A Profile of Child Marriage and Early Unions · 4 I A Profile of Child Marriage and Early Unions in...

1A Profile of Child Marriage and Early Unions in Latin America and the Caribbean I

A Profile of Child Marriage and Early Unions in Latin America and the Caribbean

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2 I A Profile of Child Marriage and Early Unions in Latin America and the Caribbean

The photos in this publication are drawn from an award-winning communications campaign on child marriage launched by UNICEF Dominican Republic entitled, ‘The Worst Soap Opera’. It used an innovative soap opera-style of storytelling to challenge social tolerance and shift perceptions on child marriage. ‘The Worst Soap Opera’ tells the story of two adolescent girls who find themselves forced into child marriage with older men to escape poverty and violence. The campaign won three awards at Cannes Lions 2018, the most important international festival of advertising and creativity. ©

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Child marriage in the global development agenda

Child marriage is a violation of human rights.

Every child has the right to be protected from

this harmful practice, which has devastating

consequences for individuals and for society.

Child marriage is now firmly on the global

development agenda, most prominently through its

inclusion in Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)

target 5.3, which aims to eliminate the practice

by 2030. Although indicator 5.3.1 measures child

marriage among girls, the practice occurs among

boys as well. Regardless of gender, marriage

before adulthood is a breach of children’s rights.

Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

TARGET 5.3Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation

INDICATOR 5.3.1Proportion of women aged 20 to 24 years who were married or in a union before age 15 and before age 18

SDG 5


9

Key facts

Child brides are more likely to reside in rural areas, to live in poor households and to have less education.

One in four young women in Latin America and the Caribbean were first married or in union before their 18th birthday.

The majority of women who married in childhood gave birth before their 18th birthday; 8 in 10 did so before they turned 20.

Child marriage in Latin America and the Caribbean most often takes the form of an informal union, in which a girl lives with a partner, rather than a formal marriage.

Among boys, countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have some of the highest levels of child marriage worldwide. Nine of the 10 countries with available data show levels above the global average.

If the observed trend continues, by 2030 Latin America and the Caribbean will have among the world’s highest levels of child marriage, trailing behind only sub-Saharan Africa.

While other regions have made progress in reducing child marriage, the prevalence in Latin America and the Caribbean has remained stagnant for 25 years.


One in four young women in Latin America and the Caribbean were first married or in union before their 18th birthday. The region’s prevalence is above the global average, but lower than that of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia

FIG. 1 Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before ages 15 and 18, by region

CaribbeanLatinAmerica

14

30

20

40

60

80

100

25

5

WorldWest andCentral Africa

Married before age 15

Married at or after age 15 but before age 18

40

15

Eastern andSouthern

Africa

34

9

SouthAsia

30

8

Latin Americaand the

Caribbean

25

5

Middle Eastand North

Africa

16

3

Eastern Europe andCentral Asia

11

1

East Asiaand thePacific

7

1

21

5

Current state of child marriage


Colombia23

Brazil26

Uruguay25

Paraguay22

Bolivia(Plurinational

State of)20

Peru19

Panama 26

El Salvador 26

Costa Rica 21

Nicaragua 35

Guatemala 29

Mexico26

Guyana 30

Trinidad & Tobago 11

Barbados 29

Saint Lucia 24

Cuba 26

Jamaica 8

Haiti 15

Dominican Republic 36

Belize33

Honduras34

Suriname 19

Ecuador20

Less than 10 per cent

10 to 19 per cent

20 to 29 per cent

30 per cent or more

No data

Levels of child marriage vary across Latin America and the Caribbean, from below 10 per cent in Jamaica to over 30 per cent in the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Honduras and Belize

FIG. 2 Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18

NOTE: Geographical boundaries, names and designations used on these maps do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

Colombia23

Brazil26

Uruguay25

Paraguay22


State of)20

Peru19

Panama 26

El Salvador 26

Costa Rica 21

Nicaragua 35

Guatemala 29

Mexico26

Guyana 30


Barbados 29

Saint Lucia 24

Cuba 26

Jamaica 8

Haiti 15


Belize33

Honduras34

Suriname 19

Ecuador20


10 to 19 per cent

20 to 29 per cent

30 per cent or more

No data

Colombia23

Brazil26

Uruguay25

Paraguay22


State of)20

Peru19

Panama 26

El Salvador 26

Costa Rica 21

Nicaragua 35

Guatemala 29

Mexico26

Guyana 30


Barbados 29

Saint Lucia 24

Cuba 26

Jamaica 8

Haiti 15


Belize33

Honduras34

Suriname 19

Ecuador20


10 to 19 per cent

20 to 29 per cent

30 per cent or more

No data


FIG. 3a Percentage distribution of girls aged 15 to 17 years who were ever married or in union, by current marital status

NOTE: Only categories with 25 or more unweighted cases are presented. Barbados is based on 25 to 49 unweighted cases. Visiting unions are measured in Barbados, Guyana and Belize as these are countries where the practice is common, but are not an available response category for countries shown in Figure 3a.

