A Modular Approach to STM Allan Baddeley: Articulatory Loop Central Executive Visuospatial Sketchpad...
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Transcript of A Modular Approach to STM Allan Baddeley: Articulatory Loop Central Executive Visuospatial Sketchpad...
A Modular Approach to STM
• Allan Baddeley:
Articulatory Loop
Central Executive
Visuospatial Sketchpad
The article by Lee Brooks considers a double-dissociation between Phonological and Visuospatial memory representations
Coding in STM
• Evidence for a modular system:– interference within modalities but not between– example: subvocal counting of letters in a list of words is very hard but subvocal counting of the
corners of a figure is easy
Working Memory “Modules”
• Lee Brooks: interference between different representations in STM (Experiment 1)– Memory Representation
• verbal task: categorize words in a sentence
• spatial task: categorize corners in a block letter
– Response Modality• verbal response: say “yes” or “no”
• spatial response: point to “yes” or “no”
Working Memory “Modules”
• result:
Response Time
Response Modality
Verbal Spatial
Spatial Representation(categorize corners)
Verbal Representation(categorize nouns)
Working Memory “Modules”
• Interpretation:– supports notion of modularity in Working Memory (visuospatial sketchpad / articulatory loop)
Long-Term Memory
See Cognition textbook on reserve for review
Model of Memory
We’ve discussed STM
Sensory Signals
Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
ATTENTION
REHEARSAL
RETRIEVAL
Some Things to Consider Re: STM
• Short-Term Memory
– decays rapidly (within seconds) unless…
– requires active process or cognitive engagement to maintain
But surely there must be another way to maintain information !?
Model of Memory
Turning now to Long-Term Memory
Sensory Signals
Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
ATTENTION
REHEARSAL
RETRIEVAL
Long-Term Memory
• Characteristics (intuitive with some introspection):
– Persists indefinitely (up to decades!)
– Requires no active process of rehearsal (at least that we are conscious of)
Long-Term Memory
• Characteristics (intuitive with some introspection):
– Persists indefinitely (up to decades!)
– Requires no active process of rehearsal (at least that we are conscious of)
– What are some examples of Long-Term Memories?
Some Distinctions in LTM
• Endel Tulving: There are two broad categories of information that are represented in LTM -
• Examples:– What did you eat for breakfast?– What is the capital of Canada– Where were you when…– Are maple trees deciduous?– Riding a bike !?
Some Distinctions in LTM
• Endel Tulving: There are two broad categories of information that are represented in LTM -
• Episodic Memory: memory of an event in your life
• autobiographical
• has a temporal context - something about time is encoded along with the memory
Some Distinctions in LTM
• Endel Tulving: There are two broad categories of information that are represented in LTM -
• Semantic Memory: memory of facts, knowledge of the world
• unconnected to an autobiographical event
• no temporal context
Some Distinctions in LTM
• A third category may be distinguished:– Example: riding a bike, playing an instrument
Some Distinctions in LTM
• A third category may be distinguished:
Some Distinctions in LTM
• Procedural Memory: memory for actions
Semantic Memory
• Capacity is huge (unlimited?)
Semantic Memory
• Structure of encoding is associative
Semantic Memory
• Structure of encoding is associative– Evidence: Semantic Priming in a Lexical-
Decision Task
• Priming: prior exposure to some stimulus modifies subsequent processing of a target
Semantic Memory
• Structure of encoding is associative– Evidence: Semantic Priming in a Lexical-
Decision Task
• Lexical Decision Task: Subject is shown a target word or pronounceable non-word (eg. gap or fap) and must respond “word” or “non-word”
Semantic Memory
• Structure of encoding is associative– Evidence: Semantic Priming in a Lexical-
Decision Task
• manipulation: prime can be either related or unrelated to the target word
Semantic Memory
• Structure of encoding is associative– Evidence: Semantic Priming in a Lexical-Decision
Task
• result: words are identified faster when preceded by a semantically related prime
Prime Target Response
“space” “gap” fast
“truck” “gap” slow
Semantic Memory
• Structure of encoding is associative– Evidence: Semantic Priming in a Lexical-Decision
Task– Interpretation:
• the representation of information in semantic memory is associative:
• each fact or piece of knowledge is stored along with its relationship to other stored information
• related items can activate each other which facilitates recall
Semantic Memory
• Structure of encoding is associative– Example: Accessing a memory that is “on the
tip of your tongue”• you’re trying to rent a movie but you can’t recall the
title of the one you have in mind, you scan through the associated facts: the actors, the plot, the setting, etc. until the title surfaces
• each recalled piece of knowledge “activates” related knowledge until the title is sufficiently activated
Semantic Memory
• Structure of encoding is associative– This idea is formalized in so-called
“connectionist” networks
birdcanary
chicken
mockingbird
To Kill A Mockingbird
racism
highschool
Martin Luther King
hockey
Mr. Cassella
physics
When You Don’t Remember
• Two reasons why you don’t remember semantic information:
When You Don’t Remember
• Two reasons why you don’t remember semantic information:
• Unavailable– It wasn’t successfully encoded - something when wrong while you were
studying
When You Don’t Remember
• Two reasons why you don’t remember semantic information:• Unavailable
– It wasn’t successfully encoded - something when wrong while you were studying
• Inaccessible– memory is stored but cannot be retrieved, perhaps because appropriate connections aren’t being made
When You Don’t Remember
• Two reasons why you don’t remember semantic information:
• context is critical!– e.g. lists of words are recalled better when recalled where they were first
learned
Next Time
• Episodic Memory• Read Loftus for Monday• Read Sacks for Wednesday