A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift -...
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A Modest Proposal 125
LITERARY FOCUS: VERBAL IRONYYou use verbal irony whenever you say one thing but mean something
completely different. When you speak, your tone of voice signals listeners
that you don’t really mean what you are saying. Writers don’t have the
option of using a sarcastic tone of voice to convey irony. Instead, they might
make so many shocking or unbelievable statements that the reader can’t
possibly miss the point. Swift’s essay is a classic example of verbal irony
taken to the extreme.
Isn’t It Ironic? Look at the following examples of verbal irony. Then,
create your own example in the space provided.
READING SKILLS: RECOGNIZING PERSUASIVE TECHNIQUES“A Modest Proposal” is a type of persuasive writing called satire. Through
satire, writers ridicule people or institutions in order to effect change. “A
Modest Proposal” was written in 1729 to shock English society into an
awareness of England’s unjust policies toward the Irish. In it, Swift uses the
types of persuasive techniques listed below to convince the reader that
England’s treatment of the Irish is heartless and immoral.
• Logical appeals: the use of facts or statistics to support a position.
• Emotional appeals: the use of words that stir up strong feelings.
• Ethical appeals: the use of details that will convince readers that the
writer is fair and trustworthy.
Use the Skill As you read the selection, highlight and identify the types
of persuasive appeals used by Swift. Refer to the list above as a guide.
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A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift
Literary SkillsUnderstandverbal irony.
ReadingSkillsRecognizepersuasivetechniques(logical,emotional, andethical appeals).
You trip and fall in front of a large “Aren’t I the picture of grace?”
group of people, your books and you ask as you struggle to your
papers flying everywhere. feet.
You have a bad case of the flu. A You respond, “Never felt better!”
friend visits and asks, “How are
you?”
Situation Verbal Irony (What You Say)
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It is a melancholy object to those, who walk through this great
town,1 or travel in the country, when they see the streets, the
roads, and cabin doors, crowded with beggars of the female sex,
followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags, and impor-
tuning every passenger for an alms.2 These mothers, instead of
being able to work for their honest livelihood, are forced to
employ all their time in strolling, to beg sustenance for their
helpless infants, who, as they grow up either turn thieves for
want3 of work, or leave their dear native country to fight for the
Pretender4 in Spain, or sell themselves to the Barbadoes.510
Jonathan Swift
FOR PREVENTING THE CHILDREN OF POOR PEOPLE IN IRELAND FROM BEING A BURDEN
TO THEIR PARENTS, AND FOR MAKING THEM BENEFICIAL TO THE PUBLIC
BACKGROUNDIn the late 1720s, Ireland suffered from several years of poor harvests.Farmers had trouble paying the rents demanded by their English land-lords. Many children and adults were forced to beg or starve. Most ofthe money collected by the landlords was sent to England; very littlewas spent in Ireland on locally produced goods.
Here, Swift pretends to be an economic planner who suggests ashocking solution to the problem. Watch for the sharp contrast betweenSwift’s direct, logical style and the outrageous proposal he describes.
1. this great town: Dublin.2. importuning . . . alms: asking passersby for a handout.3. want n.: lack; need.4. the Pretender: James Edward (1688–1766), son of England’s last
Catholic king, the deposed James II (1633–1701); James Edward kept trying to gain the English throne.
5. sell . . . Barbadoes: go to the West Indies and work as indenturedservants.
Melancholy, in line 1, means“sad.” Using that knowledge,paraphrase the first sentence.
sustenance (sus√t¥·n¥ns) n.:food or money to support life.
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I think it is agreed by all parties, that this prodigious number
of children, in the arms, or on the backs, or at the heels of their
mothers, and frequently of their fathers, is in the present
deplorable state of the kingdom, a very great additional grievance;
and therefore whoever could find out a fair, cheap, and easy
method of making these children sound and useful members
of the commonwealth would deserve so well of the public, as
to have his statue set up for a preserver of the nation.
But my intention is very far from being confined to provide
only for the children of professed beggars; it is of a much greater
extent, and shall take in the whole number of infants at a certain
age, who are born of parents in effect as little able to support
them, as those who demand our charity in the streets.