Child marriage in Latin America and the Caribbean most often takes the form of an informal union, in which a girl lives with a partner, rather than a formal marriage

Figures 3a and 3b illustrate the types of unions reported by adolescent girls. Data shown are limited to girls aged 15 to 17 years who are or were in a union. Since these girls are under 18, they are all considered child brides.

Figure 3b presents a subset of countries in which ‘visiting relationships’, a social and sexual relationship without cohabitation, are common and were measured, hence the difference in response categories.

Both figures show that most child brides in Latin America and the Caribbean are not formally married, but rather in informal unions.

0 20 40 60 80 100

Currently living with a man Currently married WidowedDivorced or separated Missing data

PeruBolivia (Plurinational State of)

ColombiaHonduras

Costa RicaPanama

ParaguaySuriname

MexicoEl SalvadorNicaragua

EcuadorGuatemala

BrazilDominican Republic

HaitiCuba

0 20 40 60 80 100

Currently in a visiting relationship Currently living with a man Currently married

Widowed Divorced, separated or no longer in a visiting relationship Missing data

BarbadosGuyana

Belize

FIG. 3b


NOTE: Analysis is based on a subset of 23 countries with available data by residence covering 86 per cent of the regional population of women aged 20 to 24 years; 20 countries with available data by wealth quintile covering 52 per cent of the population; and 24 countries with data by education covering 86 per cent of the population.

Child brides in the region are more likely to reside in rural areas, to live in poor households, and to have less education

Girls most at risk of child marriage

Residence Wealth quintile Education

Rural Urban Poorest Fourth Richest None or primary

Secondary or higher

Second Middle

0

20

40

60

80

100

32

39

22

35

8

27

17 18

51

FIG. 4 Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18, by residence, wealth quintile and education


NOTE: The Dominican Republic is presented here as an illustrative example, as it is the country in the region with the highest prevalence of child marriage. Only categories with 25 or more unweighted cases are presented. The values in parentheses are based on 25 to 49 unweighted cases.

Rural women in the poorest quintile who had no more than a primary education were more than four times as likely to be child brides as urban women from the richest quintile with a secondary education or higher (67% compared to 16%).

In the Dominican Republic, the country with the highest prevalence of child marriage in the region, the largest disparities are seen across educational levels and wealth quintiles

(31) 18

59 30

61 32

61 38

67 45

56 16

52 24

56 33

57 37

64 46

Residence

None or primary

Rural

Poo

rest

Sec

ond

Mid

dle

Four

thR

iche

st

RuralUrban Urban

Wea

lth

qu

inti

le

Secondary or higherFIG. 5 Percentage of women

aged 20 to 49 years in the Dominican Republic who were first married or in union before age 18, by residence, wealth quintile and education

Education


Paraguay Guyana Panama Honduras ColombiaBolivia

(Plurinational State of) Peru

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0

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14

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75

50 48

3632

26 2521

29

21

(27)21

33

26

35

2722

1619

14

31

(20)17

2724 22

13

Ethnicity has a significant relationship with levels of child marriage in some countries

NOTE: Countries shown here are those for which the prevalence of child marriage varies by ethnicity, and each has a prevalence in one ethnic group that is statistically significantly higher than the level in at least one other ethnic group. Only categories with 25 or more unweighted cases are presented. The values in parentheses are based on 25 to 49 unweighted cases. The category of Black/Afro-descendant in Colombia also includes the Mulatto and Afro-Colombian ethnic groups. In Peru, the category of Native includes Quechua, Aymara, native or indigenous Amazonian, and other indigenous group or origin; the category of Afro-descendant includes Black/Brown/Zambo/Mulatto/Afro-Peruvian people. The categories presented for Paraguay and Bolivia represent language or mother tongue since data on ethnicity were not collected.

