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A NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR THE PRESERVATION OF HISTORIC SITES AND BUILDINGS

by Herbert E. Kahler, Chief, Division of History and Archeology, National Park Service, U .S . Department of the Interior, Washing­ton, D. C.

The Congress in 1935 declared that it is a national policy to preserve for public use historic sites, buildings, and objects of national signifi­cance for the inspiration and benefit of the people of the United States.

To carry out such a policy it is first of all necessary to determine which sites, buildings, and objects are of national importance. To make this determination a Nationwide survey has been in progress, scheduled for completion in 1966. The field of American history has been divided into periods or themes, ranging in time from Early Man almost to the present.

The study and identification of historic sites and buildings has been a cooperative process in which State and local agencies, and professional historians and architects have shared their knowledge with staff histor­ians of the Service. These studies are evaluated by a Consulting Committee of eight persons eminent in the fields of history, architecture, and archeology. Their findings are submitted to the Advisory Board on National Park, Historic Sites, Buildings, and Monuments for recom­mendations to the Secretary of the Interior. This double screening by the Consulting Committee and the Advisory Board is to assure that no important site or building is overlooked and that no substandard site is included in the Registry of National Historic Landmarks. From this list a historic site or building may be selected occasionally to fill gaps in the National Park System, following appropriate legislative action by the Congress.

The following criteria are used by the Consulting Committee and the Advisory Board in judging the national historical significance of sites and buildings.

1. Structures or sites at which events occurred that have made an out­standing contribution to, and are identified prominently with, or which best represent, the broad cultural, political, economic, military, or social history of the Nation, and from which the visitor may grasp the larger patterns of our American heritage. 2. Structures or sites associated importantly with the lives of outstand­ing historic personages. 3. Structures or sites associated significantly with an important event that best represents some great idea or ideal of the American people. 4. Structures that embody the distinguishing characteristics of an archi­tectural type specimen, exceptionally valuable for a study of a period style or method of construction; or a notable structure representing the work of a master builder, designer, or architect.

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5. Archeological sites that have produced information of major scientific importance by revealing new cultures, or by shedding light upon periods of occupation over large areas of theUnitedStates. Such sites are those which have produced, or which may reasonably be expected to produce, data affecting theories, concepts, and ideas to a major degree. 6. Every historic and archeological site and structure should have integrity—that is, there should not be doubt as to whether it is the original site or structure, and in the case of a structure, that it repre­sents original materials and workmanship. Intangible elements of feel­ing and association, although difficult to describe, may be factors in weighing the integrity of a site or structure. 7. Structures or sites which are primarily of significance in the field of religion or to religious bodies but are not of national importance in other fields of the history of the United States, such as, political, military, or architectural history, will not be eligible for consideration. 8. Birthplaces, graves, burials, and cemeteries, as a general rule, are not eligible for consideration and recognition except in cases of histor­ical figures of transcendent importance. Historic sites associated with the actual careers and contributions of outstanding historical personages are more important than their birthplaces and burial places. 9. Structures or sites of recent historical importance, relating to events or persons within 50 years, will not, as a rule, be eligible for consider­ation.

Once a site or building has been considered of national historical significance, it is eligible to be enrolled in the Registry of National Historic Landmarks.

To focus attention on the importance of preserving this part of our heritage, the Secretary of the Interior issues a certificate and a bronze plaque to the owner or administrator, if he desires them. This is also a means of encouraging the administrator or owner to protect his historic place and the community to respect its integrity. Historic site preserva­tion under this program is, therefore, a work in which the Federal Government, State agencies, communities, private organizations, and individuals all share. Although the program is a purely voluntary one giving the Federal Government no legal control over the National Land­mark or its environs, the few test cases that have been made so far indicate that the National Landmark program acts powerfully to mar shall widespread public support and other preservation forces whenever a Landmark or its integrity is threatened. The long range benefit of the program to the American people is the preservation of the American cultural heritage in nationally important historic sites and buildings should therefore be considerable.

As of June 1, 1963, 404 sites and buildings have been judged to be of national significance. Some are government-owned and administered by agencies other than the National Park Service, some are owned by semi-public bodies, and some are privately owned. As remaining studies are completed, other sites will be added.