As to my own part, having turned my thoughts, for many
years, upon this important subject, and maturely weighed the
several schemes of other projectors,6 I have always found them
grossly mistaken in their computation. It is true a child, just
dropped from its dam,7 may be supported by her milk, for a
solar year8 with little other nourishment, at most not above the
value of two shillings, which the mother may certainly get, or
the value in scraps, by her lawful occupation of begging, and it
is exactly at one year old that I propose to provide for them, in
such a manner, as, instead of being a charge upon their parents,
or the parish, or wanting food and raiment9 for the rest of their
lives, they shall, on the contrary, contribute to the feeding and
partly to the clothing of many thousands.
There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme,
that it will prevent those voluntary abortions, and that horrid
practice of women murdering their bastard children, alas! too
frequent among us, sacrificing the poor innocent babes, I doubt,10
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6. projectors n. pl.: speculators; schemers.7. dam n.: mother (ordinarily used only of animals).8. solar year: from the first day of spring in one year to the last day
of winter in the next.9. raiment (r†√m¥nt) n.: clothing.
10. doubt v.: suspect.
The word prodigious(pr£·dij√¥s), in line 11, means“an enormous quantity.”
Pause at line 18. What doesSwift say is the problemfacing the nation?
The word dam (line 28)means “female parent” and is usually used to referto a domestic animal. What attitude toward poor women does this wordchoice suggest?
Pause at line 36. At what agecan children be made usefulto society? Circle that infor-mation. Underline the way in which they can be of use.
more to avoid the expense, than the shame, which would move
tears and pity in the most savage and inhuman breast.
The number of souls11 in Ireland being usually reckoned one
million and a half, of these I calculate there may be about two
hundred thousand couples whose wives are breeders, from which
number I subtract thirty thousand couples, who are able to
maintain their own children, although I apprehend there cannot
be so many under the present distresses of the kingdom, but this
being granted, there will remain an hundred and seventy thousand
breeders. I again subtract fifty thousand for those women who
miscarry, or whose children die by accident, or disease within
the year. There only remain an hundred and twenty thousand
children of poor parents annually born: The question therefore
is, how this number shall be reared, and provided for, which, as
I have already said, under the present situation of affairs, is
utterly impossible by all the methods hitherto proposed, for we
can neither employ them in handicraft,12 or agriculture; we
neither build houses (I mean in the country) nor cultivate land:
They can very seldom pick up a livelihood by stealing until they
arrive at six years old, except where they are of towardly parts,13
although, I confess they learn the rudiments much earlier,
during which time, they can however be properly looked upon
only as probationers,14 as I have been informed by a principal
gentleman in the county of Cavan,15 who protested to me, that
he never knew above one or two instances under the age of six,
even in a part of the kingdom so renowned for the quickest
proficiency in that art.16
I am assured by our merchants, that a boy or girl, before
twelve years old, is no saleable commodity, and even when they
come to this age, they will not yield above three pounds, or three
pounds and half a crown at most on the exchange, which cannot
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11. souls n. pl.: people.12. handicraft n.: manufacturing.13. of towardly parts: exceptionally advanced or mature for their age.14. probationers n. pl.: apprentices.15. Cavan: inland county in Ireland that is remote from Dublin.16. that art: stealing.
Re-read lines 37–42. Circlethe words in line 42 thatsuggest that poor people are not civilized. By usingthese words, which type ofpersuasive appeal is Swiftmaking?
Re-read lines 43–53. Whatkind of language does Swiftuse here to describe birthsand deaths of the poor? Howdoes this language help himmake his point?
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turn to account17 either to the parents or the kingdom, the
charge of nutriment and rags having been at least four times
that value.
I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts,
which I hope will not be liable to the least objection.
I have been assured by a very knowing American18 of my
acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed
is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome
food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled, and I make
no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee,19 or ragout.20
I do therefore humbly offer it to public consideration, that
of the hundred and twenty thousand children, already computed,
twenty thousand may be reserved for breed, whereof only one-
fourth part to be males, which is more than we allow to sheep,
black cattle, or swine, and my reason is that these children are
seldom the fruits of marriage, a circumstance not much regarded
by our savages; therefore one male will be sufficient to serve four
females. That the remaining hundred thousand may at a year
old be offered in sale to the persons of quality, and fortune,
through the kingdom, always advising the mother to let them
suck plentifully in the last month, so as to render them plump,
and fat for a good table. A child will make two dishes at an
entertainment for friends, and when the family dines alone, the
fore or hind quarter will make a reasonable dish, and seasoned
with a little pepper or salt will be very good boiled on the fourth
day, especially in winter.
