A MULTI-BAND ANTENNA FOR MOBILE HANDSET

ZAKARIA ABDESLAM KABBOUR HANZAZ

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

iii

To

my Beloved Mother, Father, Brothers and Sisters.

iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, and Most Merciful

Praise be to Almighty Allah (Subhanahu Wa Ta’ala) who gave me the

courage and patience to carry out this work. Pease and blessing of Allah be upon his

last prophet Mohammed (Sallulaho-Alaihe Wassalam) and all his companions

(Sahaba), (Razi-Allaho-Anhum) who devoted their lives towards the prosperity and

spread of Islam.

My deep appreciation and heartfelt gratitude goes to my supervisor, Dr. Nor

Hisham Bin Hj Khamis for his kindness, constant endeavor, guidance and the

numerous moments of attention he devoted through out this work.

I extend my deepest gratitude to my sister, M.Eng. Assia A. K. Hanzaz for

her encouragement and motivation. I would like to convey a heartfelt thanks to my

parents, brothers, sisters and other family members including all my uncles, ants and

their families; their prayers and encouragement always helped me take the right step

in life.

Acknowledgement is due to my senior colleagues and friends and my

classmate, and a heartfelt gratitude and acknowledgement are due to the International

student community in UTM, Skudai for their kindness, care, valuable advices and

cooperation.

v

ABSTRACT

Conventional microstrip antennas in general have a conducting patch printed

on a grounded microwave substrate, and have the attractive features of low profile,

light weight, easy fabrication, and conformability to mounting hosts. Microstrip

antennas however have a narrow bandwidth, and bandwidth enhancement is usually

demanded for practical applications. In addition to being broadband, they should be

capable of operating in multiple frequency bands too. Compactness of structure is

another feature desired in present-day mobile communication systems in order to

meet the miniaturization requirements of mobile units. Thus, mobile phones antennas

require reduction in size and broadband operation for compatibility with different

standards essentially operating in different frequency bands. This project reviews the

techniques used to incorporate these two essential features to a conventional

microstrip antenna. Planar Inverted-F Antenna has been developed and the

information acquired from these techniques is appropriately used to explain the

design of operation for mobile phones. The quarter-wavelength Planar Inverted-F

Antenna (PIFA) combines the use of a slot, shorted parasitic patches and capacitive

loads to achieve multi-band operation. The result is a compact structure capable of

broadband operation in six different frequency bands used by four standards –

GSM900 (Global System for Mobile), GPS (Global Position System), DCS1800

(Digital Cellular Systems), PCS1900 (Personal Communication Systems),

UMTS2000 (Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems) and WLAN2400

(Wireless Local Area Network).

vi

ABSTRAK

Konvensional mikrostrip antena secara umumnya mempunyai pengalir

tampalan yang dicetak di atas satu substrat gelombang mikro yang dibumikan, dan

mempunyai ciri-ciri yang menarik seperti profil rendah, ringan, teknik pembuatan

yang mudah, dan mempunyai keseragaman dalam proses pemasangan. Antena

mikrostrip bagaimanapun mempunyai lebar jalur yang sempit, dan penambahan lebar

jalur biasanya diperlukan untuk aplikasi secara praktikal. Untuk menghasilkan jalur

lebar, antena ini sepatutnya boleh beroperasi dalam pelbagai jalur frekuensi. Struktur

yang padat pula merupakan ciri yang perlu ditekankan dalam penggunaan sistem

komunikasi bergerak masa kini di mana syarat-syarat pengecilan pada unit bergerak

perlu dipenuhi. Oleh itu, antena telefon mudah alih memerlukan pengurangan dari

segi saiz dan beroperasi pada jalur lebar dalam memastikan keserasian terhadap

piawaian yang berbeza yang pada dasarnya beroperasi pada jalur frekuensi yang

berbeza. Projek ini mengulas mengenai teknik-teknik yang digunakan untuk

mengggabungkan dua ciri penting ini pada satu konvensional mikrostrip antena.

