A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Early Late Ordovician Orthograptinae (Graptolithina)
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Transcript of A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Early Late Ordovician Orthograptinae (Graptolithina)
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A Phylogenetic Analysis A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Early Late of the Early Late
Ordovician Ordovician Orthograptinae Orthograptinae (Graptolithina)(Graptolithina)
Sue KlostermanSue Klosterman
Charles Charles MitchellMitchell
Dan GoldmanDan Goldman
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MacroevolutionMacroevolution
Large scale project on Large scale project on evolutionary trendsevolutionary trends
Phylogenetic Phylogenetic reconstruction of the reconstruction of the Orthograptinae is an Orthograptinae is an essential componentessential component
Interpretation of Interpretation of trends are dependent trends are dependent on phylogenyon phylogeny
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DDO RadiationDDO Radiation Rapid expansion in Rapid expansion in
the Early Late the Early Late Ordovician, about Ordovician, about 458 million years ago458 million years ago
Difficulty in Difficulty in determining determining evolutionary evolutionary relationshipsrelationships
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Character AnalysisCharacter Analysis
Commonly Commonly preserved preserved on black on black shales shales
3-D specimens 3-D specimens extracted extracted from from limestone limestone matrixmatrix
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Character ExamplesCharacter Examples 56 parsimony-56 parsimony-
informative informative discrete discrete characterscharacters
Thecal Shape
Apertural Orientation
10 continuous 10 continuous characters – characters – measurement measurement datadata
2TRD2TRD
Colony Width
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PAUP
Tree AnalysisTree Analysis
MacCladeMacClade
Branch & Bound Branch & Bound SearchSearch
RC Index RC Index Character WeightingCharacter Weighting
16 Taxa16 Taxa
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Outgroup SelectionOutgroup Selection
HustedograptusHustedograptus as primitive outgroup as primitive outgroup
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Consensus Tree - Consensus Tree - Discrete characters onlyDiscrete characters only
9 MPR – all variations within O. quadrimucronatus group
Generally compatible with current systematics
H. u
plan
dicu
s
H. t
eret
iusc
ulus
O. c
alca
ratu
s inc
isus
O. a
picu
latu
s
O. p
agea
nus
O. s
pini
geru
s
O. q
uadr
imuc
rona
tus
Prim
itive
Rec
togr
aptu
s
R. a
mpl
exic
aulis
G. p
ygm
aeus
G. t
ypic
alis
A.p
raet
ypic
alis
A. m
axw
elli
A. p
erex
cava
tus
O. r
uede
man
ni
O. e
ucha
ris
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Individual CladesIndividual Clades
OrthograptusOrthograptus
OrthograptusOrthograptus is a is a paraphyletic taxon paraphyletic taxon from which from which RectograptusRectograptus, , AmplexograptusAmplexograptus and and GeniculograptusGeniculograptus have have been derivedbeen derived
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Individual CladesIndividual Clades
Orthograptus Orthograptus calcaratuscalcaratus group is group is the primitive sister the primitive sister group to the rest of group to the rest of the derived the derived orthograptinesorthograptines
Derived orthograptines
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Individual CladesIndividual Clades
A – R – G subclades
Orthograptus Orthograptus quadrimucronatusquadrimucronatus group is group is the sister group to the the sister group to the AmplexograptusAmplexograptus, , RectograptusRectograptus and and Geniculograptus Geniculograptus subcladessubclades
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Individual CladesIndividual Clades
RectograptusRectograptus is is the primitive the primitive sister group to sister group to the the AmplexograptuAmplexograptuss and and GeniculograptuGeniculograptuss sub-clades sub-clades
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Thecal DiversificationThecal Diversification
Thecal Thecal diversification diversification from primitive, from primitive, straight tubes to straight tubes to more complex more complex geniculate thecae geniculate thecae for this subclade.for this subclade.
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Cladogram SupportCladogram Support
CI = .84CI = .84
RI = .89RI = .89
RC = .74RC = .74
Consistency Consistency Indicies – low Indicies – low levels of levels of homoplasyhomoplasy
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Cladogram SupportCladogram Support
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141
Cladogram Length
Fre
qu
en
cy
PTP Test – No PTP Test – No permutated permutated cladograms are shorter cladograms are shorter in length than original in length than original cladogramcladogram
Original Original
Permutated Permutated
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Cladogram SupportCladogram Support
H. u
plan
dicu
s
H. t
eret
iusc
ulus
O. c
alca
ratu
s inc
isus
O. a
picu
latu
s
O. p
agea
nus
O. s
pini
geru
s
O. q
uadr
imuc
rona
tus
Prim
itve
Rec
togr
aptu
s
R. a
mpl
exic
aulis
G. p
ygm
aeus
G. t
ypic
alis
A.p
raet
ypic
alis
A. m
axw
elli
A. p
erex
cava
tus
O. r
uede
man
ni
O. e
ucha
ris
Bremer Support Indicies
6
2
1
6
1
11
4
100
0
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Consensus Tree - Consensus Tree - Measurement Data Measurement Data
includedincluded
H. u
plan
dicu
s
H. t
eret
iusc
ulus
O. c
alca
ratu
s inc
isus
O. a
picu
latu
s
O. p
agea
nus
O. s
pini
geru
s
O. q
uadr
imuc
rona
tus
Prim
itve
Rec
togr
aptu
s
R. a
mpl
exic
aulis
G. p
ygm
aeus
G. t
ypic
alis
A.p
raet
ypic
alis
A. m
axw
elli
A. p
erex
cava
tus
O. r
uede
man
ni
O. e
ucha
ris
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Consensus Tree - Consensus Tree - Measurement Data Measurement Data
includedincluded
H. u
plan
dicu
s
H. t
eret
iusc
ulus
O. c
alca
ratu
s inc
isus
O. a
picu
latu
s
O. p
agea
nus
O. s
pini
geru
s
O. q
uadr
imuc
rona
tus
Prim
itve
Rec
togr
aptu
s
R. a
mpl
exic
aulis
G. p
ygm
aeus
G. t
ypic
alis
A.p
raet
ypic
alis
A. m
axw
elli
A. p
erex
cava
tus
O. r
uede
man
ni
O. e
ucha
ris
O. ruedemanni becomes sister taxon to A - R - G subclade
Relationship of O. quadrimucronatus group is better defined
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Future WorkFuture Work
Start to incorporate Start to incorporate the orthograptinae the orthograptinae cladogram with cladogram with DDO fauna and DDO fauna and other graptolite other graptolite groupsgroups
Lasiograptids Dicranograptids
Orthograptids
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AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments
NSF Grant Ear - 0106844NSF Grant Ear - 0106844