I have reckoned upon a medium, that a child just born will
weigh twelve pounds, and in a solar year if tolerably nursed
increaseth to twenty-eight pounds.
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17. turn to account: be profitable.18. American: To Swift’s readers this label would suggest a barbaric person.19. fricassee (frik≈¥·s≤√) n.: stew with a light gravy.20. ragout (ra·gº√) n.: highly flavored stew.
Re-read lines 77–81. Circlethe words Swift uses todescribe a young, healthychild. Based on these details,what plan do you think he is about to propose to dealwith Ireland’s starvingpopulation?
The speaker provides detailsin support of his outrageousplan (lines 93–97). Underlinethose details.
I grant this food will be somewhat dear,21 and therefore
very proper for landlords, who, as they have already devoured22
most of the parents, seem to have the best title to the children.
Infant’s flesh will be in season throughout the year, but
more plentiful in March, and a little before and after, for we are
told by a grave author,23 an eminent French physician, that fish
being a prolific diet, there are more children born in Roman
Catholic countries about nine months after Lent, than at any
other season, therefore reckoning a year after Lent, the markets
will be more glutted than usual, because the number of popish24
infants, is at least three to one in this kingdom, and therefore it
will have one other collateral advantage by lessening the number
of papists among us.
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21. dear adj.: expensive.22. devoured v.: made poor by charging high rents.23. grave author: The French satirist François Rabelais. His work is comic,
not “grave.”24. popish adj.: derogatory term meaning “Roman Catholic.”
Re-read lines 104–113.According to the speaker,what is a desirable effect ofhaving a glut of infants onthe market?
An Irish cabin.National Library of Ireland, Dublin.
glutted (glut√id) v. used asadj.: overfilled.
Re-read lines 101–103 andfootnotes 21–22. Swift usesverbal irony to expose amajor cause of the poverty in Ireland. Restate thesentence in your own words.
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I have already computed the charge of nursing a beggar’s
child (in which list I reckon all cottagers,25 laborers, and four-
fifths of the farmers) to be about two shillings per annum,26 rags
included, and I believe no gentleman would repine to give ten
shillings for the carcass of a good fat child, which, as I have said
will make four dishes of excellent nutritive meat, when he hath
only some particular friend, or his own family to dine with him.
Thus the squire will learn to be a good landlord, and grow pop-
ular among his tenants, the mother will have eight shillings net
profit, and be fit for work until she produceth another child.
Those who are more thrifty (as I must confess the times
require) may flay27 the carcass; the skin of which, artificially28
dressed, will make admirable gloves for ladies, and summer
boots for fine gentlemen.
As to our city of Dublin, shambles29 may be appointed for
this purpose, in the most convenient parts of it, and butchers we
may be assured will not be wanting, although I rather recom-
mend buying the children alive, and dressing them hot from the
knife, as we do roasting pigs.
A very worthy person, a true lover of his country, and
whose virtues I highly esteem, was lately pleased, in discoursing
on this matter, to offer a refinement upon my scheme. He said,
that many gentlemen of this kingdom, having of late destroyed
their deer, he conceived that the want of venison might be well
supplied by the bodies of young lads and maidens, not exceeding
fourteen years of age, nor under twelve, so great a number of
both sexes in every country being now ready to starve, for want
of work and service:30 and these to be disposed of by their parents
if alive, or otherwise by their nearest relations. But with due
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25. cottagers n. pl.: tenant farmers.26. per annum: Latin for “by the year”; annually.27. flay v.: remove the skin of.28. artificially adv.: with great artifice; skillfully.29. shambles n.: slaughterhouse.30. service n.: employment as servants.
In discussing the economicsof his proposal, what kind ofappeal is the speaker making(lines 114–123)?
Pause at line 142. What“refinement,” or modifica-tion, of the author’s plan issuggested in this paragraph?Underline the answer.
