A Nation DividedA Nation Divided

Standard Indicator 8-3.4Standard Indicator 8-3.4

New National LeadersNew National Leaders

Federal government was established in Federal government was established in 17891789

President George Washington

Secretary of the TreasuryAlexander Hamilton

Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton Called for an economic policy that would

strengthen the national government proposed (1) the federal gov’t pay the

debt incurred as a result of the American Revolutionary War

(2) (2) the national gov’t assume the debts of the states from the war

(3) (3) called for a national bank to issue bank notes /collect taxes

Also asked Congress to pass a high protective tariff on imported goods to encourage Americans to make goods at home

Political PartiesPolitical Parties(Federalists)(Federalists) Two political parties developed as

a result of disagreements over these proposals

Federalists (Hamilton) in favor of of proposalsproposals

Believed in a strong central government that would promote trade and industry

Most from New EnglandMost from New England

Political PartiesPolitical Parties(Democratic-(Democratic-Republicans)Republicans) Led by Thomas Jefferson and James

Madison Opposed Hamilton’s proposalsOpposed Hamilton’s proposals Favored a republic of small farmers & Favored a republic of small farmers &

shopkeepers rather than shopkeepers rather than manufacturingmanufacturing

SC elite supported the Federalists SC Backcountry supported the

Democratic-Republicans Most of SC supported the assumption Most of SC supported the assumption

of state debt, even though the of state debt, even though the Republicans did notRepublicans did not

Political CompromisePolitical Compromise

Democratic-Republicans agreed to assume the state debts as long as the Federalists agreed to move the capital of the nation to the banks of the Potomac River in the South (Present Day Washington, D.C.)

National BankNational Bank

The Democratic-Republicans argued that the Constitution should be strictly interpreted (literally)

Federalists argued that Congress had been granted the authority to make all laws that were “necessary and proper” to the execution of its powers

argued that a bank was necessary for the power to tax and control commerce which was granted to the national government in the Constitution

advocated a loose interpretation of the Constitution

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

1789 French Revolution1789 French Revolution Democratic-Republicans supported the

French in overthrowing their king Federalists were appalled at the

bloodshed – sided with the mother country hoping to

secure more trade George Washington issues a

Proclamation of Neutrality—US to remain neutral in the Napoleonic Wars

X,Y,Z AffairX,Y,Z Affair

Take Notes……(2:41)Take Notes……(2:41) The XYZ Affair

X,Y,Z Affair AftermathX,Y,Z Affair Aftermath

Federalists prepared for warFederalists prepared for war Democratic-Republicans vilified President

John Adams in their party newspapers Insulted by this, Federalists passed the Alien

& Sedition Acts designed to limit the growth of the Democratic –Republican Party & to silence its newspapers

Several newspaper publishers were jailed.– [Including Thomas Cooper after whom the

libraries at USC and Clemson are named] Republican response—suppression of their

freedom of press was unconstitutional

Neutrality, Trade, & Neutrality, Trade, & MoreMore Controversy over the Alien and Sedition Acts

contributed to the election of Thomas Jefferson as president in 1800

Americans traded with both the British and the French during the during the Napoleonic Wars

British practice of impressment – pressing into service American sailors they claimed

were British citizens– became a major grievance

B/c of this grievance, in 1807, Congress passed the Embargo Act to stop American trade with both Britain and France – This devastated the trading industry in New This devastated the trading industry in New

EnglandEngland– (Federalists imposed this and the war of 1812)(Federalists imposed this and the war of 1812)

Neutrality, Trade, & Neutrality, Trade, & MoreMore Democratic-Republicans living in the West

accused the British of urging Native Americans to attack American settlers

protest meetings were held all over South Carolina w when British ships fired on an American ship

In 1810, War Hawk John C. Calhoun was elected to Congress from South Carolina – urged Congress to declare war on Great Britain

War of 1812War of 1812

US declares war on Great Britain & invades Canada & were defeated

In 1814, a British army attacked Washington, D. C. and set fire to the capital and the president’s house [later the White House]

treaty that ended the war brought no exchange of lands but did cause a surge of nationalism

War of 1812War of 1812

Federalist Party died as a result of their opposition to the war

Democratic-Republicans, including John C. Calhoun, began to support Federalist policies including a protective tariff and the national bank The War of 1812 - Washington DC is burned to the Ground (8:49)(8:49)