Planar antena Inverted-F telah dibangunkan dan maklumat yang diperolehi daripada

teknik-teknik ini sesuai digunakan untuk menjelaskan reka bentuk operasi telefon

mudah alih. Suku gelombang Planar antena Inverted-F (PIFA) menggabungkan slot,

pintasan tampalan parasitik, dan beban kapasitif untuk menghasilkan multi jalur

operasi. Hasilnya, sebuah struktur padat berupaya beroperasi pada jalur lebar dalam

enam jalur frekuensi yang berbeza yang digunapakai pada empat piawai – GSM900

(Sistem Bergerak Global), GPS (Sistem Kedudukan Global), DCS1800 (Sistem

Selular Digital), PCS1900 (Sistem Telekomunikasi Peribadi), UMTS2000 (Sistem

Telekomunikasi Bergerak Universal) dan WLAN2400 (Rangkaian Kawasan

Tempatan Wayarles).

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES xii

LIST OF FIGURES xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvi

LIST OF APPENDENCES xvii

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Mobile Communication and Wireless

Revolution 2

1.3 Problem Statement 4

1.4 Objective of the Project 5

1.5 Scope of the Project 5

1.6 Methodology of the Project 6

1.6 Thesis Out line 8

2 THE LITERATURE REVIEW 10

2.1 Introduction 10

2.2 The Evolution of Mobile Telephone Systems 11

2.2.1 Historical Review 12

viii

2.2.2 GSM (Global System for Mobile) 13

2.2.3 UMTS (Universal Mobile

Telecommunications System) 13

2.3 Antennas for Mobile Phones 13

2.3.1 External Antennas 14

2.3.2 Human Absorption of Radiation 15

2.3.4 Internal Antennas 16

2.4 Monopole Antennas 17

2.5 Planar Antennas 22

2.5.1 Planer Inverted-F Antenna 23

2.6 Dielectric Resonator Antennas 26

2.7 Different Designs Available for Monopole

Antennas 28

2.7.1 A Wideband Internal Antenna with

Dual Monopole Radiation Elements 28

2.7.2 Multi-band Folded Planar Monopole

Antenna for Mobile Handset 29

2.7.3 Wideband Stubby Monopole Antenna

for Mobile Phone 29

2.7.4 Wideband Monopole Antenna for

Various Mobile Communication Applications 29

2.7.5 Planar Monopole Antenna for

Multiband

Operation 30

2.8 Different Type of Planer Inverted-F and

Microstrip Antennas 30

2.8.1 Built-in Multiband Antennas for Mobile

Phone and WLAN Standard 30

2.8.2 Miniature Multiband and Wideband

3-D Slot Loop Antenna for Mobile Terminals 31

2.8.3 New Compact Internal Antenna 31

2.8.4 A Compact Multiband Planar Antenna

for Mobile Handsets 31

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2.9 Optimum Design of Compact Antenna For