Re-read lines 128–132, inwhich the speaker suggests“dressing” children “hotfrom the knife.” What effectdo you think Swift expectsthis word choice to have on readers?
deference to so excellent a friend, and so deserving a patriot, I
cannot be altogether in his sentiments, for as to the males, my
American acquaintance assured me from frequent experience,
that their flesh was generally tough and lean, like that of our
schoolboys, by continual exercise, and their taste disagreeable,
and to fatten them would not answer the charge. Then as to the
females, it would, I think with humble submission,31 be a loss to
the public, because they soon would become breeders them-
selves: And besides it is not improbable that some scrupulous
people might be apt to censure such a practice (although indeed
very unjustly) as a little bordering upon cruelty, which, I confess,
hath always been with me the strongest objection against any
project, how well soever intended.
But in order to justify my friend, he confessed that this
expedient was put into his head by the famous Sallmanaazor,32
a native of the island Formosa, who came from thence to
London, above twenty years ago, and in conversation told my
friend, that in his country when any young person happened to
be put to death, the executioner sold the carcass to persons of
quality, as a prime dainty, and that, in his time, the body of a
plump girl of fifteen, who was crucified for an attempt to poison
the emperor, was sold to his imperial majesty’s prime minister
of state, and other great mandarins33 of the court, in joints34
from the gibbet,35 at four hundred crowns. Neither indeed can
I deny, that if the same use were made of several plump young
girls in this town, who, without one single groat to their fortunes,
cannot stir abroad without a chair,36 and appear at the play-
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31. with humble submission: with all due respect to those who holdsuch opinions.
32. Sallmanaazor: George Psalmanazar (c. 1679–1763), a Frenchman whopretended to be from Formosa, an old Portuguese name for Taiwan.His writings were fraudulent.
33. mandarins (man√d¥·rinz) n. pl.: officials. The term comes frommandarim, the Portuguese word describing high-ranking officials in the Chinese Empire, with which the Portuguese traded.
34. joints n. pl.: large cuts of meat, including the bone.35. gibbet (jib√it) n.: gallows.36. chair n.: sedan chair; a covered seat carried by servants.
deference (def√¥r·¥ns) n.:respect.
scrupulous (skrº√py¥·l¥s)adj.: extremely careful andprecise in deciding what isright or wrong.
censure (sen√◊¥r) v.: condemn;blame.
expedient (ek·sp≤√d≤·¥nt) n.:convenient means to an end.
Pause at line 166, and readfootnote 32. How trustworthya source is Sallmanaazor?Why do you think Swift useshis ideas as an example?
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house, and assemblies in foreign fineries, which they never will
pay for; the kingdom would not be the worse.
Some persons of a desponding spirit are in great concern
about that vast number of poor people, who are aged, diseased,
or maimed, and I have been desired to employ my thoughts
what course may be taken, to ease the nation of so grievous an
encumbrance. But I am not in the least pain upon that matter,
because it is very well known, that they are every day dying, and
rotting, by cold, and famine, and filth, and vermin,37 as fast as
can be reasonably expected. And as to the younger laborers they
are now in almost as hopeful38 a condition. They cannot get
work, and consequently pine away for want of nourishment, to a
degree, that if at any time they are accidentally hired to common
labor, they have not strength to perform it, and thus the country
and themselves are in a fair way39 of being soon delivered from
the evils to come.
I have too long digressed, and therefore shall return to my
subject. I think the advantages by the proposal which I have made
are obvious and many as well as of the highest importance.
For first, as I have already observed, it would greatly lessen
the number of papists, with whom we are yearly overrun, being
the principal breeders of the nation, as well as our most danger-
ous enemies, and who stay at home on purpose with a design to
deliver the kingdom to the Pretender, hoping to take their advan-
tage by the absence of so many good Protestants,40 who have
chosen rather to leave their country, than stay at home, and pay
tithes41 against their conscience, to an idolatrous Episcopal curate.
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37. vermin n. pl.: pests such as lice, fleas, and bedbugs.38. hopeful adj.: actually, hopeless. Swift is using the word with
intentional irony.39. are in a fair way: have a good chance.40. good Protestants: that is, in Swift’s view, bad Protestants, because
they object to the Church of Ireland’s bishops and regard them as“idolatrous.”
41. tithes (t¢‚z) n. pl.: monetary gifts to the church equivalent to onetenth of each donor’s income.
The word encumbrance (line176) means “a burden, ahindrance, or a weight.”
Re-read lines 172–185. Whyisn’t the speaker concernedabout the great number ofother poor people in Ireland?Underline that information.
digressed (d¢·grest√) v.:wandered off the subject.
