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A Proposal for High Resolution-Time-of-Flight-Aerosol Mass Spectrometer

Dr. S. N. tripathi Dr. Tarun Gupta Dr. Anubha Goel

1. Name of the Equipment High Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS).

Generic name AMS. AMS and HR-ToF-AMS are used interchangeably in this

document.

Manufactured by: Aerodyne Research Inc. (ARI), USA

Dimensions

• Size: Approximately 41"W x 24"D x 53"H

• Weight: Approximately 170 kg

• Computer: Current systems are shipped with a rack mounted computer,

Figure 1: High Resolution-ToF-AMS

2. Description of the Equipment (maximum of 300 words, please include

manufacturer's brochures and technical specifications)

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Overview of AMS Technique

Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) is the only currently available

instrument capable of providing quantitative size and chemical mass loading

information in real-time for non-refractory (NR) sub-micron aerosol particles. The

AMS provides instrumental approach

The instrument has

to address the challenging problem of real-

time chemical characterization of particulate matter (PM). The AMS couples size-

resolved particle sampling and mass spectrometric techniques into a single real-time

measurement system.

three main sections

: the aerosol inlet, the particle sizing

chamber, and the particle composition detection section. The aerosol inlet samples

sub-micron aerosol particles into the AMS through an aerodynamic lens, forming a

narrow particle beam which is transmitted into the detection chamber where NR

components are flash vaporized upon impact with a hot surface (~600 ⁰C) under

high vacuum (~ 10-5 Pa) and chemically analyzed via electron impact (EI)

ionization and mass spectrometry.

Outstanding features

By combining aerodynamic lens inlet technology with thermal vaporization and

electron-impact mass spectrometry, AMS provides measurements of speciated PM

mass concentrations and size distributions.

The unique feature of this instrument, compared to laser vaporization aerosol

mass spectrometric techniques, is its use of a detection technique which does not

rely on high powered lasers. This allows a robust and relatively compact design that

can be deployed for field measurements at fixed sites as well as on small aircraft, in

mobile laboratories, and aboard research vessels.

The HR-ToF-AMS enables continuous acquisition of complete mass spectra of

individual particles, and enables the resolution of distinct chemical species based on

mass defect. See brochure (Appendix 1) for details of specifications.

Operating Modes of HR-TOF-AMS

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HR-ToF-AMS is capable of resolution ranging from 2,500 (in V-mode) or 4,500

to 5,000 (in W mode), where the V and W represent the path of the ions in the flight

chamber. Both these operating modes are functional on the same instrument.

Results from the use of high resolution of the HR-ToF-AMS in the field will

provide valuable insight into the elemental composition of organic-containing PM.

Benefits/Applications

The instrument can be used both for field and laboratory studies. The use of HR-

ToF-AMS includes but is not limited to

• Attribution of individual m/z peaks to distinct chemical fragments.

• AMS mass spectra can be de-convoluted into contributions from

hydrocarbonslike organic and oxygenated organic aerosols (HOA and OOA,

respectively), based on covariance of time trends.

• Derivation of emission profiles, identification of local sources (source

profiling), or quantification of particle chemical fluxes.

o This can be used to improve emissions inventories, which are in turn used

in regional and global atmospheric composition models. It is, thus, capable

of providing quantitative measurements of the mass concentration of

aerosol constituents.

• Studying complex processes such as the reactive uptake of chemical species and

the formation of secondary organic aerosol in detail in the laboratory. Accurate

kinetic data obtained can then be employed in larger chemical process models.

3. Background and Justification (explaining how the proposed equipment purchase will be broad-based and relevant to P.G. teaching & research at EEM program).

PM is emitted into the ambient atmosphere either directly as a result of natural

or anthropogenic activities or it can originate as a result of gas to particle conversion

via photochemical or other oxidation pathways. Many underlying mysteries of PM

formation and behavior can be effectively revealed once its chemical components

are accurately and comprehensively determined.

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Several epidemiological studies have shown that atmospheric PM2.5 (fine

particle) mass are strongly associated with increased human mortality from

cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases.