Mobile Communications

32

3 METHODS FOR ANTENNA DESIGN AND BROADBAND TECHNIQUES 34

3.1 Introduction 34

3.2 Radiated Fields of Microstrip Antenna 35

3.3 Transmission Line Fundamentals 37

3.3.1 Coaxial cable 38

3.3.2 Microstrip Transmission Line 39

3.4 Substrate Materials 40

3.5 Microstrip Design Formulas 41

3.5.1 Effective Dielectric Constant 42

3.5.2 Wavelength 43

3.5.3 Characteristic Impedance 43

3.5.4 Synthesis Equations 44

3.6 Design of Rectangular Microstrip Antenna 45

3.7 Limitations of Microstrip Antennas 46

3.8 Compact Microstrip Antennas 47

3.8.1 Edge-shorting Techniques 48

3.8.2 Use of a Shorting Pin 49

3.8.3 Why Shorting pin compared to shorting

wall 50

3.8.4 Feed Location with respect to shorting

pin 51

3.8.5 Use of Meandering Techniques 51

3.8.6 Capacitive Loading 52

3.9 Broadband Microstrip Antennas 54

3.9.1 Effects of Substrate Parameters on

Bandwidth 55

3.9.2 Effects of finite ground plane on

Bandwidth 55

3.9.3 Use of Additional Coplanar Microstrip

x

Resonators 57

3.9.4 Use of Slot-Loading Technique 57

3.9.5 Using Stacked Elements 58

3.10 Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) 59

3.10.1 The Advantage of PIFA 61

3.10.2 Techniques to Increase the Bandwidth

for PIFA 61

4 ANTENNA DESIGN AND PROCEDURES 63

4.1 Starting Point 63

4.2 The Proposed Design Antenna 65

4.2.1 Antenna structure 65

4.2.2 The Design Specification 66

4.3 Quad-Band Antenna 67

4.4 Six-Band Antenna 68

4.5 The Simulation Software 69

4.6 The Zeland Fidelity Software 70

4.7 The Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD)

Technique 70

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 73

5.1 Introduction 73

5.2 The Simulation Results 73

5.2.1 The Antenna Return Loss 74

5.2.2 The VSWR for the antenna Design 75

5.2.3 Radiation Pattern 75

5.2.4 The Antenna Gain 78

5.3 The Measurement Results 78

5.3.1 The Measured Return Loss 79

5.3.2 Effect of height on Return Loss 80

5.3.3 The Measured Radiation Pattern 81

5.3.3.1 Testing Procedure for Antenna

Radiation Pattern. 81

xi

5.3.4 The Measured Gain 84

5.3.5 The Antenna Prototype 85

5.4 Summary 86

6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 87

6.1 Summary and Conclusions 87

6.2 Recommendation for Future Work 89

REFERENCES 90

APPENDICES A-E 96-136

xii

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Frequency Bands for a few Wireless Applications. 4

2.1 The Comparison of the Typical Antennas. 32

3.1 Comparisons of Transmission Lines 37

3.2 Properties of Microwave Dielectric Substrates 41

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Antenna Design and Development Flow Chart 7

