A nation’s desire to expand beyond its borders and acquire more territory or colonies.
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Transcript of A nation’s desire to expand beyond its borders and acquire more territory or colonies.
A nation’s desire to expand beyond its
borders and acquire more territory or
colonies
British Colonial
Control of India
Colonialism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific
Stronger nations create empires by dominating
nations that are economically, politically,
culturally or militarily weaker.
The most economically and militarily strong countries in the world.
By 1900, the U.S. had emerged as a world power.
Four Factors that Foster Imperialism
•Economy•Nationalism•Militarism•Humanitarianism
•Industrialized nations needed new sources of natural resources, such as rubber and petroleum.
•They also wanted new markets in which to sell their manufactured goods.
•Devotion to one’s own nation•A belief that one’s own people
and culture is superior to others
•Causes nations to compete with others for new territory as a matter of pride and power
•European and American military technology was much more advanced than Asia and Africa
•We needed naval bases around the world for fuel and supplies
•Western doctors and missionaries believed they had a duty to bring medicine and Christianity to “heathen” Africans and Asians.
People Who
Promoted Imperialis
m
Rudyard Kipling
British author of the poem,
“The White Man’s
Burden”
“The White Man’s Burden”
•Belief in the racial superiority of Germanic and Anglo-Saxon peoples
•The “white man” has the responsibility of improving the lives of less advanced cultures
Excerpt from “The White Man’s Burden”
Take up the White Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go send your sons to exile To serve your captives' need To wait in heavy harness On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half devil and half child.
Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan
Alfred T. Mahan• Navy Captain (eventually
Admiral)• 1890 - Wrote The Influence of
Sea Power Upon History • Argued that the greatest nation
was the one with strongest navy• Pushed for expansion of the U.S.
Navy and the need for new territories
Mahan’s book influenced
Congress to appropriate
money to build up the
U.S. Navy
Henry Cabot Lodge
• Powerful U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
• Major supporter of imperialism
William Randolph
Hearst
William Randolph Hearst
• Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist• Newspaper publisher• Changed American journalism by
reporting sensational stories (crimes, murders, scandals, etc.)
• Stories not always totally factual• “Yellow Journalism”
William McKinley
• 1896 – 1901• Annexed Hawaii• Annexed Samoa• Took Cuba, Puerto Rico, and
the Philippines from Spain• Refused to grant
independence to the Philippines
JingoismAn intense desire for an
aggressive expansionist foreign policy in the 1890’s
Supporters of expansion were sometimes called “jingoes” by those who did not agree with them.
William McKinley = jingo
America Expands
Hawaii• 1887
– Trade treaty allowed Hawaii to export sugar to U.S. duty (tariff) free
– Pearl Harbor leased to the U.S. as a fueling station
• 1891 – King Kalakaua dies– Queen Liliuokalani takes throne
Hawaii• 1893
– U.S. Marines help pineapple planter Sanford B. Dole to remove Queen Liliuokalani from power
– Dole proclaims Hawaii to be a republic, and himself President
• 1898– Congress approves the annexation
of Hawaii against the protest of Liliuokalani
Hawaii“We need Hawaii just as much and a good deal more than we did California. It is Manifest Destiny.”
President William McKinley, 1898
Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii
Sanford Balland Dole
Pineapple Planter & President of Republic
of Hawaii
The Importance of Hawaii in U.S. Trade
Samoa
Pago Pago, Samoa
Pago Pago Harbor
Samoa• Pacific Island• Pago Pago Harbor• 1889 - Became a protectorate of
Germany, Britain, & U.S.• 1899 – annexed by the U.S. as a base
for trade with Asian countries
The Spanish-American War
1898A “splendid little war”
fought between Spain and America for territorial
control in the Caribbean and Pacific
Cuban Rebellion 1895• Small island 90 miles from Florida –
colony of Spain• Cubans rebelled against Spain• General Valeriano Weyler and 150,000
troops were sent to stop revolt• Weyler forced 100’s of thousands of
Cubans into “re-concentration” camps• Over 200,000 died of disease and
starvation
Cuba – 90 Miles from Florida Keys
Havana, Cuba Florida Keys
The “Butcher Weyler”
“Reconcentration” Victims in
Cuba
Caption: The duty of the hour . . . To save her not only from Spain but from a worse fate.