Atmospheric PM is also now known to influence the climate on regional to

global scales via poorly understood direct and indirect effects. Optical, physical and

chemical properties of aerosol play a vital role in manifestation of these climatic

perturbations. It is now well understood that presence of absorbing aerosols in large

amounts can significantly modulate the radiative balance of the atmosphere and can

lead to suppression of cloud formation. Atmospheric PM comes in a wide range of

sizes. The smallest nucleation particles ranges from 1–3 nm to 50 nm corresponding

to mass typically below a fraction of a microgram. The physical state and chemical

composition of PM has wider implications for its sampling technique, atmospheric

fate, climatic and health effects.

Table 1 lists major chemical species and conventional characterization

techniques used in PM studies. As is evident, traditionally PM samples are collected

onto Teflon filters for ions and elemental analyses and on quartz substrate for

elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) component analyses. Filter

collected PM is extracted with deionized-distilled water/alcohol mixture, and

analyzed using ion chromatography. Organic material extracted from the filter

collected PM are quantified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

(GC/MS). Individual species are distinguished by their retention times and by their

mass spectrum upon inter-comparison with the reference standards. Elemental

analysis is usually accomplished using ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass

spectrometry) and is well suited for metal speciation, but the samples must first be

processed by microwave-assisted acid digestion. Thermal analysis of filter-collected

PM is used in ambient and source sampling studies to distinguish OC from EC.

Carbonaceous fine particles, rich in EC and OC, are generally associated with

combustion sources. Basically, the method oxidizes carbon in the sample to CO2 in

an inert atmosphere of Helium gas, and quantifies the latter by conversion to CH4

for flame ionization detection.

Table 1: Conventional PM chemical components and list of characterization methods.

Species Sampling medium Analysis method

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Particulate matter Total mass Size selective cyclone for PM10 and PM2.5

Teflon or Teflon impregnated glass fiber (TIGF) filter

Gravimetric

Soluble organic fraction Teflon filter or TIGF Weight loss after extraction with dichloromethane and drying

Elemental/organic carbon Metals and elements Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Mo, Pd, …

Pre-fired quartz filter Teflon filter

Thermal/optical reflectance (TOR), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence

Inorganic ions and acids

4232

434

2432

SOH,HNO,HNO,NH,PO,SO,NO,NO +−−−−

Teflon or pre-fired quartz filter and water impingers

Water extraction and ion chromatography

Semi-volatile organic compounds heavy hydrocarbons, PAH, hopanes/steranes

XAD-coated annular denuder-Teflon or TIGF filter-PUF/XAD cartridge

Extraction with organic solvents, HPLC separation, high resolution GC-MS

Nitro-PAH Teflon or TIGF filter followed by PUF/XAD cartridge

Extraction with organic solvents, HPLC separation, negative ion chemical ionization GC-MS

Polar organic compounds Teflon or TIGF filter followed by PUF/XAD cartridge

Extraction, conversion to silyl or methyl ester derivatives, GC-MS

Dioxins/furans Large area Zefluor or TIGF filter

Extraction, high resolution GC-MS

(adapted from Maricq, J. Aerosol Science, 2007)

Limitations of traditional PM chemical composition measurement techniques:

The most advanced version of EC/OC analyzer is still semi-continuous in nature

with a minimum sampling time of 7 min with 12 min of off-line data analysis and

purge time. The ideal atmospheric PM measurement would produce data on the

chemical composition of individual particles as a function of particle diameter, for

particle diameters ranging from a few nm to tens of mm. However, the traditional

PM chemical composition measurement techniques are essentially handicapped as

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they rely on collecting many particles, integrated over long sampling durations, and

measuring their average chemical composition. However, aerosol particle

distributions can be externally mixed, that is, containing chemically differentiated

particles emitted from different sources or products of different atmospheric

chemical histories. Ambient temperature and sampling conditions can further affect

the suitability of marker compounds especially with the traditional filter based

methods. Problems such as hydrocarbon adsorption artifacts including those due gas

phase PAHs on filter media limit the performance of the regulatory gravimetric PM

mass measurement at low levels.