Those judged to be of national historical significance and hence eligible to be Registered National Historic Landmarks are listed below:

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ALABAMA Confederate Capitol, Montgomery Fort Morgan, entrance to Mobile Bay Fort Toulouse, Wetumpka

ALASKA American Flag Raising Site, Sitka Birnirk, Point Barrow Chaluka, Umnak I. Erskine House, Kodiak Fur Seal Rookeries, Pribilof Is. Gambell, St. Lawrence Is. Ipiutak, Point Hope Iyatayet, Cape Denbigh Old Sitka Site, near Sitka Palugvik, Hawkins Island Russian Mission Orphanage, Sitka St. Michael's Cathedral, Sitka Skagway and White Pass Wales, Seward Peninsula Yukon Island (Main Site), Cook Inlet

ARIZONA Fort Bowie and Apache Pass, near

Bowie Double Adobe, near Douglas Hohokam-Pima IrrigationSites, Salt

and Gila River Valleys Hubbell Trading Post, Ganado Roosevelt Dam, Gila County San Xavier del Bac, near Tucson Tombstone Ventana Cave, Papago Reservation

ARKANSAS Arkansas Post State Park and His­

toric Environs, near Gillett Fort Smith, in City of Ft. Smith

CALIFORNIA "The Abbey," Joaquin Miller Home,

Oakland Bancroft Ranee House, Spring

Valley, San Diego County Big Four House, Sacramento Bodie, near Mono Lake Carmel Mission, Carmel Coloma, near Placerville Columbia, near Stockton Donner Camp, Donner Pass Fort Ross, near Santa Rosa Lake Merritt Wild Duck Refuge,

Oakland Larkin House, Monterey Jack London's Ranch, Glen Ellen

John Muir House, Martinez New Almaden, near San Jose Frank Norris Cabin, near Gilroy Oak Grove Butterfield Stage Station,

San Diego County Old Custom House, Monterey Old Mission Dam (Padre Dam), San

Diego Pony Express Terminal (B. F.

Hastings Building), Sacramento The Presidio of San Francisco Royal Presidio Chapel, Monterey San Diego Presidio San Francisco Old Mint Santa Barbara Mission Sonoma Plaza Sutter's Fort, Sacramento Walker Pass, Kern County Warner's Ranch, near Warner

Springs

COLORADO Bent's Old Fort, near La Junta Central City Cripple Creek Durango-Silverton Narrow Gauge

Line Leadville Lindenmeier Site, near Ft. Collins Pike's Peak, near Colorado Springs Pike's Stockade, Conejos County Silverton Telluride

CONNECTICUT Old State House, Hartford Stanley-Whitman House, Farming-

ton Mark Twain Home (Mem.) Hartford Webb House, Wethersfield Noah Webster Birthplace, West

Hartford

DELAWARE John Dickinson Mansion, near Dover Fort Christina, Wilmington Holy Trinity (Old Swedes) Church,

Wilmington

FLORIDA Fort San Carlos de Barrancas,

Pensacola Okeechobee Battlefield, near Okee­

chobee

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FLORIDA (continued) Pelican Island Nat. Wildlife Refuge

near Vero Beach Plaza Ferdinand VII, Pensacola San Luis de Apalache, near Talla­

hassee

GEORGIA Joel Chandler Harris House, Atlanta Stallings Island, near Augusta

HAWAII Cook Landing Site, Waimea, Kauai I. Hokukano-Ualapue Complex, Molo-

kai I. Honokohau Settlement, Hawaii I. Huilua Fishpond, Oahu I. Iolani Palace, Honolulu Kamakahonu, Kailua, Hawaii I. Kaunolu Village Site, Lanai I. Kawaiahao Church & Mission

Houses, Honolulu Keauhou Holua Slide, Hawaii I. Lahaina (Historic District), Maui I. Loaloa Heiau, Maui I. Mauna Kea Adz Quarry, Hawaii I. Mookini Heiau, Hawaii I. Old Sugar Mill, Koloa, Kauai I. Puukohol Heiau, near Kawaihae,

Hawaii I. Puu o Makuka Heiau, Oahu I. Russian Fort, near Waimea, Kauai I. South Point Complex, Hawaii I. Wailua Complex of Heiaus, Kauai I.