The speaker lists the“advantages” of his proposalone by one. As you read lines189–231, circle the word or phrase at the beginningof each paragraph thatreveals the text’s pattern oforganization. Then, under-line the “benefit” of each of the six proposals.
Secondly, the poorer tenants will have something valuable
of their own, which by law may be made liable to distress,42 and
help to pay their landlord’s rent, their corn and cattle being
already seized, and money a thing unknown.
Thirdly, whereas the maintenance of an hundred thousand
children, from two years old, and upwards, cannot be computed
at less than ten shillings apiece per annum, the nation’s stock
will be thereby increased fifty thousand pounds per annum,
besides the profit of a new dish, introduced to the tables of all
gentlemen of fortune in the kingdom, who have any refinement
in taste, and the money will circulate among ourselves, the
goods being entirely of our own growth and manufacture.43
Fourthly, the constant breeders, besides the gain of eight
shillings sterling per annum, by the sale of their children, will
be rid of the charge of maintaining them after the first year.
Fifthly, this food would likewise bring great custom to
taverns, where the vintners44 will certainly be so prudent as to
procure the best receipts45 for dressing it to perfection, and
consequently have their houses frequented by all the fine gentle-
men, who justly value themselves upon their knowledge in good
eating, and a skillful cook, who understands how to oblige his
guests will contrive to make it as expensive as they please.
Sixthly, this would be a great inducement to marriage,
which all wise nations have either encouraged by rewards, or
enforced by laws and penalties. It would increase the care and
tenderness of mothers toward their children, when they were
sure of a settlement for life to the poor babes, provided in some
sort by the public to their annual profit instead of expense, we
should soon see an honest emulation46 among the married
women, which of them could bring the fattest child to the
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42. liable to distress: that is, the money from the sale of their childrenmay be seized by their landlords.
43. own growth and manufacture: homegrown, edible children, notimported ones.
44. vintners (vint√n¥rz) n. pl.: wine merchants.45. receipts n. pl.: archaic for “recipes.”46. emulation (em≈yº·l†√◊¥n) n.: competition.
procure (pr£·kyoor√) v.:obtain; get.
NotesNotes
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market, men would become as fond of their wives, during the
time of their pregnancy, as they are now of their mares in foal,
their cows in calf, or sows when they are ready to farrow,47 nor
offer to beat or kick them (as is too frequent a practice) for fear
of a miscarriage.
Many other advantages might be enumerated. For instance,
the addition of some thousand carcasses in our exportation of
barreled beef. The propagation of swine’s flesh, and improvement
in the art of making good bacon, so much wanted among us by
the great destruction of pigs, too frequent at our tables, which
are no way comparable in taste, or magnificence to a well-grown,
fat yearling child, which roasted whole will make a considerable
figure at a Lord Mayor’s feast, or any other public entertainment.
But this, and many others I omit being studious of brevity.
Supposing that one thousand families in this city, would be
constant customers for infants’ flesh, besides others who might
have it at merry meetings, particularly weddings and christen-
ings, I compute that Dublin would take off annually about
twenty thousand carcasses, and the rest of the kingdom (where
probably they will be sold somewhat cheaper) the remaining
eighty thousand.
I can think of no one objection, that will possibly be raised
against this proposal, unless it should be urged that the number
of people will be thereby much lessened in the kingdom. This I
freely own, and it was indeed one principal design in offering it
to the world. I desire the reader will observe, that I calculate my
remedy for this one individual kingdom of Ireland, and for no
other that ever was, is, or, I think, ever can be upon earth.
Therefore let no man talk to me of other expedients:48 Of taxing
our absentees49 at five shillings a pound; of using neither clothes,
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47. farrow (far√£) v.: produce piglets.48. other expedients: At one time or another, Swift had advocated all
these measures for the relief of Ireland, but they were all ignored by the government. This section was italicized in all editions printedduring Swift’s lifetime to indicate that Swift made these proposalssincerely rather than ironically.
49. absentees n. pl.: English landowners who refused to live on theirIrish property.
brevity (brev√¥·t≤) n.: beingbrief; shortness.
Pause at line 254. Whatobjection does the speakeranticipate (lines 248–250)?How does he answer theobjection?
