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A PPLICATION OF I NTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN FACULTY FARM GROUP 18 AG/07/08/81 AG/07/08/86 AG/07/08/91

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IPM (I NTEGRATED P EST M ANAGEMENT ) Utilization of all suitable pest management strategies in a compatible manner to have an effective pest control. These solutions incorporate three basic steps: 1) inspection 2) identification 3) treatment

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IPM PRACTICE HELP FARMERS Conserve our environment Produce quality crops Maintain farm profitability

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IPM S TEPS Inspection. Identify Pests and Conducive Conditions. Prevention. Customer Consultation. Sanitation, Exclusion and, if necessary, Pesticide Application. Evaluation. Monitoring.

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S OME OF THE BENEFITS OF AN INTEGRATED APPROACH Promotes sound structures and healthy plants Promotes the sustainable bio based pest management alternatives. encouraging the IPM Steps adoption of more ecologically benign control tactics Reduces the potential for air and ground water contamination Protects the non-target species through reduced impact of pest management activities. Reduces the need for pesticides by using several pest management methods

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C ONT .. Reduces or eliminates issues related to pesticide residue Reduces or eliminates re-entry interval restrictions Decreases workers, tenants and public exposure to pesticides Alleviates concern of the public about pest & pesticide related practices. Maintains or increases the cost-effectiveness of pest management programs

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P RINCIPLES Acceptable pest levels: The emphasis is on control, not eradication. IPM holds that wiping out an entire pest population is often impossible, and the attempt can be more costly, environmentally unsafe, and frequently unachievable. Preventive cultural practices: Selecting varieties best for local growing conditions, and maintaining healthy crops, is the first line of defense, together with plant quarantine and 'cultural techniques' such as crop sanitation ( e.g. removal of diseased plants to prevent spread of infection).quarantinediseased plants

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Monitoring: Regular observation is the cornerstone of IPM. Observation is broken into two steps, first; inspection second; identification o Mechanical controls: Should a pest reach an unacceptable level, mechanical methods are the first options to consider. They include simple hand-picking, erecting insect barriers, using traps, vacuuming, and tillage to disrupt breeding.tillage

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C ONT . Biological controlsBiological controls: Natural biological processes and materials can provide control, with minimal environmental impact, and often at low cost. The main focus here is on promoting beneficial insects that eat target pests.beneficial insects Biological insecticides, derived from naturally occurring microorganisms Biological insecticidesmicroorganisms ( e.g. : Bt, entomopathogenic fungi and entomopathogenic nematodes) Btentomopathogenic fungi entomopathogenic nematodes

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C ONT Responsible Pesticide UseResponsible Pesticide Use: Synthetic pesticides are generally only used as required and often only at specific times in a pests life cyclepesticides Many of the newer pesticide groups are derived from plants or naturally occurring substances ( e.g. : nicotine, pyrethrum and insect juvenile hormone analogues)nicotine pyrethrumjuvenile hormone

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C ULTURAL M ETHODS Crop rotation Growing a single crop year after year in the same field Intercropping Growing two or more crops in same field for a period of time. Managed application Manage irrigation and fertilizer application

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C ONT . Sanitation Remove crop debris from field Use trap crops That attract pests away from the real crops o Host eradication/alternative host(weeds) o Use of antagonistic plants ex:Marigold

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B IOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS controlling pestscontrolling pests (including insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases) that relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms.insectsmitesweeds plant diseasespredationparasitism herbivory Environmental friendly and continue BUT more time consume than chemical method.