Necessity of real-time instrumental analysis: The chemical complexity and labile

nature of atmospheric PM strongly favors real-time instrumental analysis techniques

that characterize pertinent physical and chemical properties without having to

collect, store, and transport samples. Real-time instruments that measure physical

properties such as particle number densities, mass loadings, and particle mobility or

aerodynamic size distributions have been available for quite some time. However,

real-time instruments that characterize the chemical composition of atmospheric

PM, ideally as a function of particle size, are a more recent development. There are

two main types of aerosol mass spectrometers—those that rely on single particle

laser ablation/ionization and those that utilize thermal desorption/electron impact

ionization; the latter being the most popular, proven and well respected aerosol

mass spectrometer (AMS) developed by Aerodyne, Inc. (US). Below we will

describe the working of AMS, its unique advantages and proposed utilization at

IITK.

Aerodyne HR-ToF-AMS

The AMS uses aerodynamic lens inlet technology together with thermal

vaporization and electron impact mass spectrometry to measure the real-time non-

refractory chemical speciation and mass loading as a function of particle size of fine

aerosol particles with aerodynamic diameters between 50 to 1000 nm at

concentrations of 0.1.1 µg/m3.

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AMS is a time-of-flight mass analyzer that operates in two modes. As a single

reflectron it provides a resolving power of 2100 at m/z 200 and a 1 min average

detection limit of 0.04 µg/m3. Switched into the double reflectron mode the

resolving power increases to 4300, but at ~ 10 times lower sensitivity. This

resolution is sufficiently high to allow separation of different molecular species

having the same nominal m/z value.

Around the World, several studies have been carried out where AMS has

provided good correlation with conventional real-time physical, and filter-based

chemical speciation techniques (Nephelometer, aethalometer, CPC, CCN, EC/OC

analyzer, Ion chromatograph, GC-FID etc.) for major species (PM count, light

attenuation, sulphate, nitrate and OC components like PAHs etc.).

Recently, researchers have combined differential mobility and ICP-MS analysis

for in situ size and composition measurement of metal particles. The monodisperse

particles at the outlet of the DMA (Differential Mobility Analyzer) are introduced

directly into the Argon plasma torch where the plasma causes evaporation and

ionization of the particle constituents followed by detection of individual elements

due to their emitted characteristic wavelength. This is considered a useful

compliment to the AMS.

AMS can classify heterogeneous aerosols according to chemical signatures on a

particle by particle basis and has emerged as a powerful tool for the source

apportionment of urban aerosols. Recently a study that extensively relied on AMS

and GC data, suggested that semivolatile material initially emitted in the particulate

phase can partially evaporate, undergo atmospheric photo-oxidation, and

subsequently nucleate or condense into secondary organic aerosol, a new input for

the current atmospheric models.

Another set of studies using AMS, interestingly revealed that the nano mode of

tailpipe emissions from a heavy duty diesel engine is primarily composed of organic

compounds similar to those found in the lubricating oil. Whereas, for a light duty

diesel engine the same nano mode is actually dominated by the sulphate aerosol

finding their origin in the diesel fuel itself.

Advantages of AMS: The highly time-resolved measurements possible with the

AMS make it an attractive choice for kinetic studies and for detailed

characterization of aerosol properties under controlled laboratory conditions. The

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AMS has been utilized in flow tube and smog chamber studies designed to

investigate several broad topics including:

(a) Transformation of aerosol chemical properties as a function of

heterogeneous oxidation and reactive uptake.

(b) Kinetics and products of secondary aerosol formation in urban and

biogenically influenced terrestrial, biogenically influenced marine, and

extraterrestrial environments.

(c) The effect of chemical composition on aerosol density and water uptake.

Briefly, the HR-ToF-AMS by Aerodyne will complement our current research

resources and significantly enhance our capabilities to contribute towards better

understanding and offering solutions to the policy makers. Alongside our students

will also benefit through training they will receive from the teaching classes based

on this instrument.

4. Technical impact envisaged (explaining how the proposed equipment will be a

game-changer in P.G. teaching & research in EEM program).

