A Portuguese Embassy to Siam in 1595 and Some Curious Observations

8/4/2019 A Portuguese Embassy to Siam in 1595 and Some Curious Observations

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Zk fivk {tglgskd fkxk ukvkn efiqtkxu bo tfk Ogxut Hbbm &ogu. 89-;5' bo tfkbxgjgnil bo Li _gdi dk Ciy{ku dk Eb{ttxk, eitilbj{kd iu @u. 8:61 gn tfk NitgbnilLghxixw bo @idxgd. Tfk ieeb{nt dkuexghku tfk dgqlbìtge ìngq{litgbnu hw iDb`gngein oxgix zfb tbbm ebntxbl bo tfk k`hiuuw ind ìnw btfkx gntxgj{ku indy{ixxklu i`bnj tfk Qbxt{j{kuk boogegilu ind btfkxu. Eb{ttxk &ilub uqklt Eb{txk'gnel{dku gn fgu ieeb{nt bo Ugi` ìnw e{xgb{u bhukxvitgbnu oxb` fgu kgjft `bntfu*utiw gn Iw{ttfiwi.

Eb{ttxk, i Olk`guf ckzkl-txidkx, txivkllkd tb Gndgi iu i ubldgkx gn Ukqtk`hkx9;78 ind uqknt nkixlw tfxkk dkeidku gn tfk Kutidb li Gndgi hkobxk fk ziu ixxkutkdhw tfk Jbi Gny{gugtgbn ind qiemkd boo tb Lguhbn gn 9?85. Fk fid txivkllkd zgdklw gnUb{tf Gndgi ind gn Ub{tf-Kiut Iugi, ind ziu ihlk tb uitguow fgu dkugxk tb ukk qliekuhw eb`hgngnj tfk xblku bo i ubldidb, ckzkl-txidkx ind `k`hkx bo ub`k k`hiuugkubo tfk Qbxt{j{kuk @ilieein i{tfbxgtgku tb tfk nkgjfhb{xgnj mgnjdbù.

Zk fivk ìdk {uk bo Eb{ttxk*u ieeb{nt gn b{x QfD tfkugu, q{hlgufkd iu@kdgkvil Jbi &97:7'. @bxk xkekntlw J.D. Zgng{u fiu jgvkn {u in ieeb{nt bo

Eb{ttxk *u ckzkl-txidgnj ietgvgtgku gn Gndgi. 9 B{x (I Nkz Ieeb{nt bo tfk Dgi`bnd

@gnku bo tfk Dkeein( fiu dxizn o{xtfkx dktiglu oxb` Eb{ttxk*u tkt.* Tfgueb`qlk`kntu Boogegil ub{xeku ind btfkx ebntk`qbxixw qxgvitk ieeb{ntu jgvgnj gnugjft gntb tfk Qbxt{j{kuk jxindk ublt{xi, bx tfk oxkk txidk ind qgxiew tfit zk einjlkin oxb` tfk Qkxkjxgniêåb bo Okxnåb @kndku Qgntb. Kixlw gn tfk ukvkntkkntfeknt{xw tfk D{tef ixxgvkd tb ebntkut tfk @ilieei-hiukd Qbxt{j{kuk ebntxbl bvkxtfk Ub{tf-Kiut Iugin xkjgbn.*

Eb{ttxk nixxitku fgu qixtgegqitgbn gn in k`hiuuw uknt hw tfk Qbxt{j{kukeiqtign &gn kooket jbvkxnbx' bo @ilieei, D. Oxinegueb dk Uglvi dk @knksku, tbUgi` gn 9;7; ind tfxbzu ub`k lgjft bn tfk o{netgbngnj bo k`hiuugku ind bn

Ugi` bo tfk tg`k. Gt ziu i qkxgbd bo Ugi`kuk `glgtixw kqinugbn gn tfk xkjgbn.Gn u{ef i ebnolgetgnj ugt{itgbn zgtf gtu nkgjfhb{xu, Ugi` ziu lbbmgnj kijkxlw obx

Gndgei n. 8;, Hb̀ hiw, @ixef-9766, qq. 9;-54.*I.X. M{lmixng, @.I. Niwkk` / T.X. dk Ub{si, kdu @kdgkvil Dkeein Fgutbxw

&Eb``k`bxitgbn _bl{`k gn fbnb{x bo Q.@. Cbufg', Hb`hiw, Qbq{lix Qximiufin, 977?,QQ. 984-954, tfizu bn Hbbm 8, ef. 9;-9?, ind Hbbm 5, ef. 5 bo Eb{ttxk*u ieeb{nt.

Qktkx Hbxuefhkxj, Dkqixt̀ knt bo Fgutbxw, Nitgbnil [ngvkxugtw bo Ugnjiqbxk, (Efillknjkuoxb ̀Kixlw @bdk̀ Ub{xek @itkxgilu3 @klimi ind Idcieknt Xkjgbnu( ein hk ebnu{ltkd obx tfkUb{xeku gntfguebntkt= gt gnel{dku xkokxknekutbEb{ttxk*uieeb{nt.



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I QBX T[ J[KUK K @HI UUW TB UGI @ GN 9;7; ?9

obxkgjn illgku, gnel{dgnj tfk K{xbqkinu ind tfk Ciqinkuk.* Zfglk tfk tkt ebntignu

gntkxkutgnj gnobxìtgbn uqkegoge tb tfk xkjgbn, tfk d{qlgegtw ind dgqlbìtgedguug`{litgbn dk`bnutxitkd gn gt zkxk hw nb `kinu itwqgeil.

Umktefw ind uqbxidge gnobxìtgbn ihb{t kixlw L{ub-Ugi`kuk xklitgbnu guiviglihlk gn tfk ebxxkuqbndknek bo Iobnub dk Ilh{y{kxy{k &9;91-9;94', gn Tfk

U{ì Bxgkntil bo Tb`k Ogxku &9;9;', gn D{ixtk Hixhbui*u I Dkuexgqtgbn bo Kiut

Ioxgei ind @ilihix gn tfk hkjgnngnj bo tfk Ugvtkkntf Eknt{xw &9;9?', gn tfk

`gd-ugtkkntf eknt{xw Lkndiu deg Gndgi bo Jiuqix Ebxxkgi, tfk Dçeidiu bo Cbib

dk Hixxbu, tfk Efxbngei bo Di`gib dk Jbgu, ind gn Okxkjxgnieibbo tfk oi`b{u

`kxefint-txivkllkx Okxnäb @kndku Qgntb &gn Ugi` 9;41-4;'. It tfk tg`k bo tfkQbxt{j{kuk ebny{kut bo @ilieei, Ugi` ziu knjijkd gn i `glgtixw ei`qigjn

ijignut @ilieei, zfgef fid hkkn dkoi{ltgnj bn gtu qiw`knt bo e{utbìxw txgh{tktb Ugi`. Tfk Qbxt{j{kuk gn @ilieei ìgntignkd oxgkndlw ebntietu zgtf Ugi` oxb`tfk tg`k Iobnub dk Ilh{y{kxy{k uknt in i`hiuuidbx, Intbngb dk @gxindi dk

Iskvkdb, hkixgnj jgotu obx tfk Mgnj bo Ugi` ind zgtf gnutx{etgbnu tb dxiz {q i txidk

ijxkk`knt zgtf Ugi`. Tfk Db`gngeinu fid hkj{n tfk kixlw `guugbnixw ebntietu gn tfk xkjgbn gn

9;??. Tfk Efxgutginu ind `guugbnixgku gn Ugi` fid tb oiek gntkx`gttknt qkxuke{tgbnu

qxbvbmkd hw lbeil @{ulgù, ind litkx hw tfk gntxgj{ku bo tfk D{tef ind tfk Knjlguf.