Explain the irony in thespeaker’s claim to “brevity”(line 240).
nor household furniture, except what is of our own growth and
manufacture; of utterly rejecting the materials and instruments
that promote foreign luxury; of curing the expensiveness of pride,
vanity, idleness, and gaming50 in our women; of introducing a
vein of parsimony,51 prudence, and temperance; of learning to
love our country, wherein we differ even from Laplanders, and the
inhabitants of Topinamboo;52 of quitting our animosities, and
factions,53 nor act any longer like the Jews, who were murdering
one another at the very moment their city54 was taken; of being a
little cautious not to sell our country and consciences for nothing;
of teaching landlords to have at least one degree of mercy toward
their tenants. Lastly of putting a spirit of honesty, industry, and
skill into our shopkeepers, who, if a resolution could now be taken
to buy only our native goods, would immediately unite to cheat
and exact55 upon us in the price, the measure, and the goodness,
nor could ever yet be brought to make one fair proposal of just
dealing, though often and earnestly invited to it.
Therefore I repeat, let no man talk to me of these and the
like expedients, till he hath at least a glimpse of hope, that there
will ever be some hearty and sincere attempt to put them in
practice.
But as to myself, having been wearied out for many years
with offering vain, idle, visionary thoughts, and at length utterly
despairing of success, I fortunately fell upon this proposal, which
as it is wholly new, so it hath something solid and real, of no
expense and little trouble, full in our own power, and whereby
we can incur no danger in disobliging56 England. For this kind
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50. gaming v. used as n.: gambling.51. parsimony (pär√s¥·m£≈n≤) n.: thriftiness; economy.52. Topinamboo: Swift is referring to a region of Brazil populated by
native peoples collectively called the Tupinambá. Here, Swift suggeststhat if Brazilian peoples and Laplanders can love their seeminglyinhospitable lands, the Irish should love Ireland.
53. factions n. pl.: political groups that work against the interests ofother such groups or against the main body of government.
54. their city: Jerusalem, which the Roman emperor Titus destroyed inA.D. 70 while Jewish factions fought one another.
55. exact v.: force payment.56. disobliging v. used as adj.: offending.
animosities (an≈¥·mäs√¥·t≤z)n. pl.: hostilities; violenthatreds or resentments.
Re-read footnote 48 on page135, which explains thatSwift’s essay is ironic exceptfor this italicized passage.Why do you think Swiftincluded this list of real solutions to the problems in Ireland?
136 Collection 4: The Restoration and the Eighteenth CenturyPart 1
of commodity will not bear exportation, the flesh being of
too tender a consistence, to admit a long continuance in salt,
although perhaps I could name a country,57 which would be
glad to eat up our whole nation without it.
After all I am not so violently bent upon my own opinion,
as to reject any offer, proposed by wise men, which shall be
found equally innocent, cheap, easy, and effectual. But before
something of that kind shall be advanced in contradiction to
my scheme, and offering a better, I desire the author, or authors
290
A Modest Proposal 137
Cop
yrig
ht ©
by
Hol
t,R
ineh
art
and
Win
ston
.A
ll ri
ghts
res
erve
d.
57. a country: England.
Judy O’Donnel’s “home” under the bridge at Donnbeg, Clare, Ireland (1849).The Illustrated London News Picture Library.
NotesNotes
will be pleased maturely to consider two points. First, as things
now stand, how they will be able to find food and raiment for
a hundred thousand useless mouths and backs. And secondly,
there being a round million of creatures in human figure,
throughout this kingdom, whose whole subsistence58 put into a
common stock would leave them in debt two millions of pounds
sterling, adding those who are beggars by profession to the bulk
of farmers, cottagers, and laborers, with their wives and children,
who are beggars in effect; I desire those politicians, who dislike
my overture, and may perhaps be so bold to attempt an answer,
that they will first ask the parents of these mortals, whether they
would not at this day think it a great happiness to have been sold
for food at a year old, in the manner I prescribe, and thereby have
avoided such a perpetual scene of misfortunes, as they have since
gone through, by the oppression of landlords, the impossibility
of paying rent without money or trade, the want of common
sustenance, with neither house nor clothes to cover them from
inclemencies of weather, and the most inevitable prospect of
entailing59 the like, or great miseries, upon their breed forever.