Last decade has seen enormous growth in aerosol research with a quest to: (1)

reduce the uncertainty in aerosols effects on climate change, and (2) develop better

understanding of aerosols harmful effects on human health, which is manifested by

97 papers published in highest impact journals (29 in Nature, 38 in Science and 30

in PNAS during last decade). The list, which is compiled by a title search of

‘aerosol’ only, will grow to 200+ if abstracts are also included. To the best of our

knowledge such growth is unseen in any other area of science.

Previous section has summarized the role aerosols play in human health, air

quality and climate change, which is linked with their physical (optical,

morphological, radiative and hygroscopic) and chemical properties. Simultaneous,

real-time physical and chemical characterization of aerosol either in ambient setting

or those emanating from a source is a major challenge. Aerosol size ranges from a

few nm to about tens of micron. Even an ensemble of aerosols of one size is

composed of various chemical species (e.g. sulphate, nitrate, metal oxides, black

carbon, organic carbon, refractory material) which could be present as external

(each species is physically separated) or internal mixture (species are present as a

homogeneous or core-shell) or both. Aerosol size determines how deep they can

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penetrate in the human respiratory system. However, the damage to human health is

also governed by their chemical composition and their propensity for water uptake.

Real-time measurement of the chemical composition of nanometer-size particle,

together with its size and mixing state, which has a mass of ~ 10-20 g, is a daunting

challenge for the present analytical techniques. The HR-ToF-AMS, which is also

commonly referred to as AMS, has combined several state-of-the-art techniques to

measure all the required information in real time as already described in the

previous section. Today some of the best universities (Harvard, MIT, Lawrence

Berkeley National Lab, ETH etc.) across the world have some version of AMS. A

total of 450 international papers have been published solely based on the results

from this instrument in the last decade.

Research

The EEM group at IITK has demonstrated its capabilities in the key areas of

research viz. air quality, health and climate. The group is well equipped with aerosol

sampling and characterization instrumentation required (both particle, and gas) to

venture into new cutting edge research avenues emerging in these areas.

Recent lab based chamber studies at Carnegie-Mellon have shown that the

growth of metal oxide nano particles crucially depends on the coating material

(Figure 2). The existing well equipped, artificial fog and smog chamber facilities at

IITK can be coupled in tandem with the proposed AMS and can be potentially

employed to investigate the formation, fate and removal of nano particles. This will

tremendously enhance our understanding of the specific conditions and precursors

which lead to dense fog episodes; and will possibly lead to evolution of practical

remedies to mitigate/minimize these events. The harmful impacts of nano particles,

in the advent of nano technology driven growth, is in its nascent stage even in the

most developed nations. The projected cost to health system due to adverse effect of

particulate pollution in India is of the order of 100 billion USD as estimated by a

latest Harvard study. EEM is uniquely placed to become a global leader in this area

of research. The new frontier areas where we would like to embark upon are:

• Health impact of nano particles

(industrial/residential/atmospheric/biogenic)

• Organic Aerosol (OA) linkages to fog and cloud formation

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• Leap frogging in air quality (source apportionment/source

profiling/emission inventory)

• Understanding the nano PM formation pathways (typical Indian conditions

and distinct sources presents us with a unique opportunity)

Figure 2: The cartoon shows the effects of coating on growth vs nucleation of metal oxides nano particles. Reproduced from Lee and Donahue (2011, Environmental Science and Technology, American Chemical Society).

The role of fog in the formation, growth, and interaction of OA, composed of at

least thousands of organic compounds, is poorly understood. Our recent work at IIT

(Figure 3a) Kanpur has shown that fog droplets act as micron size chemical reactors

producing large amount of SOA (Secondary OA). We carried out filter based bulk

chemical measurements on submicron aerosol in that study. We plan to investigate

the role of SOA in the fog formation and subsequent visibility reduction both in

laboratory and in field. In this context, the AMS in particular can provide the crucial

information on O:C ratio in the aerosol (on individual particle basis) which is

directly proportional to its ability of acting as seed for fog (cloud) formation (Figure

3b). The winter fog over north India has been a major environmental hazard from

health and transportation perspective. Our research can provide major insight into

this problem.

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3: (a) 3: (b)

Figure 3: (a) Enhanced formation of SOA at Kanpur (Kaul et al., Environmental Science and Technology, 2011).

Figure 3: (b) Global distribution of OA obtained from AMS (Jimenez et al., 2009, Science).