IDAHO Assay Building, Boise Cataldo Mission, near Coeur d'Alene Fort Hall, near town of Fort Hall Lemhi Pass, Idaho-Montana, near

Salmon, Idaho Lolo Trail, Idaho-Montana, near

Missoula, Montana

ILLINOIS Fort de Chartres, near Prairie du

Rocher Ulysses S. Grant Home, Galena Lincoln Home, Springfield Lincoln Tomb, Springfield Modoc Rockshelter, near Prairie du

Rocher Nauvoo Old Main, Knox College, Galesburg

Old State Capitol (Sangamon County Court House), Springfield

Starved Rock, near Ottawa

INDIANA Joseph Bailly Homestead, near

Chesterton "Grouseland," William Henry

Harrison Home, Vincennes Nancy Hanks Lincoln State Memor­

ial, Spencer County James Whitcomb Riley House,

Indianapolis Tippecanoe Battlefield, near Lafay­

ette

IOWA Grenville N. Dodge House, Council

Bluffs Sergeant Floyd Monument, Sioux

City

KANSAS Council Grove, Morris County Fort Larned, near Larned Fort Leavenworth, near Leavenworth Haskell Institute, Lawrence Hollenburg Pony Express Station

(Cottonwood), near Hanover Trails Remains west of Dodge City Wagon Bed Springs, Ulysses

KENTUCKY Ashland, Lexington Indian Knoll, Ohio County Perryville Battlefield, near Perry-

ville "Springfield," Taylor House,

Louisville

LOUISIANA The Cabildo, New Orleans George W. Cable House, New

Orleans Fort de la Boulaye, near Phoenix Fort Jackson, near Triumph Fort Jesup, near Many Fort St. Philip, opposite Triumph Jackson Square, New Orleans Poverty Point, West Carroll Parish Ursuline Convent, New Orleans

MAINE Lady Pepperrell House, Kittery

Point

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Harriet Beecher Stowe House, Brunswick

Wadsworth-Longfellow House, Port­land

MARYLAND Baltimore & Ohio Transportation

Museum, Baltimore Hammand-Harwood House, Anna­

polis Maryland State House, Annapolis U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis U.S.S. Constellation, Baltimore "Whitehall," Annapolis

MASSACHUSETTS John Adams Birthplace, Quincy John Quincy Adams Birthplace,

Quincy "Arrowhead," Home of Herman

Melville, Pittsfield Beacon Hill Historic Dist., Boston William Cullen Bryant Home, near

Cummington Buckman Tavern, Lexington Bunker Hill Monument, Charlestown Christ Church, Cambridge Cole's Hill, Plymouth Craigie-Longfellow House, Cam­

bridge Home of Emily Dickinson, Amherst "Elmwood," James Russell Lowell

Home, Cambridge Ralph Waldo Emerson House, Con­

cord Fairbanks House, Dedham Faneuil Hall, Boston King's Chapel, Boston Jeremiah Lee Mansion, Marblehead Lexington Green, Lexington Massachusetts Hall, Cambridge Massachusetts State House, Boston Old Deerfield Village, Deerfield The Old Manse, Milton Old North Church (Christ Church

Episcopal), Boston Old Ship Church, Hingham Old South Meeting House, Boston Old State House (Second Town

House), Boston Frederick Law Olmsted House,

Brookline Orchard House, Louisa May Alcott

Home, Concord Francis Parkman House, Boston

Parson Capen House, Topsfield William H. Prescott House, Boston Paul Revere House, Boston Isaac Royall House, Medford Scotch-Boardman House, Saugus Shirley-Eustis House, Roxbury Springfield Armory, Springfield U.S.F. Constitution, Boston Walden Pond, Concord The Wayside, Alcott-Hawthorne

Home, Concord Whipple House, Ipswich Home of John Greenleaf Whittier,

Amesbury Wright Tavern, Concord

MICHIGAN Fort Michilimackinac, Mackinaw Mackinac Island St. Ignace Mission, St. Ignace Straits of Mackinac

MINNESOTA Fort Snelling, South Minneapolis James J. Hill Home, St. Paul

MISSOURI Arrow Rock, near Marshall Fort Osage, near Kansas City Graham Cave, Montgomery County Patee House, St. Joseph Sainte Genevieve Mark Twain (Samuel L. Clemens)