2.1 Examples of whip antennas commonly used in hand-

held devices 15

2.2 The Effect of Radiation on Human Body 16

2.3 Internal Antenna behind the PCB board 17

2.4 A Conventional dual-frequency helical Antenna with

Two Different Pitches for a GSM & DCS Mobile Phone 18

2.5 Two Types of Dual-Frequency helical Antennas, (a)

Two Helixes with Different Radii, (b) One helix and

One Straight Rod 19

2.6 Geometry of a GSM & DCS Dual-Frequency Planar

Branch-Line Monopole Printed on a Substrate 20

2.7 Geometry of a GSM, DCS and PCS Multi-Band

Monopole 21

2.8 Geometry of a Dual-Frequency Inverted-L Wire

Antenna Loaded with a Meandered Wire for a GSM and

DCS. 21

2.9 Geometry of a Dual-Frequency Rectangular Spiral

Monopole Antenna 22

2.10 Geometry of a PIFA Mounted on the Top Portion of a

Mobile Phone Circuit Board 23

2.11 Configuration of the Planar Inverted-F Antenna 24

2.12 Some Promising Radiating Top Patches for Dual-

Frequency PIFAs 24

2.13 Geometries of a PIFA with an L-shaped Ground Plane 25

xiv

2.14 A Circular Cylindrical DRA on a Ground Plane 26

2.15 The Various Feeding Configurations 28

3.1 Basic Configuration of Microstrip Antenna 35

3.2 Microstrip Antenna and Coordinate System 36

3.3 Coaxial Cable 38

3.4 Structure of Microstrip Transmission Line 39

3.5 Wide and Narrow Microstrip Line 42

3.6 Rectangular Patch 45

3.7 Electric Field in the Microstrip Antenna 49

3.8 The VSWR Characteristics for Different wcap 53

3.9 Different wcap with Frequency 53

3.10 The Variation of Bandwidth and the Width with Fixed

Length 56

3.11 The Variation of Bandwidth and the Length with Fixed

Width 56

3.12 Types of Inverted –F Antenna 59

3.13 Inverted-F Antenna 60

3.14 Planar Inverted-F Antenna 60

4.1 Existing Dual-band Internal Handset Antenna 64

4.2 Measured and Simulated Return Loss of the Initial

Design 65

4.3 Proposed Internal Handset Antenna 66

4.4 The Radiating Patch of the Antenna Design 67

4.5 Quad-Band Antenna 68

4.6 Six-Band Antenna 69

5.1 The Simulated Return Loss for the Designed Antenna 74

5.2 The VSWR for the Designed Antenna 75

5.3 The 3D Far Field Radiation Pattern for GSM900MHz

Band 76

5.4 The 3D Far Field Radiation Pattern for GSM1800MHz

Band 76

5.5 The 3D Far Field Radiation Pattern for DCS1900MHz

Band 76

xv

5.6 The 3D Far Field Radiation Pattern for UMTS2000MHz

Band 77

5.7 The 3D Far Field Radiation Pattern for WLAN at

2.4GHz Band 77

5.8 The Peak Antenna Gain of GSM900, GSM1800,

DCS1900, UMTS2000, and WLAN2400 MHz Bands 78

5.9 The Measured Return Loss without WLAN Strip 79

5.10 The Measured Return Loss with WLAN strip 79

5.11 The Effect of Height on the Return Loss and Bandwidth 80

5.12 The Measured Radiation Pattern for GSM900 Band 82

5.13 The Measured Radiation Pattern for GPS Band 82

5.14 The Measured Radiation Pattern for GSM1800 Band 83

5.15 The Measured Radiation Pattern for UMTS2000 Band 83

5.16 The Measured Radiation Pattern for WLAN at 2.4GHz

Band 84

5.17 The Gain of PIFA Antenna vs. Monopole Antenna 85

5.18 The Fabricated Antenna Design 85

xvi

LIST OF SYMBOLS

AMPS - Advanced Mobile Phone Systems

CPW - Coplanar Waveguide

CP - Circular Polarization

DCS - Digital Communication System

DRA - Dielectric resonator antennas

FDTD - Finite-Difference Time-Domain GPS - Global Position System GPS GSM - Global System for Mobile Communication EM - Electromagnetic

IFA - Inverted-F Antenna

ILA - Inverted-L Antenna

MIC - Microwave Integrated Circuits

NMT - Nordic Mobile Telephone

PIFA - Planar Inverted-F Antennas

PPI - Personal Communication System

PCB - Printed Circuit Board

SAR - Specific Absorption Rate

TDMA - Time Division Mutable Access

UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

VSWR - Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network

WCDMA - Wavelength Code Division Multiple Access

xvii

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Antenna Fundamentals Parameters 96

B.1 Data of Radiation Pattern Measurements 104

B.2 Data of the Measured Return Loss 114

C Designing Procedures Using Zeland Software 115

D.1 Equipment Used for Antenna Testing 132

D.2 Equipments Used for PCB Fabrication 134

D.3 Antenna Prototype 135

E Component and Price List 136

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

The rapid increase of communication standards leads to a great demand in

developing multi-band internal antennas for handset devices and with the rapid growth

of wireless communications there is a growing demand for mobile phones that are small,

attractive, lightweight, and curvy. This has resulted in the proliferation of handsets with

antennas that are internal or hidden within the device. An internal antenna makes the

handset look much nicer and compact.

The sizes and weights of mobile handsets have rapidly been reduced due to the

development of modern integrated circuit technology and the requirements of the users.

For example, Conventional monopole-like antennas have remained relatively large

compared to the handset itself. Thus, built-in antennas are becoming very promising

candidates for applications in mobile handsets.

Most built-in antennas currently used in mobile phones are based on planar

inverted-F antennas (PIFAs) [1]. In addition, since the antenna is inside the phone it is

not prone to breakage or damage, which is commonly encountered with the so-called

2

external stub-type antenna. Currently mobile phones with small internal antennas are

already in the market.

Designing an internal antenna for a mobile phone is difficult especially when

dual or Multi-band operation is required. Although obtaining dual-frequency resonance

is straightforward, satisfying the bandwidth requirement for the respective

communication bands is difficult. Further complications arise when the antenna has to

operate in close proximity to objects like shielding cans, screws, battery, and various

other metallic objects. Currently, many mobile telephones use one or more of the

following frequency bands: the GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) band,

centered at 900 MHz; the DCS (Digital Communication System) band, centered at 1800

MHz; and the PCS (Personal Communication System) band, centered at 1900 MHz.