FIG. 6 Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18, by ethnicity or language


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Lives of child brides

Spousal age gap: One in five child brides is married to a man who is at least 10 years older

Early childbearing: The majority of women who married in childhood gave birth before their 18th birthday, and more than 8 in 10 did so before they turned 20

FIG. 8 Percentage of ever-married women aged 20 to 24 years who gave birth before ages 18 and 20, by age at marriage

FIG. 9 Percentage of ever-married women aged 20 to 24 years who have had three or more live births, by age at marriage

0 20 40 60 80 100

Younger

Partner is:

0-4 years older 5-9 years older 10+ years older Unknown

Married beforeage 18

Married at orafter age 18

Gave birth at or after age 18 but before age 20Gave birth before age 18


Married at or after age 18

58 28

8 26

17% 4%



Gave birth at or after age 18 but before age 20Gave birth before age 18



58 28

8 26

17% 4%



FIG. 7 Percentage distribution of spousal age gap between women and their partners, among currently married women aged 20 to 24 years, by age at marriage

NOTE: Values in Figure 7 are based on 23 countries covering 78 per cent of the regional population of women aged 20 to 24 years. Values in Figure 8 and Figure 9 are based on 20 countries covering 84 per cent of the regional population of women aged 20 to 24 years.


Reproductive health: Across the region, about a quarter of young women do not have their contraceptive needs met with modern methods, but access to antenatal and delivery care is high regardless of age at marriage

Demand for family planning satisfied with

a modern method

Desired last pregnancy

Four or more antenatal care visits

Skilled attendant at delivery

NOTE: Values are based on 21 countries covering 83 per cent of the regional population of women aged 20 to 24 years for desired pregnancy, antenatal care and skilled attendant at delivery. Values are based on 18 countries covering 48 per cent of the regional population of women aged 20 to 24 years for demand for family planning.

FIG. 10 Percentage of ever-married women aged 20 to 24 years whose demand for family planning is satisfied by a modern method, whose last pregnancy was desired, who had four or more antenatal care visits during their last pregnancy, and who had a skilled attendant at the delivery of their last live birth, by age at marriage

95%93%92%84%54%48%73%76%

Married at or after age 18Married before age 18

95%93%92%84%54%48%73%76%


95%93%92%84%54%48%73%76%


95%93%92%84%54%48%73%76%


95%93%92%84%54%48%73%76%



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0

20

40

60

80

100

Married before age 18 Married at or after age 18

Never married or in union

8385

78

56

47

70

43

37

50

18

2430

37

27

61

Colombia Peru Honduras Haiti Guatemala


0

20

40

60

80

10098 99

90 90

84

92

8287

8386

Colombia Guatemala Haiti Peru Honduras


Employment: In four of five countries with data, child brides were somewhat less likely to be employed than women who married in adulthood or who had not married

Empowerment: In countries with data, women are likely to have a say in household decisions, whether they were child brides or not

FIG. 11 Percentage of ever-married women aged 20 to 24 years who participate in household decision-making, by age at marriage

FIG. 12 Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were employed and paid cash in the past month, by age at marriage

NOTE: Participation in household decision-making is measured by the woman’s self-reported role as either the primary or joint decision maker in at least one of the following decisions: the woman’s own health care, large household purchases, household purchases for daily needs, visits to family or relatives, food to be cooked each day and how to spend money earned by the husband.

0

20

40

60

80

100

Marriedbefore age 18


Never married or in union

7 5 4

Colombia Honduras Haiti Guatemala

0

20

40

60

80

100


46

39 41

28

40 37

30

23

NOTE: Values are based on 20 countries covering 49 per cent of the regional population of women aged 20 to 24 years.


Intimate partner violence: Though most women say wife-beating is not justified, such violence is common. Across four countries with data, at least 3 in 10 women who married in childhood were subjected to violence by an intimate partner

FIG. 13 Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who believe a husband is justified in beating his wife under certain circumstances, by age at marriage

FIG. 14 Percentage of ever-married women aged 20 to 24 years who were ever subjected to any violence by current or former intimate partner, by age at marriage


While other regions have made progress against child marriage, in Latin America and the Caribbean the prevalence has remained stagnant for 25 years

FIG. 15 Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18, by region

Generational trends in child marriage

0

20

40

60

80

100

25 years ago 10 years ago Today

Middle Eastand

North Africa

Latin Americaand

the Caribbean

Eastern Europeand

Central Asia

East Asiaand

the Pacific

World South Asia West andCentral Africa

Eastern andSouthern Africa


Child marriage has remained steadily at the same level across Latin America and the Caribbean, with exceptions in only a few countries

FIG. 16 Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before ages 15 and 18

FIG. 17 Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18 in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua

4 5

2425

Married before age 18Married before age 15

25 yearsago

20 yearsago

15 yearsago

10 yearsago

5 yearsago

Today

There is no evidence of progress in most countries in the region. El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua are the exceptions, all with lower levels of child marriage today than 25 years ago. Nonetheless, additional progress is needed.

