A Pragmatic Guide to Modelling, Control and … A Pragmatic Guide to Modelling, Control and...

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Licensed to Billy Bryant A Pragmatic Guide to Modelling, Control and Optimization of AC EAFs Billy W Bryant Jr - SimOpTech February 27, 2017 Revision 1.0 Contents 1 Introduction 7 1.1 Background And Goals ...................... 7 1.2 Notational Conventions ...................... 11 1.3 Disclaimer ............................. 11 1.4 License ............................... 11 2 Safety 12 3 Background 16 3.1 AC Voltage, Current And Power ................. 16 3.2 Phase Sequence And EAF Phase Rotation ........... 19 3.3 Complex Impedance ....................... 21 3.4 RMS Values Of Periodic Functions ............... 23 3.5 Phasor Representation Of Voltage And Current ........ 24 3.6 Complex Power .......................... 26 3.7 Overview Of Power System Equipment ............. 29 3.7.1 Circuit Breakers ...................... 29 3.7.2 Transformers ....................... 32 3.7.3 Secondary Delta Closure ................. 37 3.7.4 High Current Cables ................... 39 3.7.5 EAF Arms ......................... 40 1

Transcript of A Pragmatic Guide to Modelling, Control and … A Pragmatic Guide to Modelling, Control and...

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A Pragmatic Guide to Modelling, Control andOptimization of AC EAFs

Billy W Bryant Jr - SimOpTech

February 27, 2017Revision 1.0

Contents1 Introduction 7

1.1 Background And Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2 Notational Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.3 Disclaimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.4 License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2 Safety 12

3 Background 163.1 AC Voltage, Current And Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.2 Phase Sequence And EAF Phase Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . 193.3 Complex Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.4 RMS Values Of Periodic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.5 Phasor Representation Of Voltage And Current . . . . . . . . 243.6 Complex Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263.7 Overview Of Power System Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

3.7.1 Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293.7.2 Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323.7.3 Secondary Delta Closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373.7.4 High Current Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393.7.5 EAF Arms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

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3.7.6 Pitch Circle Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413.7.7 Series Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423.7.8 VAR Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

3.8 Per-Unit Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

4 Measurement 564.1 Instrument Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

4.1.1 Potential/Voltage Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604.1.2 Voltage Transformer Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . 624.1.3 Current Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624.1.4 Rogowski Coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

4.2 Energy Metering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664.2.1 Impact Of Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

4.3 Power Quality Metering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714.4 EAF Control Metering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

4.4.1 EAF Grounding, Grounds And Measurement References 734.4.2 EAF Secondary Voltage Measurement . . . . . . . . . 744.4.3 EAF Secondary Current Measurement . . . . . . . . . 80

4.5 EAF Secondary Impedance Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . 814.6 KPI Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

5 EAF Power System Modeling And Analysis 885.1 Impedance Representation Of EAF Power System Components 88

5.1.1 Transmission System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895.1.2 Step-Down Transformer(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895.1.3 VAR Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915.1.4 Series Reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925.1.5 EAF Transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925.1.6 Secondary Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925.1.7 Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

5.2 EAF Equivalent Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985.2.1 Single Phase Approximations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995.2.2 Three Phase Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

5.3 EAF Time Variance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015.4 Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

6 Control 1136.1 Arc Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

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6.1.1 Arc Stability Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1146.1.2 RWI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1216.1.3 Arc Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1226.1.4 Maximum Arc Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

6.2 Phases Of Melting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1306.2.1 Bore-In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1306.2.2 Early Melt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1316.2.3 Late Melt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1326.2.4 Refine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

6.3 Power Profiles: Level 2 Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1336.3.1 Power Profile Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1346.3.2 How Many Profiles? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1366.3.3 Profile Modification Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

6.4 Visual Modeling of Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1376.4.1 Power Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1386.4.2 Circle Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1396.4.3 Voltage Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

6.5 Phase Balance And Control Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1416.5.1 Phase Coupling And Control Mode . . . . . . . . . . . 1426.5.2 Phase Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

