A painting of early Earth showing volcanic activity and photosynthetic prokaryotes in dense mats.
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Transcript of A painting of early Earth showing volcanic activity and photosynthetic prokaryotes in dense mats.
Laboratory versions of protobionts, aggregates of abiotically produced molecules
Liposomecarrying out metabolic functions
Stromatolites (bacteria and sediment) in Northern Canada (3.5 Billion Yrs Old)
Oldest are in Shark Bay, Australia
The First Eukaryotes• The oldest fossils of eukaryotic cells date
back 2.1 billion years.• The hypothesis of endosymbiosis
proposes that mitochondria and plastids (chloroplasts and related organelles) were formerly small prokaryotes living within larger host cells
• An endosymbiont is a cell that lives within a host cell.
• The prokaryotic ancestors of mitochondria and plastids probably gained entry to the host cell as undigested prey or internal parasites.
• In the process of becoming more interdependent, the host and endosymbionts would have become a single organism.
• Serial endosymbiosis supposes that mitochondria evolved before plastids through a sequence of endosymbiotic events.
Endosymbiotic Sequence:
Ancestral photosyntheticeukaryote
Photosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Plastid
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
DNA
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nuclear envelope
Ancestral Prokaryote Invagination of Plasma Membrane
Serial Endosymbiosis: Aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote
Mitochondrion
Ancestralheterotrophiceukaryote
• Key evidence supporting an endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and plastids:
–Similarities in inner membrane structures and functions.
–These organelles transcribe and translate their own DNA.
–Their ribosomes are more similar to prokaryotic than eukaryotic ribosomes.
Evolutionary clock: Atmospheric oxygen
•While oxygen accumulation was gradual between 2.7 and 2.2 billion years ago, it shot up to 10% of current values shortly
afterward.
• This “corrosive” O2 had an enormous impact on life, dooming many prokaryote groups.
• Other species evolved mechanisms to use O2 in cellular respiration, which uses oxygen to help harvest the energy stored in organic molecules.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Origin of Multicellularity• The evolution of eukaryotic cells
allowed for a greater range of unicellular forms.
• A second wave of diversification occurred when multicellularity evolved and gave rise to algae, plants, fungi, and animals.
• Comparisons of DNA sequences date the common ancestor of multicellular eukaryotes to 1.5 billion years ago.
• The “snowball Earth” hypothesis suggests that periods of extreme glaciation confined life to the equatorial region or deep-sea vents from 750 to 580 million years ago.
• The Cambrian explosion refers to the sudden appearance of fossils resembling modern phyla in the Cambrian period (535 to 525 million years ago).
• Fossils in China provide evidence of modern animal phyla tens of millions of years before the Cambrian explosion.
The Colonization of Land• Fungi, plants, and animals began to
colonize land about 500 million years ago.
• Plants and fungi likely colonized land together by 420 million years ago.
• Arthropods and tetrapods are the most widespread and diverse land animals.
• Tetrapods evolved from lobe-finned fishes around 365 million years ago.
Mass Extinctions• Occurred at the end of
the following periods:
• Ordovician– 438 mya
– 75% of species disappeared
• Devonian– 360 mya
– 70% of marine invertebrates disappeared
• Permian– 245 mya
– 90% of ocean species disappeared
• Triassic– 208 mya
– 60% of species disappeared
• Cretaceous– 66 mya
– 75% of species disappeared
Clock Analogy for Some Key Events in Evolutionary History
4-5 mya475 mya
550-600 mya
1.5 bya
2.0 bya 3.5 bya
What gases did Miller and Ureyuse in their experiment backin 1953? What did they create?
Of what materials arestromatolites composed?
The first land plants appeared…
EK 1D1: There are several hypotheses about the natural origin of life on earth, each with supporting scientific evidence. Students should understand EACH of the following:
1)Primitive Earth provided inorganic precursors from which organic molecules could have been synthesized due to a presence of free available energy and the absenceof a significant quantity of oxygen.
2. In turn, these molecules served as monomers or building blocks for the formation of more complex molecules, including amino acids and nucleotides.3. The joining of monomers produced polymers with the ability to replicate, store, and transfer information.4. These complex reaction sets could haveoccurred in solution (organic soup model)or as reactions on solid reactive surfaces.5. The RNA World hypothesis proposesthat RNA could have been the earliest genetic material.