Honduras Nicaragua

El Salvador Guatemala

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0

20

40

60

0

20

40

60

Year


If the observed trend continues, by 2030 Latin America and the Caribbean will have among the world’s highest levels of child marriage, trailing behind only sub-Saharan Africa

FIG. 18 Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before age 18, projected, by region

Looking ahead to 2030

Today

West and Central Africa

Eastern and Southern Africa

South Asia

Latin America and the Caribbean

Middle East and North Africa

Eastern Europe and Central Asia

East Asia and the Pacific

2030

78

13

17

2527

37

7

11

16

25

30

34

40


FIG. 19 Percentage of men aged 20 to 24 years who were first married or in union before ages 15 and 18

Around one in five young men were married or in union before age 18 in Belize and Nicaragua

Child marriage among boys

0

10

20

30

40

50

Married before age 15 Married at or after age 15 but before age 18

Belize

22

5

Nicaragua

1

19

Honduras

2

12

Cuba

1

11

Guatemala

1

10

Guyana

2

9


State of)

1

8

DominicanRepublic

1

8

Colombia

1

7

Haiti

0

2

Child marriage is a rights

violation for both boys and girls.

Though little research has been

done on outcomes for child

grooms, marriage places boys in

an adult role for which they may

not be prepared.

Countries in Latin America and

the Caribbean are among those

with the highest levels of the

practice. Nine of the 10 countries

with data have levels above the

global average (3%).

In most high-prevalence

countries in the region, child

grooms were more likely to be in

the poorest households.

In all countries with trend

data, the prevalence has been

relatively steady over time.


Latin America and the Caribbean Joint Programme for a Region Free of Child Marriage and Early Unions (2018-2021) Historically, child marriage and early unions have not been at the forefront of

development agendas in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). But progress

on gender equality is at risk in the region, putting girls in a greater position

of vulnerability. LAC currently has the world’s second-highest adolescent

pregnancy rate; without action, it will earn the title of second-highest prevalence

of child marriage in the world by 2030. Gender-based violence, reasons for

school drop-out, and the risk of perpetuating cycles of inequalities for affected

girls and their children lurk behind both indicators.

The future for girls is bleak without significant investments and concerted

actions by all stakeholders to ensure no girl in LAC is left behind.

To end child marriage, UNICEF LAC targets these gender-based obstacles, in line with

the UNICEF Gender Action Plan’s Targeted Priority on child marriage and early unions.

Aligning efforts

Recognizing the need for systemic change, three United Nations regional

offices – UNICEF, UNFPA and UN Women – have joined forces to prevent and

address child marriage and early unions, formulating the LAC Joint Programme

for a Region Free of Child Marriage and Early Unions (2018-2021).

Now focused on five countries (Colombia, the Dominican Republic, El

Salvador, Guatemala and Mexico), the plan is to expand regionally. Both the

work of UNICEF and that of the joint regional programme prioritize most-at-risk

girls, such as those from indigenous, rural and low-income households.

The programme contributes to fulfilment of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable

Development and the UNICEF-UNFPA Global Programme to End Child

Marriage; it centres on four evidence-based strategies, described below.

ALIGN NATIONAL FRAMEWORKS WITH

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON THE AGE OF

MARRIAGE AND GENDER EQUALITY

Key activities: Work with women’s ministries, parliamentarians and civil society to include measures and commitments in regional/global agendas (e.g., the Regional Conference on Women); Drive evidence-based advocacy to reform the legal age of marriageEncouraging results to date: In Mexico, UN agencies and a range of partners are working to raise the minimum age of marriage to 18. In 2017, El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras removed all legal exceptions to the minimum age of marriage (18 years).

SUPPORT GIRLS’ EMPOWERMENT AND

TRANSFORM GENDER NORMS

Key activities: Identify and address harmful beliefs and practices that promote child marriage and early unions; Create safe spaces for girls to develop skills and alternate life choices; Work with parents, community

leaders and service providers to reduce acceptance and perpetuation of child marriage and early unionsEncouraging results to date: In the Dominican Republic, girls’ clubs and national youth leadership camps were organized to foster leadership skills, girls’ empowerment and networks between participants.

PROMOTE POLICIES AND SERVICES THAT

ADDRESS THE DRIVERS OF CHILD MARRIAGE

AND EARLY UNIONS

Key activities: Ensure institutions within key sectors provide robust responses that prevent child marriage and early unions and protect affected girls from social exclusionEncouraging results to date: In Belize, a child marriage and early union road map is being prepared that empowers teachers to provide sexual education; expands economic programmes for at-risk, pregnant and/or married adolescent girls; and revises the law to allow adolescent parents and young people in union to reintegrate into schools.

