A More Diverse Community: Does Predator Diversity Maintain ... · A More Diverse Community: Does...

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" A More Diverse Community: Does Predator Diversity Maintain Prey Diversity? Washington University in St. Louis Environmental Studies Program Senior Honors Thesis Vanessa Schroeder Thesis Advisor: Kevin G. Smith March 2010

Transcript of A More Diverse Community: Does Predator Diversity Maintain ... · A More Diverse Community: Does...

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A More Diverse Community:

Does Predator Diversity Maintain Prey Diversity?

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Washington University in St. Louis Environmental Studies Program

Senior Honors Thesis

Vanessa Schroeder Thesis Advisor: Kevin G. Smith

March 2010!

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Table of Contents

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University in St. Louis. I would like to thank my advisor, Kevin G. Smith, for providing ideas,

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"*E<=F6A>GA@A<:9!

This work was done for a senior honors thesis in Environmental Studies at Washington

University in St. Louis. I would like to thank my advisor, Kevin G. Smith for providing ideas,

guidance, field assistance, statistical analysis, comments, and funding for this project. I would

like to thank L. Woods, A. Strauss, and J. Chase for helpful comments and discussion. Thanks to

A. Burgett, E. Biro, L. Woods, A. Strauss, M. Evans, T. Dickson H. Bernardo and the TERF

fellows for field assistance. Finally, I would like to thank the entire Chase Lab for all of the

helpful comments they supplied. This project was partially funded by Tyson Research Center

and the Lennette Fellowship for Undergraduate Research.

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