Iotkx i txkitw gn 9?9? tfk Mgnj bo Ugi` fid kvkn knjijkd Qbxt{j{kuk j{ixdu obxtfk xbwil kutihlguf`knt gn Iw{ttfiwi, zfkxk tfk ubldgkxu ìxxgkd lbeil zb`kn indob{ndkd i Qbxt{j{kuk ukttlk`knt, zfgef tfk `guugbnixgku ind `kxefintu bo @ieib

dgd `{ef tb dkvklbq iotkx tfk oill bo @ilieei.

[ntgl tfk oill bo @ilieei tb tfk D{tef, L{ub-Ugi`kuk xklitgbnu zkxk xkj{-litkd oxb` @ilieei, zfbuk eiqtign ziu botkn ilub tfk eiqtign bo tfk ixìdi db u{l

&tfk ub{tfkxn olkkt' gn efixjk bo qitxbllgnj tfk utxigtu ind nivgjitgbn gn tfk Ub{tf

Efgni Uki. Tfk eiqtign bo @ilieei eb{ld ukll txidgnj vbwijku tb tfk Ebxbìndklebiut, Hknjil, H{xì, Ugi`, U{ndi, Tg`bx ind Hbxnkb. Zfglk tfk eiqtignu bo ill

Qbxt{j{kuk obxtu fid i hid xkq{titgbn obx qxkuu{xgnj lbeil `kxefintu ind tfkxkhw dgueb{xijgnj tfk` oxb` oxky{kntgnj Qbxt{j{kuk qbxtu, tfk eiqtignu bo @ilieei ukk`

tb fivk hkkn kvkn `bxk nbtbxgb{u gn tfgu xkuqket, iu tkutgogkd hw oxky{knt dbe{`kn-

tixw xkokxkneku tb tfkgx ih{uku. Gn iddgtgbn tb ìnw btfkx gnutx{etgbnu, tfkxk ziu

Ub`dkt Qfxi Nixku{in, x.9;71-9?1;. Tfk xkgjn bo fgu u{eekuubx ind hxbtfkx, Kmitfbtuixbt&9? R9;81', uiz i lixjk gnol{v bo obxkgjnkxu gntb Ugi` iu txidkxu ind `kxeknixgku. Kmi-tfbtuixbt kutihlgufkd Mxb` Iuiu &g.k. vbl{ntkkx xkjg`kntu' bo obxkgjn ubldgkxu, obx ki`qlk=GExb` Iui @bn, Mxb` Iui Efign, Mxb` Iui Wgq{n &Ciqinkuk `kxeknixgku', ind Mxb` Iui@ikn Q{kn &I.xy{kh{ugkxu - tfk Qbxt{j{kuk ind D{tef'. Kmitfbtuixbt fid i elbuk xklitgbnufgq zgtf tfk Tbm{jizi ufbj{nitk {ndkx Tbm{jizi Gkwiu{, zfb eb``guugbnkd Xkd Ukil Ufgqu tbUli` Ixb{nd tfgu tg`k Ugi`kuk `ktill{xjgutu lkixnkd tfk ixtu bo obxjgnj `bxtixu oxb` tfk



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jknkxillw i eli{uk xky{gxgnj gnobxìtgbn ind tfxkitkngnj zgtf ukvkxk q{nguf`knttfk gnvblvk`knt bo tfk @ilieei eiqtignu gn tfk gllkjil txidk zgtf @ingli.

Tfk k`hiuugku uknt tb dgookxknt eb{ntxgku zkxk nbt ilziwu bo tfk ui`k

g`qbxtinek ind tfk lbeil eiqtignu botkn uknt qkxubnil knvbwu tb nkgjfhb{xgnj efgkotignu. Tfkw {u{illw fid tb xkqbxt dkegugbnu tb Jbi, h{t gt ziu {ndkxutbbd tfittfk dgooge{ltgku bo eb``{ngeitgbn xky{gxkd olkghglgtw gn {xjknt ugt{itgbnu. Iu i x{lktfk obxkgjn qblgew dkegugbnu zkxk timkn gn Jbi ind xkjg`kntbu bx gnutx{êCku tb j{gdk

tfk k`hiuugku zkxk guu{kd hw tfk vgekxbw. H{t, obx gnutinek, zfkn tfk egtw bo @ieib

dkegdkd tb uknd in k`hiuuw tb tfk k`qkxbx bo Efgni gn 9?:6, timgnj i lgbn oxb`

Kiut Ioxgei iu i jgot, tfk egtw guu{kd gtu bzn gnutx{etgbnu, dxizn {q gn tfk ni`k bo tfk exbzn. I wkix litkx tfk i{tfbxgtgku gn Jbi zxbtk qxigugnj tfk koobxtu bo tfk egtw

ind iumgnj tb hk gnobx`kd ihb{t tfk gnutx{etgbnu guu{kd tb tfk i`hiuuidbx.Jgvkn tfgu hiemjxb{nd, zk ein ebnugdkx tfk dktiglu bo in k`hiuuw uknt hw

Oxinegueb dk Uglvi dk @knksku, eiqtign bo @ilieei, tb Ugi` gn 9;7;. Eb{ttxk ziugnel{dkd gn tfgu k`hiuuw. Fk fid kndkixkd fgùklo tb tfk eiqtign oxb` tfk tg`k fk

ixxgvkd gn @ilieei ind ziu gntxbd{ekd tb tfk eiqtign hw Uky{gn @ixtgnklli, in bld _knktgin, zfb ukkù tb fivk hkkn tfk xkugdknt (h{ugnkuu ìnijk2* bo @ilieei obxt

eiqtignu. Zgtfgn ug `bntfu tfk eiqtign fid uknt Eb{ttxk tb Qifinj zgtf in k`hiuuw

{ndkx @ixtgn Tkgkgxi gn 9;74. Eb{ttxk*u ìgn ind ukexkt `guugbn ziu tb q{xefiukdgi`bndu ind uiqqfgxku obx tfk eiqtign.

In k`hiuuw tb Ugi` gn 9;7;

In k`hiuuw fid ixxgvkd oxb` Ugi` gn @ilieei iotkx Ugi` fid eiqt{xkd tfk

mgnjdb` bo Ei`hbdgi ind timkn eiqtgvk ìnw Efxgutginu ind Qbxt{j{kuk, gnel{d-gnj qkxubnu oxb` dgookxknt xklgjgb{u bxdkxu, u{ef iu Oxinegueinu, I{j{utgnginu indDb`gngeinu. Bnk Db`gngein oxgix ni`kd Ox Cbxjk dk @bti, zfb` Eb{ttxk dkuexghku

iu iut{tb w tkxxghlk &e{nngnj ind tkxxghlk', fid u{eekkdkd gn hxghgnj in gnol{kntgileb{xtgkx ni`kd Qxiefgdkef ind fid fgùklo uknt iu in knvbw bo tfk Mgnj bo Ugi`tb tfk eiqtign bo @ilieei tb bqkn nkjbtgitgbnu obx tfk xklkiuk bo tfk qxgubnkxu.