BREAK THE SILENCE NATIONALLY AND

REGIONALLY

Key activities: Strengthen evidence on the causes and consequences of child marriage and early unions to inform decision-making and advocacy; Convene like-minded partners to generate movements to end child marriage and early unions; Organize evidence-based campaigns to influence decision-making and generate public debate towards rejecting the practiceEncouraging results to date: Colombia, the Dominican Republic and Guatemala are collecting trend data on gender norms to inform actions, while engaging in communications campaigns to raise awareness and promote public dialogue on the issue. In the Dominican Republic, a twitter campaign by UN agencies and partners advocated for legal reforms to the age of marriage; reaching over 7 million people, it coincided with parliamentary debates on child marriage and early unions.


Technical note To assess the prevalence of child marriage, this analysis used SDG indicator

5.3.1 – the proportion of women aged 20 to 24 years who were married or

in a union before age 18. All references to ‘marriage’ or ‘child brides’ include

both formal marriages and informal unions in which women started living

together with a partner as if married before age 18. For child marriage among

boys, the same definitions apply, referring to men rather than women.

So-called ‘visiting relationships’ are a phenomenon observed in parts of the

Caribbean, referring to a social and sexual relationship without cohabitation.

In this analysis, visiting relationships are considered a form of informal

unions, and the countries for which surveys collect data on this practice are

Barbados, Belize, Guyana, Saint Lucia, and Trinidad and Tobago. In all other

countries, data on visiting relationships are not available.

The percentage of currently married adolescent girls aged 15 to 17 years

should not be interpreted as indicative of the risk of being married in

childhood. Any prevalence measure among girls under age 18 will be an

underestimate of the full extent of the practice, as girls who are unmarried at

the time of the data collection may still marry before their 18th birthday.

Aggregate regional estimates for Latin America and the Caribbean are based

on 24 countries with comparable available data, covering 86 per cent of the

female population in the region. Results of the Brazil National Demographic

and Health Survey 2006 (Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da

Criança e da Mulher, PNDS) are included since Brazil represents 32 per cent

of the female population in the region. For all countries other than Brazil, data

are from 2010 to 2017.

The sub-regional estimate for Latin America is based on a subset of 17 countries:

Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El

Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru

and Uruguay, covering 86 per cent of the female population in Latin America. The

sub-regional estimate for the Caribbean is based on a subset of seven countries:

Barbados, Belize, Jamaica, Guyana, Saint Lucia, Suriname, and Trinidad and

Tobago, covering 95 per cent of the female population in the Caribbean.

Global estimates are based on a subset of 105 countries with comparable

available data from 2010 to 2017, covering 77 per cent of the global female

population. Regional estimates represent data covering at least 50 per cent of

the regional population. Data coverage was insufficient to calculate regional

estimates for North America and Western Europe.

Confidence intervals are not shown in all figures in this publication. Caution is

therefore warranted in interpreting the results since apparent differences among

groups may not be significant. Key messages were developed taking confidence

intervals into account; in cases where the title indicates that there is a difference

among different groups or countries, it has been confirmed as statistically significant.

Trends in the prevalence of child marriage presented in figures 15 through 17

relied on an age-cohort analysis based on data from the latest available surveys.

Projected values in Figure 18 are based on a continuation of observed progress,

applying the average annual rate of reduction observed in the past 10 years.

‘Childhood’ refers to the period from birth until the 18th birthday.

‘Adolescence’ refers to the period from ages 10 to 19 years.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This data brief was prepared by the Data and Analytics Section of UNICEF (Claudia Cappa, Colleen Murray, Hyunju Park, Paul Schaettle and Munkhzul Zookhuu) with inputs from the Latin America and Caribbean Regional Office (Shelly N. Abdool). DATA SOURCESUNICEF global databases, 2019, based on Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, Demographic and Health Surveys and other nationally representative surveys, 2006 to 2017. For detailed source information by country, see <data.unicef.org>. SUGGESTED CITATIONUnited Nations Children’s Fund, A Profile of Child Marriage and Early Unions in Latin America and the Caribbean, UNICEF, New York, 2019.

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For information on the data in this brochure:

UNICEFData and Analytics SectionDivision of Data, Research and Policy3 United Nations PlazaNew York, NY 10017, USATelephone: +1 212 326 7000Email: [email protected]: data.unicef.org

For information on child marriage in Latin America and the Caribbean:

Latin America and Caribbean Regional OfficeBuilding 102, Alberto Tejada St.City of KnowledgePanama, Republic of PanamaTelephone: +507 301 7400Email: [email protected]: www.unicef.org/lac

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