6.6 PI Control Gains: Level 1 Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1496.6.1 Typical Control Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1506.6.2 Variable Gain PI Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1516.6.3 Over-Current And NCC Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1536.6.4 Adaptive Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

6.7 Which Regulation System Is Best? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

7 Optimization 1577.1 Prerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1577.2 Voltage Constrained EAFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1607.3 Series Reactance Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1617.4 Finding Influential Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1627.5 Selection Of Set-Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1637.6 Electrode Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1647.7 Operational Trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1657.8 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

7.8.1 Low Hanging Fruit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1667.8.2 Maximum RWI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

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LIST OF FIGURES

7.8.3 Reactance Assessment 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1677.8.4 Reactance Assessment 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1687.8.5 Quick Wins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

8 Power Quality 1708.1 Voltage Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1708.2 Power Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1708.3 Voltage Flicker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

8.3.1 Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1728.3.2 Flicker Approximations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

8.4 Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

List of Figures1 Instantaneous Power, Voltage And Current . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Positive Phase Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Phasor Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Electrode Tightening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Proper EAF Phase Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Voltage And Current With 45 Degree Delay . . . . . . . . . . 237 Impedance Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Sin Magnitude And RMS Equivalent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Voltage And Current Phasors With 45 Degree Delay . . . . . 2510 Complex Power Triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2711 IEEE VAR Sign Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2812 Preferred External Delta Closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3813 Pitch Circle Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4214 Series Reactor Equivalent Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4315 High To Medium Voltage Parallel Step-Down Transformers . . 4916 Multiple Base ECD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4917 2 VT Open Delta Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6318 Standard Secondary Voltage Measurement Circuit . . . . . . . 7519 Actual VT Measurement Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7620 Heat Vs Charge KWH Per Ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8621 Transformer Equivalent Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8922 Arc Reactance Model Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9823 EAF Single Phase ECD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

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LIST OF FIGURES

24 EAF Three Phase ECD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10125 Arc Power Vs Heat Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10326 RWI Vs Heat Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10427 Arc Length Vs Heat Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10528 Arc Power Vs Arc Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10629 Arc Power Vs Magnitude Of Secondary Impedance . . . . . . 10730 Control Variables Vs Arc Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10831 Completed Single Phase Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11132 Secondary Impedance Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11533 Comparison Of Stability Metrics B

k

= 0.85 . . . . . . . . . . . 11734 Comparison Of Stability Metrics B

k

= 0.95 . . . . . . . . . . . 11835 Power Factor Vs Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11936 Time Variance Of Power Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12037 RWI vs Arc Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12338 Arc vs Secondary Power Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12439 Primary Power Factor And Arc Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12540 Operating Point Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13841 Schwabe Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13942 Circle Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14043 Voltage Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14144 Three Phase Secondary Equivalent Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . 14245 Three Phase Secondary Equivalent Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . 14746 Three Phase Dynamic Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14847 Standard Regulator Control Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15048 Variable Gain Proportional Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . 15149 Measured Mast Speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15250 Adaptive Control Of Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15451 Regulation Impedance Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15852 Deadband Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15953 Deadband Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16054 Short Circuit Current Flow Voltage Flicker . . . . . . . . . . . 17155 SVC Voltage Stability Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17356 SVC Addition And Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17457 Harmonic Filter Equivalent Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

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LIST OF TABLES

List of Tables1 Notational Conventions And Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 IEEE VAR Sign Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Transformer Weight By Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 Standard X/R Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 Burden Calculation Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 IT Accuracy Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607 IEEE C57.13 VT Accuracy Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618 IEEE C57.13 VT Standard Burdens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619 IEC 61869-3 VT Accuracy Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6210 IEEE C57.13 Metering CT Accuracy Classes . . . . . . . . . . 6411 IEEE C57.13 Metering CT Burden Designations . . . . . . . . 6412 IEC 61869-2 Metering CT Accuracy Classes . . . . . . . . . . 8713 Arc Stability Metric Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11714 Non-Approximated Arc Stability Metrics Comparison . . . . . 12115 Example Power Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13416 EAF Secondary Control Parameter Comparison . . . . . . . . 146

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