Eb{ttxk uiwu tfit tfk {nuex{q{lb{u oxgix dinjlkd vgugbnu bo e{t-xitk dgi-`bndu, x{hgku ind uiqqfgxku bo Ugi` hkobxk tfk eiqtign bo @ilieei gn kefinjk obx

tktglku ind obbdut{oou. Uglvi @knksku ziu kijkx tb eb`hgnk i `guugbn bo `kxew

zgtf tfk bqqbxt{ngtw tb knxgef fgùklo. Nbt ìnw zkxk mkkn tb cbgn tfgu k`hiuuw,okixgnj tfk Mgnj bo Ugi`, h{t tfkxk zkxk ub`k zfb zkxk tbb i`hgtgb{u tb xkugutin bqqbxt{ngtw bo ìmgnj ìtkxgil jign. Eb{ttxk ivkxu tfit fk fgùklo ziu gngtgillw

vkxw xkl{etint tb jb zfkn tfk eiqtign iumkd fg` tb ieeb`qinw tfk `guugbn, zfgef ziu tb ebnugut bo i oivb{xgtk bo tfk eiqtign iu i`hiuuidbx, i oietbx, ind ngnk btfkx

Qbxt{j{kuk Eb{ttxk ijxkkd tb cbgn tfk k`hiuuw zfkn tfk eiqtign ieekdkd tb ub`k



I QBXT[J[KUK K@HIUUW TB UGI@ GN 9;7; ? 5

Tfk k`hiuuw lkot gn i c { n e b , i vkuukl dkuexghkd iu bo nkixlw i tfb{uind

tbnnku h{xtfkn ind zgtf uiglu ìdk bo qil` lkivku, bn U @iw 9;7;. Tfk exkz ziuill Efgnkuk, ind tfk oxgix Cbxjk ziu nbt c{ut ieeb`qinwgnj tfk k`hiuuw h{t fidtimkn o{ll ebntxbl bo gt. Eb{ttxk kqxkuuku fgu xkuknt`knt tfit kvkxwbnk fid tb dinektb fgu t{nk.

Iotkx i fwgnj vbwijk tfxb{jf tfk Utxigtu bo Ugnjiqbxk gn zfgef tfk c{nm uexiqkd i u{h`kxjkd xbem* ind Eb{ttxk*u zitkxgnj qixtw ziu i`h{ufkd hw qgxitku&zfb` fk eillu h i w { u h b x n k b u ' bn i lbnklw gulind, tfk kqkdgtgbn xkiefkd Qitingind tfkxkiotkx L{jbx &Nimfbn Ugtfi`ìxic', zfkxk tfk eiqtign bo i c{nm eb`gnj oxb` Ugi` xkqbxtkd tfit Qxiefgdkef fid dgkd ind tfk Efxgutgin eiqtgvku fid hkknoxkkd ind zkxk jbgnj ihb{t ix`kd, botkn mgllgnj bnk inbtfkx zgtfb{t gntkxokxknek

oxb` tfk mgnj. Gn oiet, ub`k Ciqinkuk Efxgutginu fid mgllkd i Db`gngein oxgix indfid ub{jft xko{jk gn i Eiq{efgn-x{n ef{xef gn vign. Tfkw zkxk `{xdkxkd hw tfkQbxt{j{kuk it tfk obbt bo tfk iltix.

Tfk liut lkj bo tfk vbwijk tb Ugi` ziu eb`qlktkd bnlw iotkx in ittiem bntfkgx c{nm hw qgxitku, zfb` Eb{ttxk eillu t{tbu, zfb zkxk u{eekuuo{llw xkqkllkd

zgtf `{umkt ogxk. Bn kntkxgnj tfk xgvkx bo Ugi` nkgtfkx tfk i`hiuuidbx nbx tfk oxgix ziu mkkn tb dguk`hixm. Hbtf zintkd tb dgvkxt tfk vkuukl ind jb tb Ebefgn-Efgni. Tfk xkugutinek bo ill tfk btfkxu gn tfkgx eb`qinw obxekd tfk` tb efinjk tfkgx `gndu

ind ebntgn{k zgtf tfk q{xqbuk bo tfk `guugbn. Bn ixxgvil, tfkw fid tb xkjgutkx tfkgxni`ku ind ill tfkgx jbbdu ind ixì`kntu it tfk efkemqbgnt ìnnkd hw i ìndixgn.

Iotkx tfit tfk oxgix ind Eb{ttxk bhtignkd i qiuuqbxt & t f i x i ' tb qxbekkd {q xgvkx tbBdgi &Iw{ttfiwi', ub`k 41 lkij{ku iziw, tb `kkt tfk mgnj ind gnobx` fg` ihb{t tfk

ixxgvil bo tfk i`hiuuidbx. Tfkw bhukxvkd ìnw vkuuklu mkkqgnj zitef ind tfkutxget vgjgl knobxekd ill ilbnj tfkgx xb{tk. Tfkw xkiefkd Iw{ttfiwi iotkx ukvkn diwu*txivkl.

Gn tfk egtw tfkw zkxk zix`lw zkleb`kd hw tfk Qbxt{j{kuk, zfb ebnogx`kd

tfk nkzu tfkw fid hkkn jgvkn it L{jbx. Tfkw dgd nbt ognd tfk mgnj gn fgu eiqgtil,hkei{uk fk ziu f{ntgnj klkqfintu. Tfkw zkxk jgvkn qkx`guugbn hw tfk egtw jbvkxnbx&eillkd F b c i v i n ' tb jb tb zfkxk tfk mgnj ziu gn i qinjiwb bo tfgxtw bixu bn kiefugdk ind zgtf i xbbo. Tfkw zkxk ilub illbzkd tfgxtw Qbxt{j{kuk zfb fid hkkn eiq-tgvku tb ìn tfk vkuukl. H{t hkobxk tfkw eb{ld xkief tfkgx dkutgnitgbn tfkw xkekgvkdtfk nkzu tfxb{jf tzb Oxineguein oxgixu &bnk i Eiutglgin, Ox Qkdxb Bxtgs, ind tfkbtfkx i Qbxt{j{kuk, Ox &CxkjõxgB di Ex{s, zfb fid hkkn vgeix gn Ei`hbdgi' ind

i Eiutglgin xknkjidk eillkd @gj{kl dk Qgni, tfit tfk mgnj ziu ilxkidw bn fgu ziw hiem &? tfk eiqgtil. Tfkw xkt{xnkd tb Iw{ttfiwi. Tfk mgnj ziu ilxkidw gnobx`kdihb{t tfk k`hiuuw.