The de Lôme Letter, Feb.
1898• Written by the Spanish Written by the Spanish
ambassador, de Lômeambassador, de Lôme• De Lôme insulted President De Lôme insulted President
McKinleyMcKinley• Intercepted by Cuban rebelsIntercepted by Cuban rebels• Published by W. R. HearstPublished by W. R. Hearst• Intensified anti-Spanish feelings Intensified anti-Spanish feelings
in U.S.in U.S.
Dupuy de Lôme
Spanish Ambassador
to Washington
The Ambassador had said
that McKinley was . . .
““weak and a bidder for the weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his terms with the jingoes of his party”party”
U.S.S. Maine• U.S. battleship• Jan. 1898 - President McKinley
sends it to Havana, the capital of Cuba, to protect American citizens and property during rioting
• Mysteriously explodes on Feb. 15• 260 American sailors killed
U.S.S. Maine
Painting of the Sinking of the U.S.S Maine
The U.S.S. Maine Sinks
Funeral for the Victims of the Maine
U.S.S. Maine Mast Monument
at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia
U.S.S. Maine Mast
Monument,
surrounded by
graves of those who died in the explosion
Graves of Unknown Sailors Who Died on the U.S.S. Maine
McKinley’s War Message• March 1898 – McKinley sends Spain a
list of 4 demands (including Cuban independence)
• Spain refuses to grant Cubans freedom• April 11 – McKinley asks Congress to
declare war against Spain• Americans demand war –
“Remember the Maine!” “To hell with Spain!”
Teddy Roosevel
t as Assistant Secretary
of the Navy
Battle of Manila Bay• In February, 1898 TR, Asst. Sec. of the
Navy, sent orders to Admiral Dewey to prepare the U.S. fleet at Hong Kong to launch an attack against Manila Bay if war broke out.
• May 1, 1898 - Admiral Dewey launches a surprise attack on Spanish ships anchored in Manila Bay
• Destroys Spain’s entire Pacific fleet (10 old ships)
• Battle takes 7 hours
The Philippines
A prime location for trade and
naval operations
Dewey’s Route to the Philippines
Dewey’s Route to Manila
Admiral Dewey’s Ship, The Olympia
Manila Bay, The Philippines
Admiral George Dewey,
Liberator of the
Philippines
Admiral Dewey
William McKinley
Meanwhile . . .
back in the
Caribbean
• TR resigns as Asst. Sec. of the Navy• Begins a volunteer regiment - the
First Volunteer Cavalry • A diverse group of firemen,
policemen, miners, cowboys and athletes recruited by TR
TR and the Rough Riders
Battle of San Juan Hill
• July 1, 1898• The Rough Riders led an
invasion of Cuba by charging up San Juan Hill and capturing it within minutes
Fredric Remington’s Rough Riders’ Charge up
San Juan Hill
Treaty of Paris• Signed in December 1898 • U.S. paid Spain $20 million• Spain recognized Cuban independence• Spain gave the U.S. the Philippines,
Puerto Rico, and Guam• These islands became “unincorporated”
territories of U.S. – not to become states• Acquisition of new territory was hotly
debated by anti-imperialists in the Senate
26
Territorial Acquisitions
from the Spanish- American War
The Pacific Ocean
The Caribbean Sea
Cuba
Cuba• Cuba became independent nation• McKinley installed a military
government for 3 years• Set up school system and
restored economic stability• 1900 – Cubans allowed to draft
their own constitution – modeled on U.S.
Cuba• U.S. required Cuba to include
provisions of the Platt Amendment– Cuban govt could not enter any
foreign agreements – U.S. was allowed to establish
naval bases in Cuba as needed– U.S. had right to intervene
when necessary
Puerto Rico• Did not become independent• U.S. Military government until 1900• 1917 – Puerto Ricans were granted
U.S. citizenship• They could elect their local
legislators, but could not send reps to U.S. Congress
• U.S. kept power to appoint key officials, such as the governor
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
Philippines
Guam
Pacific Islands Acquired
Guam – Island in
the South Pacific –
east of the Philippines
The Philippines• January 1899 –
Rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Philippines to be a republic
• America ignores this• February 1899 – War
erupts between rebel forces and American soldiers
Native Filipinos
President McKinley justifies his policy toward the Philippines:
“We could not leave them to themselves – they were unfit for self-government, and they would soon have anarchy and misrule worse than Spain’s was . . . There was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them. . .”
