkil* |mjj lk |rkil

^`milu |mjj lk |rkil mi fi} um~qf~mki mg lmwai f e`fiea

Mg ~`ara mu hkra ~`fi kia |f} kg nkmil f bko* fin kia kg ~`kua |f}u

|mjj rauqj~ mi nmufu~ar* ~`ai ~`a bko |mjj oa nkia ~`f~ |f}

Gmiflja,u ekrkjjfr} ~k Hqrt`},u Jf|2

Fi}~`mil ~`f~ efi lk |rkil* |mjj f~ ~`a |kru~ tkuumoja hkhai~

Tfrcmiuki,u Jf| |krc aptfinu uk fu ~k gmjj ~`a fwfmjfoja ~mha gkr m~u

ekhtja~mki) ^`a jf| mu ofuan qtki ~|k gfe~kru2

Fi kggmemfj |fi~u ~k hqj~mtj} uqokrnmif~au* ik~ rmwfju

Kggmemfju hfca |krc gkr afe` k~`ar

Ukqrea2 E) Ikr~`ek~a Tfrcmiuki Tfrcmiuki,u Jf|2 ^`a Tqruqm~ kg Aekikhme Trklrauu

Orkkcu, Jf|2 fnnmil |krc tk|ar ~k f jf~a u}u~ahu trkbae~ hfcau m~ jf~ar)

Ukqrea2 Gran Orkkcu ^`a H}~`mefj HfiHki~`

Ormfi ^rfe} vqk~a2 Aptaiuau rmua ~k haa~ miekha)

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_ajf~an fr~mejau

Trkbae~ feekqi~mil2

|||)ojnukjq~mkiu)ekh+fr~mejau+tf)tng

Nmuequuau hfiflarmfj feekqi~mil ~ae`imvqau gkr trkbae~

hfiflahai~)

Afrian wfjqa2

|||)ojnukjq~mkiu)ekh+fr~mejau+aw)tng

Nmuequuau oqnla~mil* ue`anqjmil* eki~milaie}* fin ~`a

hafuqrahai~ kg afrian wfjqa ofuan qtki ~`a eku~ kg |krc

targkrhan |m~` ~`a fuukemf~an wfrmfieau)

Milranmai~u gkr fi aggae~mwa trkbae~ trktkufj2

|||)ojnukjq~mkiu)ekh+fr~mejau+att)tng

^`a @mUtk~ _awma| Gkr Vqmec Um~qf~mki Fuuauuhai~u fin Nmrae~mki

Ua~~mil2

|||)ojnukjq~mkiu)ekh+fr~mejau+`ur)tng

Nmuequuau `k| ~k targkrh f hmim u~rf~alme tjfiimil trkbae~

mim~mf~an ki fi qitjfiian ofumu)

?1

http://www.bldsolutions.com/articles/pa.pdfhttp://www.bldsolutions.com/articles/ev.pdfhttp://www.bldsolutions.com/articles/epp.pdfhttp://www.bldsolutions.com/articles/hsr.pdfhttp://www.bldsolutions.com/articles/pa.pdfhttp://www.bldsolutions.com/articles/ev.pdfhttp://www.bldsolutions.com/articles/epp.pdfhttp://www.bldsolutions.com/articles/hsr.pdf

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Gkr hkra migkrhf~mki)))

Gkr migkrhf~mki fokq~ fqnmkokkcu* okkcu* afr~mejau* aokkcu* fin auahmifru

kggaran o} ^`a Oqumiauu Jafnaru`mt Nawajkthai~ Ekrtkrf~mki wmum~

|||)a~fmjmf)ekh

Gkr hkra migkrhf~mki fokq~ ~`a nmuemtjmia kg ai~artrmu`mt wmum~

|||)ai~artrmu`mt)ekh

^k fuuauu }kqr minmwmnqfj ekhta~aiemau mi ~`mr~} hmiq~au kr jauu* ejfmh

}kqr kttkr~qim~} gkr miu~fi~ feeauu |`ai }kq lk ~k|||)minmwmnqfjekhta~aiemau)ekh

?7

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Fokq~ Imlaj F)J Orkkcu)))

Imlaj F)J Orkkcu mu f hfiflahai~ ekiuqj~fi~ ~k ai~ratraiaqru* oqumiauu

ai~artrmua k|iaru* apaeq~mwau* fin hfiflaru* fin ~`a ai~artrmuau ~`a}

uarwa) @a utaemfjmau mi nawajktmil ~`a ai~ratraiaqrmfj* jafnaru`mt* fin

hfiflarmfj ekhta~aiemau ~`f~ oqmjn uqu~fmifoja fnwfi~fla grkh wmumki ~k

wfjqa) @a mu fi fq~`kr fin f gravqai~ utafcar)

@a ko~fmian `mu trkgauumkifj aptarmaiea fu f tfr~iar f~ Finaruai

Ekiuqj~mil (ik| Feeai~qra* J~n)-* fu f wmea traumnai~ f~ Okk Fjjai

@fhmj~ki* Mie) (ik| Okk fin Ekhtfi}-* fu f uaimkr wmea traumnai~ f~ ~`aFharmefi Aptrauu Ekhtfi}* fu traumnai~ kg Bfwfkif Efgau* Mie)* fin fu

traumnai~ kg ^`a Oqumiauu Jafnaru`mt Nawajkthai~ Ekrtkrf~mki) @a `fu

oaai f eki~rmoq~mil anm~kr gkr ~`a Ofic Fnhmimu~rf~mki Miu~m~q~a hflfmia*

fin `fu uarwan ki okfrnu kg ai~ratraiaqrmfj ia~|krcu) @a |fu anqef~an f~

~`a Qimwarum~} kg Apa~ar* Nawki* Qim~an Cmilnkh)

@mu ejmai~u fra mi ~`a gmifiemfj uarwmeau* gkkn uarwmeau* `ml`~ae`*

hfiqgfe~qrmil fin nmu~rmoq~mki* t`frhfeaq~mefju* kmj fin lfu* trkgauumkifj

uarwmeau* ra~fmj fin |`kjaufja* ~rfiutkr~f~mki* fin lkwarihai~ minqu~rmau)

@a `fu aptarmaiea mi Ikr~` fin Jf~mi Fharmef* Aqrkta fin FumfTfemgme)

|||)imlajfjorkkcu)ekh

Fokq~ ^`a Oqumiauu Jafnaru`mt Nawajkthai~ Ekrtkrf~mki (OJN-)))

^`a Oqumiauu Jafnaru`mt Nawajkthai~ Ekrtkrf~mki mu f trkgauumkifj

uarwmeau gmrh ~`f~ |krcu |m~` ai~ratraiaqru* jmgau~}ja oqumiauu ai~artrmuak|iaru* apaeq~mwau* fin hfiflaru* fin ~`a ai~artrmuau ~`a} uarwa)

OJN nawajktu ai~ratraiaqrmfj* jafnaru`mt* fin hfiflarmfj ekhta~aiemau

~`f~ fe`mawa targkrhfiea apeajjaiea o} oqmjnmil uqu~fmifoja fnwfi~fla

grkh wmumki ~k wfjqa ~`rkql`2 U~rf~alme Hfiflahai~ Ekiuqj~mil

Apaeq~mwa Ekfe`mil fin Hai~krmil

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8/8/2019 A Quick Overview Of Project Management

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