Qktkx Hbxuefhkxj, (Ciey{ku Dk Eb{txk, Gnobxìtgbn ihb{t H{gldgnj Ub`k Eiutlku ind Obxtxkuuku



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Mgnj Nixku{in jxintkd tfk` in i{dgknek, ind iu xky{gxkd hw e{utb` tfkw zkxk jgvkn olbzkxu bo jbld ind uglvkx `gkd zgtf nit{xil olbzkxu* zgtf zfgef tbiqqxbief tfk xbwil qxkuknek. Oxgix @bti tfkn fid i qxgvitk i{dgknek zgtf tfk mgnj

ind dguu{idkd fg` oxb` gnvgtgnj Eb{ttxk tb cbgn gn, bn jxb{ndu tfit fk, @bxi, fidub`ktfgnj ebnogdkntgil tb ebnvkw tb Fgu @ickutw. Tfk oxgix tbbm zgtf fg` iu gntkx-

qxktkxu tzb Finu hxbtfkxu &Intbngb ind @gj{kl', ubnu bo i Olk`gnj lgvgnj gn @ieib.

Tfk hxbtfkxu fid ìxxgkd gn Ei`hbdgi ind zkxk txkitkd iu qxgneku gn xkebjngtgbnbo tfk ukxvgeku xkndkxkd hw tfkgx oitfkx. Nbz tfkw zkxk eiqtgvku gn Ugi`, h{t zkxktxkitkd hkttkx tfin tfk btfkx eiqtgvku.

Tfk oxgix tbld tfk mgnj tfit fk fid eb`k zgtf in i`hiuuidbx zfb ziu ixklitgvk bo tfk Mgnj bo Qbxt{jil ind tfit fk ziu uknt tb qxbvgdk iuugutinek tb tfk

Mgnj bo Ugi` gn fgu zixu zgtf Qkj{, hkei{uk fk ziu umglo{l gn ìttkxu bo zix indfid ebny{kxkd tfk zfblk gulind bo Ekwlbn. Fk ilub tbld tfk mgnj tfit tfk Mgnj bo Qbxt{jil fid uknt tzb Qbxt{j{kuk obx fgu ukxvgek. Eb{ttxk xkqbxtu tfit tfk mgnj ziuub qlkiukd zgtf tfk nkzu tfit fk dkelixkd tfit kvkn tfk jgot bo i zfgtk klkqfint

zb{ld qlkiuk fg` lkuu tfin tfgu k`hiuuw oxb` i mgnj tfit fk ebnugdkxkd iu qbzkxo{liu fgùklo. Fk ilub qxb`gukd tfit tfkxk zb{ld hk nb qbbx Qbxt{j{kuk gn fgu mgnj-db` fknekobxtf. Fk g``kdgitklw bxdkxkd tfit ixxinjk`kntu hk ìdk obx i ublk`n

zkleb`k obx tfk i`hiuuidbx. Tfk oxgix, tfk u{qkxgntkndknt bo xkvkn{k &qixihieg' ind tfk jknkxil bo tfk xgvkxu &bwiug`gntbw' zkxk q{t gn efixjk bo zbxmgnj b{t tfkdktiglu bo tfk xkekqtgbn tb hk ieebxdkd tb tfk i`hiuuidbx. Tfk oxgix zb{ld fivk tfkognil uiw gn tfk ixxinjk`kntu, ind fk ziu uknt iziw zgtf i jgot bo kgjftw eitgu bo

uglvkx ebgnu &kief eittw zkgjfkd ob{x gnixebu bx 58 b{neku' ind ìnw hilku bo jbldind uglm hxbeidku gn 96 txiwu eixxgkd hw 95 hkixkxu.

Tfk oxgix ind tfk i`hiuuidbx tfkn jbt tbjktfkx zgtf ìndixgnu tb txinulitkgntb tfk Ugi`kuk linj{ijk tfk tkt bo tfk Qbxt{j{kuk lkttkx bo exkdknek. Tfkw elig`kd

tfit tfk bxgjgnil ziu zxgttkn gn @iliw ind ziu gn i ukilkd jbldkn ebntignkx, zfgeffid tb hk bookxkd tb tfk mgnj {nbqknkd. Obx tfk q{xqbuk bo tfk txinulitgbn ukvkxilìndixgnu, tfk kntgxk tki` bo tfk Qbxt{j{kuk k`hiuuw, ind tfk oxgix `kt gn i hgj fill gn tfk xbwil qiliek. Tfk oxgix fid ub{jft tfk iuugutinek bo @gj{kl dk Qgni, tfkxknkjidk `kntgbnkd ihbvk, tb iet iu fgu gntkxqxktkx oxb` @iliw tb Ugi`kuk. Tfkoxgix, zfb mnkz @iliw ind ilub ub`k Ugi`kuk, dgetitkd iu tfk tkt bo tfk lkttkx bo exkdknek zfitkvkx fk qlkiukd, ub `{ef ub tfit fk dkuexghkd tfk zfblk qixtw ie-

eb`qinwgnj tfk i`hiuuidbx iu xbwil ulivku &qiwlvin'. Tfk ìndixgnu tfkn fiqqglw iumkd tfbuk qxkuknt tfkgx ni`ku, tb hk nbtkd dbzn. Tfk oxgix*u tkt bo tfk lkttkxjxkktkd tfk Mgnj bo Ugi` ind Ei`hbdgi gn tfk ni`k bo tfk Mgnj bo Qbxt{jil, inddkelixkd tfit fk ziu ukndgnj fgu xklitgvk @in{kl Qkxkgxi d*Ihxk{ zgtf tkn btfkxu



I QBXT[J[KUK K@HIUUW TB ULI@ GN 9;7; ?;

ind ub`k ixì`kntu ind jgotu. @but bo tfkuk utitk`kntu zkxk {ntx{k, ind tfk lkttkx

gn i jbld ebntignkx ziu oxb` tfk eiqtign bo @ilieei, xky{kutgnj tfk Mgnj bo Ugi`tb xklkiuk tfk eiqtgvku ind lgutgnj tfk jgotu tfit zkxk uknt. Eb{ttxk ind ub`k btfkxuqxkuknt {ndkxutbbd tfk jgut bo tfk oxgix*u dkekgtu, h{t zkxk efgllkd zgtf fbnbx indokixkd tfit i qxbtkut zb{ld ebut tfk` tfkgx lgvku.

Tfk mgnj ziu dklgjftkd, ind bn tfk diw ogkd obx boogegillw zkleb`gnj tfki`hiuuidbx fk uknt xgef qxkukntu tb tfk i`hiuuidbx ind tfk oxgix. Tfk k`hiuuw ebxtkjk `bvkd tbzixdu tfk xbwil qiliek, i lkij{k ind i filo iziw, ieeb`qingkdhw i tfb{uind `{umktkkxu, i tfb{uind hbz`kn, i tfb{uind linekxu, ind i tfb{uind

uzbxdu`kn,R `bvgnj gn tzb qixillkl ebl{`nu. Bnlw tfkgx lbgnu zkxk ebvkxkd indtfkgx hbdgku qigntkd zgtf ìnw dkugjnu. Tfk tzb Finu hxbtfkxu zkxk ukitkd bnklkqfintu zgtf tfk ebntignkxu bo tfk tx{k ind oiluk k`hiuuw lkttkxu fkld ihbvk tfkgx