Boyhood Home, Hannibal

MONTANA Bannack Butte Fort Benton (the town) Grant-Kohrs Ranch, Deer Lodge Three Forks of the Missouri, Three

Forks Travelers Rest, near Lolo Virginia City

NEBRASKA Fort Atkinson, near Ft. Calhoun Fort Robinson and Red Cloud

Agency, Dawes County Robidoux Pass, Scotts Bluff County Signal Butte, Scotts Bluff County

NEVADA Fort Churchill, near Silver Springs Fort Ruby, south of Elko

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NEVADA (continued) Leonard Rock Shelter, near Love­

lock Senator Francis G. NewlandsHome,

Reno Virginia City

NEW HAMPSHIRE The MacDowell Colony, Peter­

borough Macpheadris-Warner House, Ports­

mouth Franklin Pierce Homestead, Hills-

boro Saint-Gaudens Memorial, Cornish

NEW JERSEY Monmouth Battlefield, near Free­

hold Nassau Hall, Princeton Princeton Battlefield, near Prince­

ton Washington Crossing, near Trenton Walt Whitman Home, Camden

NEW MEXICO Abo, near Mountainair Acoma, near Grants Anderson Basin (Blackwater Draw),

near Clovis Folsom, near Folsom Glorieta Pass Battlefield, southeast

of Santa Fe Hawikuh, near Zuni Kit Carson House, Taos La Junta, near Watrous Lincoln Mesilla Plaza, Mesilla Old Raton Pass, near Raton and also

Trinidad, Colorado Palace of the Governors, Santa Fe Pecos Pueblo, near Pecos Quarai, near Mountainair Rabbit Ears (Clayton Complex), near

Clayton Sandia Cave, northeast of Albuquer­

que Santa Fe Plaza, Santa Fe Taos Pueblo, near Taos Wagon Mound (Santa Clara Spring)

NEW YORK Adirondack Forest Preserve Bennington Battlefield, near Wallo-

omsac

Carnegie Hall, New York Central Park, New York City Hall, New York Cooper Union, New York Dutch Reformed (Sleepy Hollow)

Church, North Tarrytown Erie Canal, near Amsterdam Fort Crailo, Rensselaer Fort St. Frederic, Crown Point Fort Stanwix, Rome Fort Ticonderoga, near Ticonder-

oga Hamilton Grange, New York Holland Land Office, Batavia Franklin B. Hough House, Lowville Huguenot Street, New Paltz Hurley (Historic District) Johnson Hall, Johnstown Lamoka, west of Watkins Glen "Lindenwald," Martin Van Buren

Home, Kinderhook Metropolitan Opera, New York Morris-Jumel Mansion, New York Niagara Reservation, Niagara Falls Old Fort Niagara, near Youngstown Old House, Cutchogue Oriskany, near Rome Philipse Manor Hall, Yonkers Phillipsburg Manor, North Tarry-

town Plattsburgh Bay, Plattsburgh The Players Club, New York Plymouth Church of the Pilgrims,

Brooklyn St. Paul's Chapel, New York Stony Point Battlefield, near Stony

Point "Sunnyside," Washington Irving

Home, Tarrytown U.S. Military Academy, West Point Valcour Bay, near Plattsburgh Van Cortlandt Manor, Croton-on-

Hudson Voorlezer's House, Staten Island Washington Headquarters, Newburgh ' ' Woodchuck Lodge,'' JohnBurr oughs

Home, near Roxbury

NORTH CAROLINA Biltmore Estate, Ashville Fort Fisher, near Wilmington

NORTH DAKOTA Fort Union, near Buford

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OHIO Paul Laurence Dunbar House, Day­

ton Fallen Timbers Battlefield, near

Maumee

OKLAHOMA Camp Nichols, near Wheeless Cherokee National Capital, Tah-

lequah Creek National Capitol, Okmulgee Fort Gibson, near Ft. Gibson Fort Sill

OREGON Fort Astoria, Astoria Fort Rock Cave, Lake County

PANAMA CANAL ZONE Fort San Lorenzo

PENNSYLVANIA Academy of Music, Philadelphia Allegheny Portage Railroad of Pa.