In addition, AMS can provide immensely useful information on particle

chemistry as a function of size which can help identify the sources contributing to it.

This information will be crucial to policy makers dealing with air pollution control

strategies.

Teaching

Currently, EEM program offers 3 courses viz. Air Pollution and Its Control

(EEM 606), Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry (EEM 613) and Environmental

Quality and Pollution Monitoring Techniques (EEM 604) which will be augmented

with the advanced material after arrival of AMS. EEM 613 deals with fundamentals

of physics and chemistry of aerosols/particles whereas EEM 606 is concerned

mainly with the introduction to air pollution theme and its control. Basic analytical

skills relevant to environmental field are taught in EEM 604. We envisage that EEM

613 will be suitably modified to include a couple of lectures on mass spectrometry

such that students can understand the underlying principle of AMS prior to their

visit and detail demonstration and brief training on AMS as part of EEM 604.

Currently, both EEM 604 and EEM 613 are taught in the same semester and EEM

606 is taught in the previous one. It is also envisaged that at least 5-6 M.Tech.

research theses every year will be solely based on the proposed AMS. In addition,

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we expect 2-3 PhD students will have AMS based research/experiments as a major

part of their theses. Training on AMS will open new and challenging positions in

the industry (e.g. semi-conductor manufacturing, indoor air quality control devices

etc. where traditionally EEM students are not hired) for our students. Some of them

may stay on after their exposure to advanced level of research to pursue doctoral

research at IITK. We also firmly believe that we will be able to attract more and

brighter Ph.D. students who will in turn increase our scientific output. This will

create an ideal situation for academic growth. The proposed facility may also help

attract bright faculty in EEM.

Enhanced collaborative research initiatives

The proposed instrument may provide the appropriate impetus for the

collaborative research with the other departments across the institute. We foresee a

strong synergy between EEM group, engine research lab (ME) and combustion lab

(AE) in future. Today many of the process studies in the engine exhaust as well in

the flame are severely constrained by the lack of real time size-resolved, chemical

composition measurements. The proposed AMS will fill-in this gap adequately.

The AMS equipped chamber facility with full capability to simulate fog cycle is

also expected to serve as a test-bed for any future vision system aimed for railways.

This may also have other strategic defense related applications.

Many leading schools in US have set up centers for aerosol/particle research in

the recent years with the participating faculty members from civil, mechanical,

chemical, chemistry and aerospace. We foresee such possibility in near future in the

institute driven by the AMS!

References

Canagratna, M.R., Jayne, J.T., Jimenez, J.L. et al. (2007). Chemical and

microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the Aerodyn aerosol

mass spectrometer. Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 26, 185-222.

DeCarlo, P. F., Kimmel, J. R., Trimborn, A., Northway,M. J., Jayne, J. T., Aiken,

A. C., et al. (2006). Field-deployable, high-resolution, time-of-flight aerosol

mass spectrometer. Analytical Chemistry, 78, 8281–8289.

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Dockery, D.W., Pope, C.A., Xu, X.P., Spengler, J.D., Ware, J.H., Fay, M.E., Ferris,

B.G. and Speizer, F.E. (1993). An Association between Air Pollution and

Mortality in 6 United States Cities. New Eng J Med 329:1753–1759.

Ferge, T., Karg, E., Schroppel, A., Coffee, K. R., Tobias, H. J., Frank, M., et al.

(2006). Fast determination of the relative elemental and organic carbon content

of aerosol samples by on-line single particle aerosol time-of-flight mass

spectrometry. Environmental Science & Technology, 40, 3327–3335.

Jacobson, M. Z. (2001). Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black

carbon in atmospheric aerosols. Nature, 409, 695–697.

Jayne, J. T., Leard, D. C., Zhang, X., Davidovits, P., Smith, K. A., Kolb, C. E., et al.

(2000). Development of an aerosol mass spectrometer for size and composition

analysis of submicron particles. Aerosol Science and Technology, 33, 49–70.

Jimenez, J. L., et al. (2009). Evolution of organic aerosols in the atmosphere,

Science, 326, DOI: 10.1126/science.1180353.