fkidu. Tfkw zkxk u{xxb{ndkd hw tfxkk f{ndxkd tx{`qktkxu ind dx{``kxu. Tfknobllbzkd tfk tkn Qbxt{j{kuk, gnel{dgnj Eb{ttxk, eixxwgnj tfk vixgb{u jgotu hxb{jft hw tfk i`hiuuidbx. Tfk oxgix bn i qiliny{gn, ind tb fgu lkot tfk i`hiuuidbx bn i fbxuk,

hxb{jft {q tfk xkix zgtf tfk xkut bo tfk Qbxt{j{kuk ind tfk Efxgutgin eiqtgvku. Tfk ebxtkjk `bvkd gn eb`qlktk uglknek. Nb bnk uqbmk i zbxd, ind tfk

tx{`qktu ind dx{ù ìdk i dkiokngnj nbguk. Ill tfk fb{uku ilbnj tfk ziw fid tfkgx

dbbxu ind zgndbzu uf{t ind nb bnk eb{ld hk ukkn b{tdbbxu. Nb hixmgnj bo i dbj

ziu tb hk fkixd {ndkx qkniltw bo dkitf tb tfk dbj ind gtu bznkx. Bn ixxgvil gn tfk

qiliek, tfk i`hiuuidbxgil qixtw fid tb exbuu tfxkk lixjk eb{xtwixdu, kief i fixy{k-h{u ufbt lbnj ind lgttlk lkuu zgdk, lgnkd hw tfb{uindu bo ix`kd xktignkxu ugttgnj bntfkgx fi{nefku. Tfk Qbxt{j{kuk ieeb`qinwgnj tfk k`hiuuw fid tb `bvk zgtf tfkgxfkidu lbzkxkd ind ixù exbuukd bvkx tfkgx ufb{ldkxu.

Tfk mgnj ziu ugttgnj bn i jbldkn tfxbnk bn i xigukd uy{ixk qlitobx`, ihb{ttzb f{ndxkd qieku zgdk ind lbnj. Tfk tfxbnk ziu lgmk i jbld-xbbokd hkdutkid. Gtfid jliuu qinku, ind tfk mgnj ziu eb``{ngeitgnj zgtf tfk qixtw tfxb{jf i uìll

• zgndbz ind ziu hixklw vgughlk. It tfk obbt bo tfk tfxbnk ziu ukitkd tfk mgnj*u

hxbtfkx, eillkd tfk Zfgtk Mgnj, ind i hbnsk, zfb ziu i hxbtfkx bo tfk Mgnj bo Qkj{.Tfkxk zkxk ogvk utijku hkobxk xkiefgnj tfk xbwil tfxbnk. Tfk dgutinek hktzkkn kief

utijk ziu tfgxtw qieku. It kief utbq i qixt bo tfk lkttkx ziu xkid ind txinu` gttkd

bxillw oxb` qkxubn tb qkxubn {ntgl gt xkiefkd tfk mgnj. Zfkn tfk kntgxk `kuuijk ziu

ebnvkwkd tfk mgnj uknt jbld hbku &zbxtf ihb{t 8,111 kue{dbu kief' ebntigngnj tfk e{utbìxw hktkl lkivku ind ieeb`qing`kntu obx tfk oxgix ind tfk i`hiuuidbx.Hiumktu zbxtf ihb{t ;1 kue{dbu kief zgtf ug`glix ebntkntu zkxk qxkukntkd tb tfkbtfx Qbxt{j{kuk ieeb`qinwgnj tfk k`hiuuw. Tfk Gegnj tfkn iumkd tfk i`hiuuidbx

fbz ìnw `kn fk fid {ukd tb ebny{kx Ekwlbn. Fk uigd gn xkqlw tfit fk fid ;11Qbxt{j{kuk ind 5,111 Gndginu zgtf fg`. Tfk mgnj tfkn qxkukntkd `bxk kqknugvk

jgotu tb tfk i`hiuuidbx ind tfk oxgix.



?? TKBTBNGBDK UB[SI

Iotkx kndgnj tfk ekxk`bngil xkekqtgbn, tfk mgnj lkot tfk i{dgknek qliek vkxw ublk`nlw hkfgnd fgu j{ixdu. Tfk mgnj ziu zkixgnj bnlw i lbgnelbtf, h{t bnfgu fkid fk ziu zkixgnj ub`ktfgnj lgmk i hgufbq*u `gtxk, jbld qlitkd ind ut{ddkd zgtf qxkegb{u utbnku. Fk ziu ukitkd bn in klkqfint ind fid tzb jbldkn fbbmu gnfgu findu obx ebntxbllgnj tfk ingìl. Gn oxbnt bo fg` `bvkd tfk i`hiuuidbx ind tfkoxgix ind tfk xkut bo tfk Qbxt{j{kuk zgtf tfkgx findu cbgnkd. Hkfgnd tfk mgnj ziu fguhxbtfkx bn inbtfkx klkqfint zgtf fgu findu bn fgu hbzkd fkid. Ixb{nd fg̀ zkxk tfktx{`qktkxu ind dx{``kxu. Tfk qixtw `bvkd ub y{gemlw tfit Eb{ttxk xkqbxtu fivgnj i hx{uf zgtf tfk t{umu bo tfk xbwil klkqfint hkfgnd fg`.

Tfk mgnj ziu ebnvgnekd bo tfk jkn{gnknkuu bo tfk k`hiuuw ind ub{jft tb

xkuqbnd zgtf in k`hiuuw bo fgu bzn tb tfk Mgnj bo Qbxt{jil.:Fk dkegdkd tb uknd

tfk oxgix zgtf tzb jxindkku oxb` fgu mgnjdb`. Tfkuk zkxk ubnu bo i xbwil ebne{-hgnk, zfb ziu `but {nfiqqw ihb{t tfgu ind ziu qxiwgnj tb fkx jbdu ind ebnu{ltgnj qxgkutu zgtf kqknugvk bookxgnju tb ukkm i efinjk gn tfk xbwil qlinu obx fkx ubnu.

Tfk mgnj jivk tfk oxgix i hgj c{nm obx tfk cb{xnkw. Eb{ttxk dkuexghku tfkc{nm iu hgjjkx tfin i Qbxt{j{kuk eixxiem. Gt eb{ld timk 51,111 y{gntilu bo eixjb. Tfk mgnj ilub jivk fg` 91,111 y{gntilu bo uiqi` &ug`glix tb Hxisgl zbbd {ukd obxìmgnj dwku', 411 y{gntilu bo zfgtk `knj{l &hknsbgn', i lixjk y{intgtw bo il{ ̀indukvkxil btfkx qxbd{etu bo tfk eb{ntxw. Fk ilub gnvgtkd tfk oxgix ind tfk i`hiuuidbx

tb efbbuk oxb` i hb bo x{hgku tfk hkut bnk obx tfk Mgnj bo Qbxt{jil. Eb{ttxk uiwutfit kvkn tfb{jf fk ziu nbt qxkuknt it tfk tg`k, fk fid fkld gt gn fgu findu, indtfb{jft gt zbxtf ?1,111 kue{dbu. Tfk mgnj ilub uknt i uiqqfgxk tfit zkgjfkd 511eixitu ind zb{ld hk zbxtf 6,111 kue{dbu. Tfk mgnj fid hbtf utbnku ukt gntb tzbbxni`kntu zgtf ìnw xb{jf dgi`bndu bo kgjft eixitu kief ogttkd gntb tfk .̀ Eb{ttxk vil{kd hbtf tfk ckzklu ind tfkgx eiuku it 9;1,111 kue{dbu.