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P REDATORS LadybugsLadybugs, predators of aphids such as greenfly and blackfly, and will also consume mites, scale insects and small caterpillarsaphidsgreenflyblackflymitesscale insectscaterpillars garden predators include lacewings, pirate bugs, rove and ground beetles, aphid midge, centipedes, spiders, predatory mites, as well as larger fauna such as frogs, toads, lizards, hedgehogs, slow-worms and birdslacewingspirate bugsaphid midge centipedesspiderspredatory mitesfrogstoadslizards hedgehogsslow-worms

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M ORE EXAMPLES : Phytoseiulus persimilis Phytoseiulus persimilis (against spider mites) Amblyseius californicus Amblyseius californicus (against spider mites) Amblyseius cucumeris Amblyseius cucumeris (against spider mites) [4] [4] Typhlodromips swirskii Typhlodromips swirskii (against spider mites, thrips, and white flies) thrips Feltiella acarisuga Feltiella acarisuga (against spider mites) Stethorus punctillum Stethorus punctillum (against spider mites) Macrolophus caluginosus Macrolophus caluginosus (against spider mites)

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P ARASITOID INSECTS Most insect parasitoids are wasps or flies Examples of parasitoids: Encarsia formosa Encarsia formosa (against white flies) Eretmocerus Eretmocerus spp. (against white flies) Aphidius colemani Aphidius colemani (against aphids)

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C ONT . Biological pesticidesBiological pesticides based on entomopathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses cause disease in the pest species can also be usedentomopathogenic fungibacteriaviruses Interfering with insects' reproduction can be accomplished by sterilizing males of the target species and releasing themsterilizing males

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B IOLOGICAL PESTICIDES Bacteria and biological control control infect insects via their digestive tracts, s acillus thuringiensis most widely applied to control Lepidopteran (moth, butterfly), Coleopteran (beetle) and Dipteran (true flies) insect pests. acillus thuringiensisLepidopteranmothbutterfly ColeopteranDipteran Fungi and biological control Species in the genus Trichoderma are used to manage some soilborne plant pathogens. Trichoderma Beauveria bassiana is used to manage different types of pest such whiteflies, thrips, aphids and weevils. Beauveria bassiana

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E XAMPLES OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI : ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI Beauveria bassiana Beauveria bassiana (against white flies, thrips, aphids and weevils)thrips Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (against white flies, thrips and aphids) thrips Metarhizium Metarhizium spp. (against beetles, locusts, Hemiptera, spider mites and other pests) Hemiptera Lecanicillium lecanii Lecanicillium lecanii (against white flies, thrips and aphids) Cordyceps Cordyceps species (sometines teleomorphs of the above: that infect a wide spectrum ofteleomorphs

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P HYSICAL AND M ECHANICAL C ONTROL Hand-picking Tillage Sterilization Use light traps Used pheromone traps (ex: fruit fly, cucurbits' fly)

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C HEMICAL METHOD use of chemical pesticides.( synthetic / natural)

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E FFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT Pesticides are one of the causes of water pollution,water pollution some pesticides are persistent organic pollutants and contribute to soil contamination.persistent organic pollutantssoil contamination pesticide use reduces biodiversity, reduces nitrogen fixation, [ contributes to pollinator destroys habitat (especially for birds), and threatens endangered species.biodiversity nitrogen fixation [pollinatorendangered species Pests can develop a resistance to the pesticide (pesticide resistance)pesticide resistance

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E FFECTS ON HEALTH These effects can range from simple irritation of the skin and eyes to more severe effects nervous system mimicking hormones causing reproductive problems causing cancer

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C ONT birth defects fetal death Neurodevelopmental disorder But most popular method due to easy handling and quick visual results SO it is advice to minimum use of pesticides in IPM.

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A PPLICABLE FOR F ACULTY FARM Due to small area all the methods should be economical and effective. Already some methods are practiced such as, Cultural methods Crop rotation Weed control Field sanitation Management practices (water,fertilizer)

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C ONT . Biological methods In field already some predators and natural enemies.we are not use much pesticides and allow them to grow. o Physical methods Tillage Hand picking Pheromone traps

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C ONT . Chemical methods Use pesticides (ex: for Aulacapora spp.) Even those methods are practice pest control in field not good

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S UGGESTIONS Practice mix and inter cropping systems Use of antagonistic plants like marigold at the edges in field. Sterilize the nursery beds before use. Introduce more natural enemies to field Use of light traps

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