Caption reads:
“The Filipino’s
First Bath”
Why do you shed all this blood; why do you spend all this energy, all these millions of dollars? Is it for our good or for your own? Sixto Lopez, Filipino leader, in letter to U.S. General Wheeler
A Filipino viewpoint of the war:
How some saw the new U.S. role in
the Philippines
Filipino Soldiers
Filipino-American War
• Lasted 3 years• 4,000 Americans killed• 3,000 Americans wounded• Cost U.S. $160 million• 16,000 Filipino soldiers killed• 200,000 Filipino civilians died
Gregorio del Pilar
Filipino Rebel
Promoted to General at age
22
Dead at age 24
Filipino Casualties
Caption reads:
The American Artillery did wonderful execution in the battles with the Insurgents. In a trench at Santa Ana the Tagal dead lay in piles. The group shown in the picture consisted of thirty-eight bodies.
Skeletal remains of Filipino insurgents
Surrender of Filipino Insurgents - 1902
One More Imperialistic Gain:
The Panama Canal
The Isthmus of Panama
Panama Canal• Panama – a province of Colombia• 1879 – a French company buys a 25
year land concession from Colombia to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama
• 1889 - Project fails
Panama Canal• French company offers to sell its
rights to U.S. $100 million• 1902 – price lowered to $40 million• U.S. tries to work out a treaty with
Colombia• Colombia stalls, hoping for a higher
offer on the land
Panama Canal• 1902 – TR secretly promises American
support of a Panamanian revolt against Colombia
• 1903 – TR sends U.S. warships to wait offshore
• Revolution lasts ONE day• U.S. immediately recognizes Panama’s
independence
Panama Canal• U.S. signed a treaty with Panama
giving us a 10-mile wide canal zone• U.S. would have complete
sovereignty over area • U.S. paid Panama $10 million and
Columbia $20 million
Panama Canal• 100,000 workers worked 7 days a
week for 10 years• Malaria and yellow fever spread by
mosquitoes killed 6,000 workers • Canal was completed in 1914 ahead
of schedule and under budget
TR Visits the Canal
Zone
Why Important?
The Panama Canal provides a faster route from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean
The Panama Canal
System of locks at the canal
Imperialistic Foreign Policyand American Presidents
1890 -1915
(an overview)
Spheres of
Influence
Spheres of Influence
• Areas of economic and political control in a region
• The Pacific and Caribbean had become spheres of influence for the U.S.
• European and Asian countries had exclusive control and trading rights in different areas of China
America’s Spheres of Influence
Pacific and Caribbean
Spheres of Influence in
China
Open Door Policy
• McKinley wanted an “open door” to China
• All countries, including the U.S., would be allowed to trade freely with China
How Europeans Saw the “Open Door”
Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Diplomacy
• TR - “Speak softly, and carry a big stick; you will go far.”
• The big stick = U.S. Navy • The threat of American military force
and intervention in other nations’ problems would strengthen our position as a world power
The Great White Fleet
• December 1907• Roosevelt sends part of the
U.S. Navy fleet on a cruise around the world
• Purpose was to demonstrate our impressive naval power
Roosevelt’s Great White Fleet Sails Around the Globe
Big Stick Diplomacy
Roosevelt Corollary• 1904 - An informal addition to the
Monroe Doctrine• The U.S. would not intervene in
other countries’ affairs, unless they negatively affected U.S. interests
• The U.S. would not allow Europeans to intervene in the western hemisphere
When Santo Domingo goes bankrupt, Roosevelt Corollary is used to protect the island from European nations
Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy
• Taft wanted to “substitute dollars for bullets”
• U.S. investment in foreign nations would help to maintain orderly societies
• Creates enemies in the Caribbean who hated U.S. influence
U.S. Interventions in Latin America
Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy
• The U. S. shouldThe U. S. should– be the consciencebe the conscience
of the worldof the world– spread democracyspread democracy– promote peacepromote peace– condemn condemn
colonialismcolonialism
Wilson Teaches a Lesson in
Moral Diplomacy