Iu tfk ditk obx tfk dkqixt{xk bo tfk k`hiuuw nkixkd, tfk oxgix eillkd fgu

Qbxt{j{kuk oxgkndu ind oivb{xgtku, ind efbuk tkn tb jb zgtf fg`. Tfk btfkxuiqqxbiefkd Eb{ttxk ind Ug`bn Qkxku &tfk oietbx bo tfk eiqtign bo @ilieei',kqxkuugnj tfkgx okixu bo tfk tbxt{xku tfkw eb{ld kqket bnek tfk mgnj dguebvkxkdtfit fk fid hkkn i vgetg` bo dkekgt.

Eb{ttxk ind Qkxku iqqxbiefkd bnk bo tfk @u &Finu' hxbtfkxu ind qigd fg̀ob{x ìxebu bo uglvkx tb ukxvk iu tfkot gntkxqxktkx zgtf tfk `btfkx bo tfk tzb i`hiu-uidbxu-dkugjnitk. Tfk eb{xt lidw jivk tfk` in gntkxvgkz ind tfkw dguelbukd tb fkxill tfk dkekgtu ebntxgvkd hw tfk oxgix gn ebnnketgbn zgtf tfk Qbxt{j{kuk k`hiuuw.

Tb knu{xk tfk vkxiegtw bo tfkgx vkxugbn, ufk eb{ld ium tfk mgnj tb efkem tfk bxgjgnil@iliw tkt gn tfk ukilkd jbldkn ebntignkx. Tfkw ilub xky{kutkd fkx tb {uk fkx jbbd



I QBXT[ J[KUK K@ HIUUW TB UGI@ GN 9;7; ?:

boogeku tb bhtign xbwil qkx`guugbn tb dkqixt ind i c{nm tb xkt{xn tb @ilieei indxkqbxt tb tfk eiqtign bo @ilieei zfit fid fiqqknkd. Ufk oklt tfit fkx qxiwkxu zkxkhkgnj inuzkxkd ind ukxvkd tfk` uzkktu ind ox{gt, ukndgnj tfk` iziw z gtf tfkqxb`guk bo ittkndgnj tb tfkgx xky{kut.

Tfk mgnj ziu o{xgb{u zfkn fk ziu tbld ihb{t tfk x{uk ind bxdkxkd g``kdg-itklw tfit tfk c{nm ind jbbdu jgvkn tb tfk oxgix ufb{ld hk ukgskd. Fk ilub u{``bnkdEb{ttxk * u qixtw tb fgu qxkuknek. H{t zfglk tfkw zkxk bn tfkgx ziw tb tfk xbwil qiliek zgtf jgotu, ub`k ogotkkn fbbdl{ù uknt hw tfk oxgix ind fgu okllbz k`guuixw oxb`@ilieei iuuiglkd tfk`. Ug`bn Qkxku ziu hidlw f{xt gn tfgu iuui{lt. Tfk mgnj ei`ktb mnbz ihb{t tfgu gnegdknt ind xkqkitkd fgu gnvgtitgbn tb ukk fg`. Eb{ttxk, Intbngb

Finu ind Qkxku zknt hkobxk tfk mgnj zgtf jgotu. Tfk mgnj ziu ukitkd bn i jbldkntfxbnk ihb{t tfxkk `ktxku fgjf, zgtf tzb tgjkxu efignkd nkixhw. Tfk vgugtbxu zkxkìdk tb ugt gn oxbnt ind hklbz tfk tfxbnk bn i ìt. It bnk utijk tfk tgjkxu zkxkxklkiukd ind Eb{ttxk uiwu tfit bnk ei`k oxgjfto{llw elbuk tb fg` hkobxk tfk mgnj bxdkxkd tfk` tb hk timkn iziw. Tfk mgnj tfkn lgutknkd tb tfk` ind jxintkd tfkgxxky{kut tb lkivk obx @ilieei zgtf ill tfk Qbxt{j{kuk tfkw `gjft zint tb timk ilbnj,gnel{dgnj tfk Eiq{efgn oxgix Jxkjbxgb di Ex{s, zfb` tfk mgnj jxkitlw xkuqketkd.

I jbbd c{nm ziu jgvkn tb tfk` ind tfkw iuuk`hlkd tfk jxb{q tfit zb{ld

lkivk. Tfkw gnel{dkd, hkugdku Eb{ttxk ind Qkxku, Ox Jxkjbxgb di Ex{s, L{gu dkOxkgtiu &eiqtign bo i vbwijk tb Tkniuukxg`' ind ukvkxil btfkx Efxgutginu. Fbzkvkx,iu tfkw zkxk hkgnj xkjgutkxkd hw in boogegil, Oxgix @bti ixxgvkd, zgtf tfk i`hiu-uidbx ind tfkgx oxgkndu. Tfkw tbld tfk boogegil tfit tfk c{nm ufb{ld nbt hk illbzkdtb lkivk obx @ilieei, hkei{uk Oxkgtiu fid utblkn tfk mgnj*u gdblu &zfgef ziu tx{k'.Gn tfk `kintg`k tfkw xkiefkd tfk c{nm, ub{jft tb ue{ttlk gt, ind i hgj ogjft knu{kdhktzkkn tfk ebntkndgnj qixtgku bo Qbxt{j{kuk. Tfk boogegil dkqixtkd zgtf i uìll

vkuukl tb xkqbxt tfk ìttkx tb tfk mgnj. Utxinjklw, tfk mgnj fkixd tfk nkzu ind zkntboo f{ntgnj klkqfintu bnek `bxk. H{t fk bxdkxkd tfit fgu oietbx ind bwiug`gnlbw,

fgu (jknkxil bo tfk xgvkxu(, ind tzklvk efgko ìndixgnu, zfb fid hkkn xkuqbnughlkobx tfk txinulitgbn bo tfk lkttkx bo exkdknek, ufb{ld ill hk mgllkd. X{`b{xu zkxkilub egxe{litgnj tfit tfk Efxgutginu zfb zkxk tfk ei{uk bo ill tfgu zb{ld hk oxgkdtb dkitf. 6

Tfk x{`b{xu fid ueixkd Oxgix @bti tb u{ef in ktknt tfit fk ei`k tb `kktEb{ttxk, exwgnj lgmk i efgld ind qlkidgnj tfit fk hk illbzkd tb cbgn fgu qixtw lkivgnj

obx @ilieei. Fbzkvkx, fk gnugutkd tfit nkgtfkx tfk Eiq{efgn nbx Oxægtiu ufb{ld jb zgtf tfk`. Iu Eb{ttxk zb{ld nbt fkix bo u{ef i dkil, tfk oxgix ind tfk i`hiuuidbxQligdkd tb kueiqk bn tfkgx bzn. Eb{ttxk*u jxb{q iey{gxkd tfxkk hbitu ind utixtkd`bvgnj {qxgvkx, qxktkndgnj tfkw zkxk lbbmgnj obx tfk mgnj*u ei`q tb ium fgu



?6 TKBTBNGB DK UB[SI

qkx`guugbn tb lkivk, h{t gn oiet tfkw fid timkn i nitgvk qglbt zfb mnkz i utxki`tfit eb{ld lkid tfk` tb tfk bqkn uki. Tfkxk tfkw qlinnkd tb fgciem i hgjjkx vkuuklind ìmk tfkgx kueiqk. Fbzkvkx, tfkw zkxk gntkxekqtkd hw xbwil j{ixdu bnk ngjft.