Triple-band built-in antennas to operate at GSM900, DCS1800, and PCS1900 bands

demonstrated in [2], [3].

If merger of technologies is considered where both advanced mobile phone

systems (AMPS) and global system for mobile (GSM) systems are integrated in one

phone, triple-band or even quad-band antennas may be needed. For instance, consider a

device that operates in the AMPS 800, GSM 900, and TDMA (Time Division Mutable

Access) /GSM1900 MHz bands. This means that the device operates in the 824–894

MHz, 880–960 MHz, and 1850–1990 MHz bands making it triple band from antenna

perspective. In the lower band the required bandwidth is 136 MHz or 15.25% which is

almost twice as much of that required for GSM or AMPS alone.

1.2 Mobile Communication and Wireless Revolution

Mobile communication “one of the fastest growing and consider as the most

important telecommunication application” it is the most powerful catalyst for change in

lifestyle of the people. The mobile communication was used in limited applications due

3

to costly analogue technologies and restricted service (only phone calls were possible),

the tiny high technologies are now become a necessary need of every individuals life.

The wireless revolution is creating a flood of new wireless devices that

dramatically increase the availability of voice and data nearly anywhere in the world.

While this revolution is significantly expanding the opportunity for new, smaller and

better wireless communication terminals. It also requires the new and small antenna

design.

Traditionally most mobile phones and handset have been equipped with the

monopole antenna. Whereas the monopole antenna are very simple in design and

construction and are well suited to mobile communication application. The most ¼

monopole antenna is the wipe antenna, which can operate at range of frequencies and

deal with most environmental conditions better than other monopole antennas.

However, the monopole antenna possesses a number of drawbacks. Monopole

antennas are relatively large in size and protrude from the handset case in an awkward

way. This problem with the monopole’s obstructive and space demanding structure also

complicate any efforts taken to equip a handset with several antennas to enable multilane

operation. Monopole antennas also lack any built-in shielding mechanisms, to direct

any radiating waves away from user’s body, thus increasing the potential risk of

producing cancerous tumors growth in the user’s head and reducing the antenna

efficiency.

In recent years, the demand for compact handheld communication devices has

grown significantly. Devices smaller than palm size have appeared in the market

antenna size is a major factor that limits device miniaturization. In addition to solve the

problem of broadening the antenna bandwidth to the required specification of the

system, one has to worry about developing new structure for devices that require more

than one frequency band of operation.

4

Multi-band wireless phone has become popular recently because they permit

people to use the same phone in multi network that has different frequencies. Table 1.1

lists a few useful wireless applications and their operating frequencies. Systems that

require multi-band operation require antenna that resonate at the specific frequencies.

This only adds complexity to the antenna design problem.

Table 1.1: Frequency Bands for a Few Wireless Applications.

Wireless Applications Frequency Bands

(MHz)

Global System for Mobile Communication GSM-900 890 - 960

Global Position System GPS - 1575 1575

Digital Communication System DCS-1800 1720 - 1880

Personal Communication System PCS-1900 1850 - 1990

3G-(Universal Mobile Telecommunication System-

UMTS2000)

1920 - 2170

Bluetooth and Wireless Local Area Network-WLAN

802.11b/g

2400 - 2484

1.3 Problem Statement

• Currently, there are many different wireless standards are available for mobile

communication; therefore it requires that the same mobile phone can work for

different frequency bands. Since it is not feasible to equip the device with many

antennas for each frequency band, So, Multi-band antennas provide the feature of

low profile and multi-band reception.

• The sizes and weights of mobile handsets have rapidly been reduced due to the

development of modern integrated circuit technology and the requirements of the

users.

5

• The built-in antennas are becoming very promising candidates for applications

in mobile handsets. Conventional monopole antennas are simple, omni-

directional pattern and gain that is suited for mobile application. But they have

remained relatively large compared to the handset itself, and they have lack of

shielding mechanisms, to direct any radiating waves away from user’s body

which causes potential harm to the user’s health.