I profess in the sincerity of my heart that I have not the least
personal interest in endeavoring to promote this necessary work,
having no other motive than the public good of my country, by
advancing our trade, providing for infants, relieving the poor,
and giving some pleasure to the rich. I have no children, by which,
I can propose to get a single penny; the youngest being nine
years old, and my wife past childbearing.
300
310
Cop
yrig
ht ©
by
Hol
t,R
ineh
art
and
Win
ston
.A
ll ri
ghts
res
erve
d.
58. whole subsistence: all their possessions.59. entailing v. used as n.: passing on to the next generation.
In lines 293–305, the speakeroffers two points for con-sideration. Re-read thoselines, and underline the two points.
Re-read lines 305–311.According to the speaker,what miseries will beeliminated for poor people if his proposal is adopted?Draw a circle around thatinformation.
Re-read the closing paragraphof the essay. Underline wordsand phrases that show howthe speaker tries to win overthe reader. What type ofpersuasive appeal is thespeaker making here?
138 Collection 4: The Restoration and the Eighteenth CenturyPart 1
Cop
yrig
ht ©
by
Hol
t,R
ineh
art
and
Win
ston
.A
ll ri
ghts
res
erve
d.
A Modest Proposal 139
A Modest Proposal
Reading Skills: Recognizing Persuasive Techniques Each of the following
excerpts from “A Modest Proposal” is an example of a persuasive technique.In the blank provided, write the type of appeal (logical, emotional, or ethical)
that is used in the excerpt. The first one has been done for you.
2. “I profess in the sincerity of my heart that I have not the least personal
interest . . . having no other motive than the public good of my
country . . . I have no children, by which I can propose to get a single
penny . . . and my wife past childbearing.” (closing paragraph)
Type of appeal:
3. “I do therefore humbly offer it to public consideration, that of the
hundred and twenty thousand children, already computed, twenty
thousand may be reserved for breed. . . .” (lines 82–84)
Type of appeal:
Example:
Type of appeal:
Now, look back over the examples of persuasive techniques you highlighted
or underlined in “A Modest Proposal.” Choose an example not listed above,
and write it in the space below. Identify the type of appeal that is used.
1. “There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme, that it will
prevent [women from] sacrificing the poor innocent babes.” (lines 37–40)
Type of appeal: emotional appeal
140 Collection 4: The Restoration and the Eighteenth CenturyPart 1
VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT
DIRECTIONS: Write vocabulary words from the Word Box in the appropriate
blanks. Not all words will be used.
A Modest Proposal
VocabularySkills
Use vocabularyin context.
Understandorigins of
scientific andmathematical
terms.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
by
Hol
t,R
ineh
art
and
Win
ston
.A
ll ri
ghts
res
erve
d.
sustenance
glutted
deference
scrupulous
censure
expedient
digressed
procure
brevity
animosities
Word BoxWord Box In “A Modest Proposal,” Swift uses verbal irony to
(1) the way England ignores Irish poverty.
Swift pretends to offer a suitable answer to the problem, but the
(2) he suggests is shocking. Pointing out that
poor Irish people fill the streets everywhere one goes, Swift observes that
they have (3) the kingdom with children. Irish
families who have a hard time providing their families with food are forced
to beg for their (4) . Swift pretends to show
(5) for those who would profit from his plan,
but his use of irony reveals his true feeling of disgust.
WORD ORIGINS: SCIENTIFIC AND MATHEMATICAL TERMSDIRECTIONS: Swift’s essay is full of mathematical and scientific terminology.
Study the chart on the left, which lists some common Greek and Latin roots
and affixes. Use that information to match each mathematical or scientific
word with its meaning.
Greek, melanos:
“dark; black”
Latin, physica:
“natural science”
Greek, geo–:
“ground; earth”
Latin, com–: “with”
and putare: “to
reckon”
Greek, agros:
“field; soil; earth”
Roots and Affixes1. melancholy
2. geology
3. agriculture
4. physicist
5. computation
a. science of farming
b. mathematical
calculation
c. study of the earth
d. characterized by
dark depression
e. person who studies
the natural sciences
Student Pages with Answers 63
A M
od
est
Pro
po
sal
1
25
LITE
RARY
FO
CUS:
VER
BAL
IRO
NYYo
u u
se v
erb
al ir
on
yw
hen
ever
yo
u s
ay o
ne
thin
g b
ut
mea
n s
om
eth
ing
com
ple
tely
dif
fere
nt.