Tfk boogekx gn efixjk ieekqtkd tfk Qbxt{j{kuk ilghg tfit tfkw zkxk bn tfkgx ziw tbbhtign tfk mgnj*u lkivk tb dkqixt, h{t ziu gnobx`kd tfit Oxgix @bti*u qixtw fid hkkn

eiqt{xkd zfglk ittk`qtgnj tb kueiqk. Tfkw xkiefkd tfk mgnj*u f{ntgnj ei`q iotkx i cb{xnkw bo ukvkn diwu {qxgvkx.

Tfkxk zkxk 81,111 `kn ind 5,111 hbitu. Tfk Qbxt{j{kuk zkxk tbld tfit gt zb{ld nbthk qbuughlk tb `kkt tfk mgnj tfkxk. Tfkw tfkn dkegdkd tb zitef tfk f{ntgnj bqkxi-tgbnu. Tfk mgnj fid efbukn bnlw tzkntw klkqfintu oxb` i`bnj ìnw ei{jft. Tfkbtfkxu zkxk ukt oxkk. Tfk mgnj tfkn `bvkd iziw. Bnk bo tfk vkuuklu fid i jgldkd

e{hgelk obx fg`, ind gn ub`k btfkx zkll-ky{gqqkd hbitu fgu zb`kn, eb{xtgkxu indj{ixdu txivkllkd. Tfk mgnj utbqqkd it tfk egtw eillkd Xkqkxw ]2P. Oxb` tfkxk fk zknttb Uiqi`q{x ]2P, zfkxk fk fid i ebllketgbn bo bvkx tfxkk tfb{uind klkqfintu. Tfkw

zkxk lbbmkd iotkx hw ebxnkeiu &ìfb{tu', zfb fid tfkgx lgttlk fb{uku gn txkk-tbqu iuqxbtketgbn ijignut tgjkxu. Ogxku zkxk lgt it ngjft tb mkkq tfk tgjkxu it hiw. Tfk qliek

ziu ilub gnokutkd hw tfk ub-eillkd klkqfint olgku tfit eb{ld hgtk tfxb{jf elbtfku,ind ìdk gt g`qbuughlk tb ulkkq it ngjft. Eb{ttxk*u qixtw fid tb zigt tfkxk obx 8;diwu, ind ill tfkw eb{ld db ziu tb u{h`gt tfkgx qktgtgbn tb tfk mgnj gn zxgtgnj. Tfk

mgnj xkqlgkd tfit tfkgx xky{kut zb{ld hk jxintkd bn fgu xkt{xn tb Iw{ttfiwi. Tx{ktb fgu zbxd, bn ixxgvil tfkxk fk jivk tfk` i nkz c{nm ind ni`kd fgu i`hiuuidbxutb tfk eiqtign bo @ilieei. Fk ilub jivk lkivk tb tfk Qbxt{j{kuk i`hiuuidbx tb jb

zgtf tfk .̀ Tfk oxgix ind ìnw btfkx Qbxt{j{kuk fid tb xkìgn hkfgnd iu eiqtgvku.Eb{ttxk*u qixtw ognillw lkot Ugi` iotkx kgjft txb{hlkub`k `bntfu.

Eb{ttxk*u qixtw utbqqkd it Ei`hbdgi bn tfk ziw. Gn tfk egtw tfkw `kt iEiutglgin ind i Qbxt{j{kuk eillkd Dgkjb _klbub, zfbuk zgok ziu utgll eiqtgvk gn

Ugi .̀ Fk fgùklo fid hkkn uknt hw tfk Mgnj bo Ugi` bn in k`hiuuw tb @ingli= h{t

gnutkid bo xkt{xngnj zgtf i xkqlw, fk fid jbnk tb Ebefgn-Efgni gn eb`qinw bo tfkuigd Eiutglgin Hliu X{gu. Oxb` Ebefgn-Efgni tfkw fid exbuukd bvkxlind gntb Libu,

zfkxk i ubn bo tfk Mgnj bo Ei`hbdgi ìxxgkd tb i qxgnekuu bo Libu lgvkd. Tfkw {xjkdtfk Mgnj bo Libu tb uknd i hgj olkkt ]ugeP tb ebny{kx tfk mgnjdb` bo Ei`hbdgi, tb

zfgef fk fid xgjft. Tfk mgnj obllbzkd tfkgx idvgek ind uknt tfk qxgnek iu jknkxil.Dgkjb _klbub ind Hliu X{gu zkxk iqqbgntkd jbvkxnbxu bo tfk olkkt.

Bn ixxgvil gn Ei`hbdgi tfkw ob{nd tfit i xkhkl liviìni &id`gxil' fid

ukgskd qbzkx. Ukkgnj tfk hgj olkkt, fk okgjnkd bhkdgknek. Gn tfk egtw bo Ei`hbdgitfkxk zkxk ukvkxil btfkx Qbxt{j{kuk zfb fid kueiqkd oxb` i c{nm tfit tfk Mgnj bo Ugi` fid uknt tb @ingli ind gn zfgef ziu txivkllgnj i Eiq{efgn oxgix, Qkdxb Bxtgs&Eb{ttxk fid `kt tfgu oxgix d{xgnj fgu ogxut txgq tb tfk f{ntgnj ei`q bo tfk Mgnj bo Ugi`'. Tfkuk Qbxt{j{kuk iqqxbiefkd Eb{ttxk*u c{nm ind jivk tfk nkzu bo tfk qliekind dguelbukd tfkgx qlinu tb mgll tfk gegviìni. Tfkw zintkd Eb{ttxk tb uqkim tb tfk



I QBXT[J[KUK K@HI UUW TB ULI@ GN 9;7; ?7

eiqtign bo @ilieei bn tfkgx hkfilo ind ebnvkw tfkgx xky{kut obx qxgkutu tb id`gngutkxtfk uiexi`kntu tb tfk Qbxt{j{kuk lgvgnj gn Ei`hbdgi, ind ilub obx ub`k Qbxt{j{kuktb fklq tfk` eixxw b{t tfkgx qlinu.

Bn xkt{xngnj tb @ilieei, Eb{ttxk ob{nd tfit tfk eiqtign Oxinegueb dk Uglvidk @kxtksku fid jbnk tb Jbi ind hkkn xkqliekd hw @ixtg` Iobnub dk @ klb. Tfkeiqtign xkuqbndkd g`` kdgitklw tb tfk xky{kutu. Fk uknt ub`k I{j{utgngin oxgixuind ` inw Qbxt{j{kuk. Tfkuk cbgnkd {q zgtf Hgiu X{gu ind btfkxu zfb zkxk qlin-olgnj tb mgll tfk lzeiìni. Fbzkvkx, fk u{uqketkd tfkgx gntkntgbnu ind mgllkd ill tfkQbxt{j{kuk ind tfk oxgixu, zgtfb{t uqixgnj inw bo tfk` . Tfk qxgnek kueiqkd ind zknt hiem tb fgu oitfkx-gn-liz, tfk Mgnj bo Libu.