Canal, Hollidaysburg to Johnstown John Bartram House, Philadelphia Brandywine Battlefield, west of

Chester Bushy Run Battlefield, near Jean-

nette Carlisle Indian School, Carlisle Chew House, "Cliveden," German-

town Elfreth's Alley, Philadelphia Forks of the Ohio, Pittsburgh Graeme Park, Bucks County Mount Pleasant, Philadelphia "Old West," Dickinson College,

Carlisle Gifford Pinchot Home, "Grey

Towers," Milford Edgar Allan Poe House, Philadelphia The Printzhof, Essington Valley Forge State Park, near

Norristown The Walnut Street Theater, Phila. Washington Crossing, near New­

town Conrad Weiser House, nearWomel-

sdorf "Wheatland," Buchanan Home, Lan­

caster

PUERTO RICO La Fortaleza, San Juan

RHODE ISLAND Brick Market, Newport First Baptist Meetinghouse, Pro­

vidence Old State House, Newport Redwood Library, Newport University Hall, Brown University,

Providence Wanton-Lyman-Hazard House, New­

port

SOUTH CAROLINA Miles Brewton House, Charleston Robert Brewton House, Charleston Camden Battlefield, near Camden Drayton Hall, near Charleston Fort Hill, John C. Calhoun Home Historic Charleston Mulberry Plantation, near Charles­

ton St. Michael's Episcopal Church,

Charleston

SOUTH DAKOTA Deadwood

TENNESSEE Franklin Battlefield, Franklin The Hermitage, Home of Andrew

Jackson, near Nashville Long Island of the Holston, near

Kingsport James K. Polk Home, Columbia

TEXAS The Alamo, San Antonio Fort Belknap, near Graham Fort Brown, Brownsville Fort Concho, San Angelo Fort Davis, Ft. Davis JA Ranch, Armstrong County King Ranch, near Kingsville Palo Alto Battlefield, near Browns­

ville Plainview, Plainview Resaca de la Palma Battlefield,

near Brownsville San Jacinto Battlefield, near Houston

UTAH Danger Cave, near Wendover Emigration Canyon, Salt Lake City

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VERMONT Justin S. Morrill Homestead,

Strafford

VIRGINIA Adam Thoroughgood House, near

Norfolk Bacon's Castle, Surry County Christ Church (Episcopal), near

Kilmarnock Confederate Capitol, Richmond Five Forks Battlefield, near Peters­

burg Fort Monroe, Hampton Greenway Court, near White Post Gunston Hall, near Woodbridge Lee Chapel, Lexington John Marshall House, Richmond Monticello, near Charlottesville Montpelier, James Madison Home,

near Orange Mount Airy, near Warsaw Mount Vernon, George Washington

Home, near Alexandria Oak Hill, James Monroe Home, near

Aldie, Loudoun County St. John's Episcopal Church, Rich­

mond St. Luke's Church, near Smithfield "Sherwood Forest," John Tyler

Home, near Charles City Stratford Hall, near Montross Westover, near Charles City White House of the Confederacy,

Richmond Williamsburg Wren Building, Williamsburg

VIRGIN ISLANDS Columbus Landing Site, Salt River

Bay, St. Croix Island

WASHINGTON Chinook Point, mouth of Columbia

River San Juan Island (American and

English Campsites)

WASHINGTON, D.C. City Hall (District Court House) Decatur House Gundelo Philadelphia, U.S. National

Museum Octagon House St. John's Episcopal Church Tudor Place United States Capitol White House

WISCONSIN Astor Warehouse, Prairie du Chien Brisbois House, Prairie du Chien Diamond Jo Warehouse, Prairie du

Chien Dousman Hotel, Prairie du Chien Oconto Site, Oconto Prairie du Chien Second Fort Crawford, Prairie du

Chien Villa Louis, Prairie du Chien

WYOMING Fort Phil Kearny and Related Sites,

near Story Green River Rendezvous Site, near

Daniel Horner Site, near Cody Independence Rock, southwest of

Casper South Pass, Wyoming Route 28,

Fremont County Tom Sun Ranch, Wyoming Route

220, near Independence Rock Wapati Ranger State, near Cody