Occupational Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap: A Job Half ...
A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets
description
Transcript of A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets
![Page 1: A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815ef1550346895dcdb3c1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
A NEW METHOD TO UNDERSTAND OCCUPATIONAL GENDER SEGREGATION IN EUROPEAN LABOUR MARKETS
Brendan Burchell*, Vincent Hardy* Jill Rubery** and Mark Smith***
Advisory Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men: Brussels, 22 May 2014
*University of Cambridge, ** University of Manchester *** Grenoble Ecole de Management
![Page 2: A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815ef1550346895dcdb3c1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Context• Segregation as the source of many inequalities on
the labour market [but not always negative for women.]
• Segregation occurs along various dimensions -- occupation, sector, public/private, workplace, etc
• Segregation is remarkably resistant to efforts to de-segregate.
![Page 3: A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815ef1550346895dcdb3c1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Why segregation matters … • segregation matters for gender inequality
– narrows employment choices and reinforces gender stereotypes– limit access to higher level jobs– Reflection of unequal division of unpaid work and family responsibilities– facilitates the undervaluation of women’s work– Protects women from male competition – Supply and demand side debates
– The big question: Is a women’s disadvantage in the labour market primarily because they are a woman, or because they do a woman’s job?
![Page 4: A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815ef1550346895dcdb3c1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Indicators … • Existing indicators capture only part of picture and
unable to disaggregate by other factors• Change in an indicator may be the result of a variety of
underlying trends• Indicators are sensitive to the coarseness of the measure
of occupations (eg pharmacists as one group or several)• The occupational classification schemes themselves are
the outcome of historical gendered power struggles and compromises to claim and value skills (thus finer gradations for male-dominated jobs than female jobs)
![Page 5: A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815ef1550346895dcdb3c1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Hierarchical Structure of ISCO88 (ISER)• Major group
– Sub-major group• Minor group
• Unit group
• 2 Professionals• 22 Life science and health professionals• 222 Health professionals (except nursing)• 2221 Medical Doctors• 2222 Dentists• 2223 Vetenarians etc• 223 Nurses and Midwives
![Page 6: A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815ef1550346895dcdb3c1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Gender Segregation Index for Occupations and Industry Sectors, EU27. Falling overall, but increasing in some countries
![Page 7: A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815ef1550346895dcdb3c1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Qualitative StudiesCase studies of occupations (eg Pharmacists, Clerks).
Change over longer time periods, WWII, technologies, gender legislation...
Effects of feminisation on structures, pay, TUs, etc
Case studies of employees, esp. as minorities (eg female construction trades, male midwives)
![Page 8: A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815ef1550346895dcdb3c1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Scotland's only male midwife: Dad David loves the job he has done for 25 yearsTHE 53-year-old dad worked as a miner before he decided to train and become a midwife.
![Page 9: A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815ef1550346895dcdb3c1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Under-representation of women by country and ISCO 1-digit
![Page 10: A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815ef1550346895dcdb3c1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Isco 2-digit by collar and gender mix in EU15 Source: EWCS 2005
![Page 11: A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815ef1550346895dcdb3c1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
DatasetsTechnique first developed using 2010 European Working Conditions Survey
Current report based on Labour Force Survey, esp 2010 & 2005 (work-life balance ad hoc module), 2007 (risks)
Note: Attempts to capture and code a respondent’s occupation is a bit fuzzy; expect a lot of error
![Page 12: A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815ef1550346895dcdb3c1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Top occupations ISCO-88 by gender share and volume –EU26, 2010
![Page 13: A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815ef1550346895dcdb3c1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Example of Men’s advantage within each occupation: Supervising
![Page 14: A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815ef1550346895dcdb3c1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Different Occupations, Different Risks:
![Page 15: A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815ef1550346895dcdb3c1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Hours worked by full-timers. Both Women and Men benefit from shorter hours in female-dominated occupations
![Page 16: A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815ef1550346895dcdb3c1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Part-Time work for women is more prevalent in female-dominated occupations
![Page 17: A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815ef1550346895dcdb3c1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Examining international differences in occupational gender segregation
![Page 18: A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815ef1550346895dcdb3c1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
High Stability in levels of segregation between 2005 and 2010.
![Page 19: A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815ef1550346895dcdb3c1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
The Importance of the Public Sector for Women with Higher Education: EU-27, 2010
![Page 20: A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815ef1550346895dcdb3c1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Ratio of men and women’s pay to male average pay – EU-27, 2010
Women are paid less in almost all occupations.
Gap largest for Business and Admin Professionals and Health Professionals.
Reversed for two extreme male occupations.
![Page 21: A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815ef1550346895dcdb3c1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Ratio Cleaners and helpers’ female pay to average male pay, by country EU-27, 2010
Cleaners
Women in Low skilled occupations receive better pay in more equal countries – for example Cleaners and Helpers
![Page 22: A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815ef1550346895dcdb3c1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Ratio teaching professionals’ female pay to average male pay, by country EU-27, 2010
Teaching
Very different pattern for a high skill female-dominated occupation – eg teachers.
![Page 23: A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815ef1550346895dcdb3c1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Problems yet to be solved• 1 The transition between ISCO-88 and ISCO-08• 2 The policy-makers preference for a simple
measure: proportion of ‘Mixed jobs’ 40%-60% [a lumpy measure].
• 3 Integration of female labour market participation rates into the analyses.
• 4 Analysing several forms of gender segregation simultaneously (eg occupation and workplace).
![Page 24: A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815ef1550346895dcdb3c1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Last Comments…• Intuitive approach to complement other measures • …and frame analyses within occupations• Identification of impact of segregation– Gender effects within jobs (for example, supervision)– Gendering of occupations (for example working time)
• Tukey 1977 “Anything that makes a simpler description possible makes the description more easily handlable”.