Tfk i`hiuuidbxu bo Ugi` ind tfk Qbxt{j{kuk i`hiuuidbx @in{kl Qkxkgxid*Ihxk{ fid ixxgvkd gn @ilieei hkobxk Eb{ttxk. @in{kl Qkxkgxi ziu xkt{xngnj xgefind fid zbn bvkx tfk nkz eiqtign zgtf tfk jgot bo tfk jbld hb tfit tfk Mgnj bo Ugi` fid jgvkn fg` . Nb bnk ziu tilmgnj inw ` bxk bo tfk qxbhlkù fk fid exkitkdgn Ugi`. Eb{ttxk jbt fg` tb qiw hiem zgtf ub`k xkl{etinek `bnkw tfit fk fid lkntfg`. Fk qxktkndkd tb hk oxgkndlw, h{t fid nbt obxjgvkn Eb{ttxk tfk hlbzu tfit fk fidutx{em d{xgnj i umgx`guf gn Ugi`. Fk xko{ukd tfk bookx bo i d{kl, h{t utixtkd ebnuqgx-gnj zgtf tfk eiqtign, zfb ilub hbxk i jx{djk ijignut Eb{ttxk bvkx i zb` in.

Tfkw qlinnkd in iuui{ lt bn Eb{ttxk hw ukndgnj ub`kbnk tb q{xefiuk ink`kxild oxb` Eb{ttxk. Gt fid hklbnjkd tb tfk Cku{gt Hgufbq bo Ciqin, zfb fid hkknqxkuknt it tfk ìxtwxdb` bo ` inw tfkxk. Tfk Cku{gtu fid iumkd fg` tb ukll gt. Bntfk ziw fk ziu iuui{ltkd ind fgt zgtf i hlbz bo i uzbxd bn tfk fkid, h{ t Eb{ttxkfid tg`k tb dxiz fgu uzbxd ind ueixk iziw f gu iuuiglintu, iotkx ukxgb{ulw gnc{xgnj bnk. @in{kl Qkxkgxi ind tfk eiqtign zkxk iqqixkntlw zitefgnj tfk ugt{itgbn oxb`tfk tbq bo tfk obxt.

Tkn diwu iotkx tfk iuui{lt @in{kl Qkxkgxi ind fgu `kn zknt hiem tb Ugi`.

Zfkn fk zintkd tb xkt{xn ind eb{ld nbt bhtign tfk mgnj*u qkx`guugbn tb db ub, fgu`kn cbgnkd {q z gtf i Eiutglgin oxgjitk tfit ziu tfkxk it tfk tg`k ind ob{jft zgtftfk Ugi`kuk j{ixd vkuuklu, zgtf ` inw eiu{iltgku bn kgtfkx ugdk. Oxgix @bti ziuxkt{xngnj zgtf fg` ind ziu zb{ndkd gn tfk ebnolget. Hbtf dgkd bo kfi{utgbn indgllnkuu ubbn iotkx tfkgx xkt{xn tb @ilieei. I okz diwu litkx tfkxk ziu i h gj ogxk gntfk u{h{xhu bo tfk egtw bo @ilieei zfkxk E b{ttxk lgvkd. Fk lbut fgu fb{uk, ilbnj

zgtf tfk kntgxk utbem b o `knj{g ]hknsbgnP ind ill btfkx jbbdu. Eb{ttxk eillu gt tfkelgì bo fgu u{ookxgnju gn Ugi`.

Ub` k bhukxvitgbnu ihb{t Ugi`

Eb{ttxk dkvbtku tzb efiqtkxu tb ub`k bo fgu bhukxvitgbnu d{xgnj fgu kgjft`bntfu gn Iw{ttfiwi. Fk fid lbut nb bqqbxt{ngtw tb bhukxvk lgok ind e{utb` u tfkxk.F g l tf d g tg o tf gt * l tg tf t l fgt t d



:1 TKBTBNGB DKUb{si

ue{lqt{xku, zfit fk eillu tfk hixhixgtgku bo Ugi`kuk c{utgek, i o{nkxil bo tfk mgnj*uoivb{xgtk klkqfint, tfk inn{il gn{nditgbn bo tfk eiqgtil ind u{xxb{ndgnj lindu, tfkmgnj*u xktxkit d{xgnj tfgu ukiubn tb fgjfkx jxb{nd, tfk eb``bn qxietgek bo `kn zkixgnj {q tb ob{x h{nefblku &uìll jbld, uglvkx bx ebqqkx hkllu' gn tfkgx qkngu ind

zb`kn zkixgnj umgxtu zgtf i lbnj ulgt gn oxbnt. Tfk dkuexgqtgbn bo (hixhixgtgku( bhukxvkd ufbzu tfit kvkn Eb{ttxk, i fixd-

knkd h{eeinkkx gn ìnw xkuqketu, ziu utx{em hw tfk ukvkxgtw bo q{nguf`kntu `ktkdb{t tb `guexkintu.

Gn fgu dkuexgqtgbn bo tfk tk`qlku bo Iw{ttfiwi, Eb{ttxk xkokxu tb f{jk hxbnskutit{ku hxb{jft tfkxk hw tfk Mgnj bo Ugi ̀ oxb ̀Ei`hbdgi. Fk uiwu tfit tfkw zkxkdguebvkxkd ub`k obxtw wkixu kixlgkx gn tfk x{gnkd egtw bo Injmbx.

Eb{ttxk ilub dkuexghku tfk e{xxknew bo Ugi`3 tfk uglvkx ebgnu xkuk`hlkd

fixy{kh{u h{llktu, zgtf tfk xbwil ukil bn tfk` xkqxkukntgnj in klkqfint. I tgeilbo uglvkx ziu ky{gvilknt tb ukvkn ind filo xgilu. @isku zkxk ky{il tb bnk ind filo xgilu. Ufkllu &h{sgbu' zkxk {ukd iu uìll e{xxknew. H{t tfk hkut e{xxknew gn Ugi` ziu elbtf qgkeku.

Gn ebnel{ugbn, Eb{ttxk iqqkixu tb fivk hkkn in fbnkut zgtnkuu tb zfitfk uiz ind kqkxgknekd gn Ugi` gn 9;7;. Xkidkxu bo Uqinguf zfb zguf tb xkid fgueb`qlktk tkt ufb{ld ebnu{lt tfk kdgtgbn bo Ciey{ku dk Eb{txk*u Indinsiu Iugi*tgeiu

hw K. Utblu, H. Tkknuì, ind C. Zkxhkxm`bku &Fgutbxgi 9?, lnobxìegõn w XkvgutiuU.I., @idxgd 9771'. @bxk xkidglw iviglihlk qkxfiqu ixk tfk qijku gn Dgxm vin dkx

Ex{wuuk, tx. @gefikl U g̀tfgku, Ugi` ind tfk Zkut 9;11-9:11 &Efginj @ig, Uglmzbx`Hbbmu, 8118', qq.89-58.

A Portuguese Embassy to Siam in 1595 and Some Curious Observations

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