Kaul, D. S., Tarun Gupta, S. N. Tripathi, V. Tare, J. L. Collett Jr. (2011). Secondary

organic aerosol: A comparison between foggy and nonfoggy days,

Environmental Science & Technology, 45(17), 7307-7313.

Lee, Joohyung and Neil M. Donahue (2011). Secondary organic aerosol coating of

synthetic metal_oxide nanoparticles, Environ. Sci. Technology, 45, 4689–4695,

2011.

Maricq, M.M. (2007). Chemical characterization of particulate emissions from

diesel engines: A review. J. Aerosol Sci., 38, 1079-1118.

Myojo, T., Takaya, M. and Ono-Ogasawara, M. (2002). DMA as a gas converter

from aerosol to “argonsol” for real-time chemical analysis using ICP-MS.

Aerosol Science and Technology, 36, 76–83.

Odum, J. R., Jungkamp, T. P.W., Griffin, R. J., Flagan, R. C. and Seinfeld, J. H.

(1997). The atmospheric aerosol-forming potential of whole gasoline vapor.

Science, 276, 96–99.

Penner, J. E., Chuang, C. C. and Grant, K. (1998). Climate forcing by carbonaceous

and sulfate aerosols. Climate Dynamics, 14, 839–851.

Pope III, C. A., Burnett, R. T., Thurston, G. D., Thun, M. J., Calle, E. E., Krewski,

D., et al. (2004). Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate

air pollution. Circulation, 109, 71–77.

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Pöschl, U., et al. (2010). Rainforest aerosols as biogenic nuclei of clouds and

precipitation in the Amazon, Science, 329.

Robinson, A. L., Donahue, N. M., Shrivastava, M. K., Weitkamp, E. A., Sage, A.

M., Grieshop, A. P., et al. (2007). Rethinking organic aerosols: Semivolatile

emissions and photochemical aging. Science, 315, 1259–1262.

Schneider, J., Hock, N.,Weimer, S., Borrmann, S., Kirchner, U., Vogt, R., et al.

(2005). Nucleation particles in diesel exhaust: Composition inferred from in situ

mass spectrometric analysis. Environmental Science & Technology, 39, 6153–

6161.

Tobias, H. J., Kooiman, P. M., Docherty, K. S. and Ziemann, P. J. (2000). Real-time

chemical analysis of organic aerosols using a thermal desorption particle beam

mass spectrometer. Aerosol Science Technology, 33, 170–190.

5. Budget estimate (support with manufacturer's budgetary quote that includes

the maintenance cost for the next 5 years). As per the communication received from Tesscorn, Banglore (Indian sales representative of Aerodyn Inc. USA) dated 24/09/2011 (Quotation Ref: TQARI9241-Appendix 2): Item Description 1 HR-ToF Aerosol Mass Spectrometer system for sub-micron

aerosol sizing and chemical analysis. -Standard aerosol sampling inlet (40 nm – 1 μm transmission range). -Custom differentially pumped high vacuum system (24 VDC operation). -High Resolution HRToFMS system, continuous mass spec, 0-1200 amu mass resolution 2000-5000 -Data acquisition computer and flat screen monitor. -Data acquisition and instrument control software (AMS V4.0 or most recent). -Data analysis software tools. -Integrated instrument/electronics system rack. -Reusable instrument shipping container. -Technical training at AERODYNE RESEARCH, Inc. for 1-2 people for one week. Price [EX-WORKS] Massachusetts, USA: $ 517,000.00

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6. Users’ profile of the equipment. Sachchidanand Tripathi*,▪ is Associate Professor and Sir M. Vishvesharaya

Fellow in the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Department of Civil

Engineering. He has a PhD in Meteorology from the University of Reading in

aerosol science and Post doc from the Oxford University. He has published 54 peer-

reviewed publications with more than 600 citations, was awarded the NASI-

SCOPUS Asia-Pacific Young Scientist Award in Earth Sciences and is a NASA

Senior Fellow. His major area of research lies in Aerosol Optical Properties,

Aerosol Microphysical properties, Cloud Microphysical Properties and Cloud

Electrical Properties, and Fog Vision, Electrical Properties of the Martian

atmosphere.