1.4 Objective of the Project

The main objective of this research project is to design and develop a multi band

antenna, this antenna will be able to operate at a numbers of frequency bands such as

GSM900, GSM1800, 3G-2000 and also including the Bluetooth and WLAN at 2.4GHz

bands which is become more candidate for feature mobile handset. An efficient, low

profile and realizable antenna for this objective will be determined.

1.5 Scope of the Project

In order to achieve the objectives, the research scope includes:

A comprehensive literature review is required to obtain an antenna that we need.

Propose a novel type of antenna with good parameters requirement.

Verify and improve using the electromagnetic simulation software such as

ZELAND FIDELITY.

Optimize the antenna design parameters to satisfy the best return loss and

radiation pattern in frequency bands.

A prototype antenna will be fabricated and comparisons will be made between

simulation and measurement results.

6

1.6 Methodology of the Project In order to achieve the first objective as set out above, a comprehensive literature

review is required to obtain an antenna that requires minimal modification to suit the

requirements of this design. As the process of optimizing an antenna’s dimensions to

meet a set of specifications is highly rigorous, fading an antenna that operates efficiently

at the four or more required frequencies, as well being compact and having a low profile,

is very much desired.

Verify the operations of the antenna at the prescribed frequencies in terms of

input impedance and field patterns, using electromagnetic simulation software ZELAND

FIDELITY software. Developing the prototype and compare its performance of the

antenna between simulated and measured results.

Where an interactive theoretical and experimental design approach will be

utilized to optimize the structure of the antenna, the research methodology to simplify

the design and the development procedures in this research project includes:

1. Pre. Design Stage • Literature review. • Problem statement.

2. Design and Simulation Stage • Design the optimum antenna that met specification requirement. • Antenna input impedance optimization.

3. Prototype Stage • Antenna fabrication.

4. Measurement Stage • Return loss and pattern loss at multi-bands range.

5. Analysis Stage • The measurement and simulation results comparison.

7

The antenna fabrication needs to fit within the costing constraints and the

availability of the materials. The design and development procedures are briefly

summarized in the flow chart of figure 1.1. In particular, this methodology provides an

approximate chronological progress of the work performed to finally complete the full

design cycle.

Yes

1. Determine initial antenna design specification

• Frequency operations

4. Design specification

Repeat step 3

5. Produce the physical prototype

6. Perform experimental evolution of the constructed prototype

8. Design complete

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2. Simulation using an electromagnetic analysis tool for • E-plane and H-plane radiation

pattern

3. Improve and developed antenna performance

• Multiband range • Radiation pattern

7. Does the result agree with the

i l ti

No

No

Yes

Yes

Figure 1.1: Antenna Design and Development Flow Chart

8

1.7 Thesis Outline This thesis will concentrate on designing a multiband antenna that operate at as

least five band for mobile application and wireless communication, and that will be by

understanding the microstrip antenna and go to the Planar Inverted-F Antenna which the

best candidate for future of designing antennas like this application, and the thesis will

be as follows:

Chapter one concerns with the introduction of the study in hand, which start with

brief introduction, and continues stating the problem, the objective, the scope of the

study and finally the methodology to carry out this work.

Chapter two which is the first chapter of the literature review, presents some

general review on mobile generation and its characteristics and the stages of developing

it, and some general antennas on mobile, and some recently research in mobile antenna

paper that show the latest design in the mobile with various design.

Chapter three shows the concept of the microstrip antennas and the basic formula

to start design microstrip or Planar Inverted-F Antenna, and we focusing on the

technique that is used in previous work, and it is use to increase bandwidth, also how to

reduce size, and important relation factor which make the antenna adequate for our

application and in good efficiency.

Chapter four explain the way how we have started the designing and what kind

of method that will execute, and will show the execution of the project by presenting a

preliminary design by using the simulation software ZELAND FIDELITY.

Chapter five introduces the results from the simulation software for the return

loss and radiation pattern of the antenna and also show the fabrication result for the same

factors and a discussion for these result, and comparison between the simulation and the

measurement results.

9

Chapter six summarizes and emphasizes the obtained results and the contribution

of the study, also this chapter propose the future work that can be done for more

enhancement for the antenna parameters and more compact structure for the antenna

prototype.