A & P of the Gastrointestinal Tract
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Transcript of A & P of the Gastrointestinal Tract
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A & P of the Gastrointestinal Tract
By: Sara Anderson
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Food!!!!!• It is necessary for existence
– Pssstt…and it’s darn good too!!!!!– What happens once we chew &
swallow it????? •The rest of the world may never
know..but YOU will!!!!!
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Digestive Tract•AKA: Alimentary Canal
–Musculoskeletal membranous tube extending from the mouth to the anus
•Approximately 30 FEET long!!!
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What is peristalsis?•Coordinated, rhythmic, serial contraction of smooth muscle that forces food through the digestive tract, bile through the bile duct, and urine through the ureter.•**Interesting note**
–During peristalsis, the tract shortens from approximately 30 feet to 15 feet!
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Accessory Organs• These aid in the digestive tract
but AREN’T considered part of the digestive tract:– Teeth– Tongue– Salivary Glands– Liver– Gall Bladder– Pancreas
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I’m hungry..let’s eat!!!•We should all know it all begins at our MOUTHS!
–TONGUE:•Muscular appendage•Aids in chewing, swallowing and formation of speech•Papillae contain taste buds
– BITTER, SWEET, SOUR AND SALTY
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TEETH•The teeth shred, grind and breakdown
–Each tooth has a special function
•Incisors (center) for biting and cutting•Canines (posterior incisors) are pointed for tearing and shredding•Molars (rear) with 4 cusps are for mastication; crushing and grinding
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SALIVARY GLANDS•3 Pairs:
–Parotid–Submandibular–Sublingual–Secrete saliva – 99% water with enzymes & mucus–1,000 – 1,500 mL of saliva every day–After food is ingested, continue to secrete saliva to cleanse the mouth
•Salivary amylase (ptyalin) - major enzyme – initiates carbohydrate metabolism•Lysozyme – destroys bacteria
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ESOPHAGUS•Muscular, collapsible tube approximately 10” long
–Mouth to thoracic cavity–Esophageal hiatus to stomach–No digestion takes place here–Bolus: broken down food with saliva that moves to the stomach in 5-6 seconds
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Bolus Transport
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STOMACH•Located in the LUQ•When full it’s the size of a football•Holds approximately 1 Liter•Entrance- Cardiac sphincter
–Churns, contracts & compresses contents with gastric juices & water–Protein digestion begins
Hydrochloric acid •softens connective tissue of meat•kills bacteria •activates pepsin, which converts proteins into proteoses & peptones
•Mucin- protects stomach lining•Intrinsic factor- absorption of B12•Broken down into viscous semiliquid called CHYME •Exit- Pyloric sphincter
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STOMACH
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SMALL INTESTINE•90% of digestion •20 feet long •1” diameter•Starts at the pyloric sphincter and ends at the ileocecal valve•3 major sections
–Duodenum–Jejunum–IleumLacteals absorb metabolized fats
•Intestinal juices finish carb & protein metabolism•Bile breaks molecules into smaller droplets•Pancreatic juices
– break down proteins to amino acids–Dietary fats to glycerol & fatty acids–Starch to simple sugars
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SMALL INTESTINE
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LARGE INTESTINE•Cecum•Appendix•Ascending colon•Transverse colon•Descending colon•Sigmoid colon•Rectum•anus
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LARGE INTESTINE•2” diameter, 5’ long•4 Major functions
–Completion of absorption–Manufacture certain vitamins–Formation of feces–Expulsion of feces**NOTE**No function for appendix is known as of today
•Bacteria–Changes chyme into fecal material by releasing remaining nutrients–Synthesizes Vitamin K–Produces some B-complex vitamins
•Remaining water & vitamins are absorbed into bloodstream through OSMOSIS
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RECTUM• Last 8” of Large intestine• Fecal material is expelled• This is the desired outcome….
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ACCESSORY ORGANS: THE LIVER•Largest glandular organ & one of the most complex•3 lbs•Divided into 2 lobes•15oo mL of blood are delivered to the liver every minute via the portal vein & hepatic artery•Bile
–Yellow-brown or green-brown color–Necessary for metabolism of fats
•500-1,000 mL/daily
•Many functions:–Manages blood coagulation–Manufactures cholesterol–Manufactures albumin (maintains normal blood volume)–Filters old RBC’s & bacteria–Detoxifying poisons (alcohol, nicotine, drugs)–Turns ammonia into urea–Main source of body heat–Stores back up glycogen–Activates Vitamin D–Breaks down nitrogenous waste–And that’s it!!!!!!!!!!
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THE LIVER
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ACCESSORY ORGANS: THE PANCREAS• Endocrine & EXOCRINE• 1,000 – 1,500 mL juice to aid in
digestion• Protease (trypsin), lipase
(steapsin), & amylase (amylopsin) digest proteins, fats and carbohydrates
• Empties through the duodenum in the papilla of Vater
• Contains sodium bicarbonate to neutralize hydrochloric acid
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THE PANCREAS
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Regulation of food intake!!•Hypothalamus
–2 centers to stimulate to eat and to STOP eating!!!!
•And THIS..is your stomach on too much good food!!!!!!!!!!!!!