Tarun Gupta*,▪ is Associate Professor at Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur in

the Department of Civil Engineering. He holds a Doctor of Science degree in the

field of Environmental Health and two years Post-Doc experience from Harvard

University School of Public Health. He has published more than 30 peer-reviewed

international journal articles and has been bestowed upon with IEI Young Engineer,

INAE Young Engineer and INSA Medal for Young Scientist Awards. His major

area of research lies in Aerosol Chemical Speciation, Aerosol Control

Instrumentation and related Human Exposure and Risk Assessment.

Anubha Goel*,▪ is Assistant Professor at Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Department of Civil Engineering. She has a PhD in Environmental Engineering

from University of Maryland, USA in air quality of agricultural regions. She has

published 5 peer-reviewed journal articles, was awarded Dean’s Dissertation

Fellowship for her doctoral research and DAAD Scholarship for Masters research in

Germany. Her major area of research lies in Air quality and agriculture, Fate and

phase distribution of pollutants, Environmental monitoring and modeling the

distribution of contaminants on ambient air particles.

Mukesh Sharma*,▪ is Professor at Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Department of Civil Engineering. He has a PhD in the field of Environmental

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Engineering (University of Waterloo, Canada). He has published 60 peer-reviewed

publications, was an Invitee for Developing Water Quality Criteria of National

Rivers, and was awarded Japan Society Fellowship for the Promotion of Science

(JSPS). His major area of research lies in Air quality modeling and management,

Fate processes of organic pollutants and parameter estimation.

Debajyoti Paul* is Assistant Professor at Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Department of Civil Engineering. He has a PhD in the field of Geosciences from

Cornell University. His He has published more than 20 peer-reviewed journal

articles, was awarded Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship for post-doctoral

research in Germany. His major area of research lies in Geochemistry, Mantle

Dynamics, Paleo-climate reconstruction.

Avinash Agarwal* is Associate Professor at Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Department of Mechanical Engineering. He has a PhD in the field of Mechanical

Engineering from IIT Delhi and Post doc from University of Wisconsin, Madison,

USA, He has published more than 60 peer-reviewed journal articles, was awarded

INAE Young Engineer, INSA Young Scientist Awards and Career Award for

Young Teachers. His major area of research lies in Combustion phenomenon study

in IC Engines, alternate fuels, Vehicular Pollution, Laser Diagonistic Techniques,

Micro- sensor Development and Lubricating Oil Tribology.

Nishith Verma* is Professor in the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Department of Chemical Engineering. He has a PhD in Chemical Engineering from

the University of Arizona. He has published more than 50 journal articles, received

Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellowship, was awarded AICTE career award

for the young teacher. His research interests are focused on Adsorption,

Environmental pollution control, Synthesis and application of carbon nanofibers and

particles, Mathematical modeling and simulation

Abhijit Kushari* is Associate Professor in the Indian Institute of Technology

Kanpur Department of Aerospace Engineering. He has a PhD in Aerospace

Engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech), USA and

Post doc from Georgia Tech . He has published more than 20 peer-reviewed journal

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articles, was awarded Consulting Fellowship at World Innovation Foundation. His

research interests are focused on Rocket and Gas Turbine Propulsion,

Instrumentation in Combustion and Fluid Mechanics, Liquid Atomization and

Liquid Combustion, Active Flow Control, Combustion Instability, Experimental

Fluid Mechanics, High Speed Flows.

* Researcher, ▪ Instructor

7. Infrastructural requirements (e.g., space, flooring, ceiling, AC, electric supply, water, drainage, and compressed air)

Dimensions

• Size: Approximately 41"W x 24"D x 53"H

• Weight: Approximately 170 kg Computer: Current systems are shipped with a rack mounted computer AC room required.

8. Maintenance plan (include the AMC and spare costs for the next 5 years, if not included in the budget estimate) The quote supplied to us does not provide this information.

9. For more information about PIs please visit the websites listed below.

http://home.iitk.ac.in/~snt/ http://home.iitk.ac.in/~tarun/ http://home.iitk.ac.in/~anubha/ More details on AMS can be found at: http://www.aerodyne.com/