Wh
en y
ou
sp
eak,
yo
ur
ton
e o
f vo
ice
sig
nal
s lis
ten
ers
that
yo
u d
on
’t r
eally
mea
n w
hat
yo
u a
re s
ayin
g. W
rite
rs d
on
’t h
ave
the
op
tio
n o
f u
sin
g a
sar
cast
ic t
on
e o
f vo
ice
to c
on
vey
iro
ny.
Inst
ead
, th
ey m
igh
t
mak
e so
man
y sh
ock
ing
or
un
bel
ieva
ble
sta
tem
ents
th
at t
he
read
er c
an’t
po
ssib
ly m
iss
the
po
int.
Sw
ift’
s es
say
is a
cla
ssic
exa
mp
le o
f ve
rbal
iro
ny
take
n t
o t
he
extr
eme.
Isn’
t It
Iro
nic?
Loo
k at
th
e fo
llow
ing
exa
mp
les
of
verb
al ir
on
y. T
hen
,
crea
te y
ou
r o
wn
exa
mp
le in
th
e sp
ace
pro
vid
ed.
READ
ING
SKIL
LS:
RECO
GNIZ
ING
PERS
UASI
VE T
ECHN
IQUE
S“A
Mo
des
t Pr
op
osa
l” is
a t
ype
of
per
suas
ive
wri
tin
g c
alle
d s
atir
e.Th
rou
gh
sati
re, w
rite
rs r
idic
ule
peo
ple
or
inst
itu
tio
ns
in o
rder
to
eff
ect
chan
ge.
“A
Mo
des
t Pr
op
osa
l” w
as w
ritt
en in
172
9 to
sh
ock
En
glis
h s
oci
ety
into
an
awar
enes
s o
f En
gla
nd
’s u
nju
st p
olic
ies
tow
ard
th
e Ir
ish
. In
it, S
wif
t u
ses
the
typ
es o
f p
ersu
asiv
e te
chn
iqu
eslis
ted
bel
ow
to
co
nvi
nce
th
e re
ader
th
at
Eng
lan
d’s
tre
atm
ent
of
the
Iris
h is
hea
rtle
ss a
nd
imm
ora
l.
•Lo
gic
al a
pp
eals
:th
e u
se o
f fa
cts
or
stat
isti
cs t
o s
up
po
rt a
po
siti
on
.
•Em
oti
on
al a
pp
eals
:th
e u
se o
f w
ord
s th
at s
tir
up
str
on
g f
eelin
gs.
•Et
hic
al a
pp
eals
:th
e u
se o
f d
etai
ls t
hat
will
co
nvi
nce
rea
der
s th
at t
he
wri
ter
is f
air
and
tru
stw
ort
hy.
Use
the
Ski
llA
s yo
u r
ead
th
e se
lect
ion
, hig
hlig
ht
and
iden
tify
th
e ty
pes
of
per
suas
ive
app
eals
use
d b
y Sw
ift.
Ref
er t
o t
he
list
abo
ve a
s a
gu
ide.
Copyright © by Holt,Rinehart and Winston.All rights reserved.
A M
odes
t Pr
opos
al b
y Jo
nath
an S
wift
Lit
era
ry S
kills
Und
erst
and
verb
al ir
ony.
Readin
gSkills
Reco
gniz
epe
rsua
sive
tech
niqu
es(lo
gica
l,em
otio
nal,
and
ethi
cal a
ppea
ls).
You
tri
p a
nd
fal
l in
fro
nt
of
a la
rge
“Are
n’t
I th
e p
ictu
re o
f g
race
?”
gro
up
of
peo
ple
, yo
ur
bo
oks
an
d
you
ask
as
you
str
ug
gle
to
yo
ur
pap
ers
flyi
ng
eve
ryw
her
e.fe
et.
You
hav
e a
bad
cas
e o
f th
e fl
u. A
Yo
u r
esp
on
d, “
Nev
er f
elt
bet
ter!
”
frie
nd
vis
its
and
ask
s, “
Ho
w a
re
you
?”
Sit
ua
tio
nV
erb
al
Iro
ny
(W
ha
t Y
ou
Sa
y)
Copyright © by Holt,Rinehart and Winston.All rights reserved.
220
230
Pau
se a
t lin
e 22
7. W
hat
can
we
lear
n b
y re
adin
g t
he
no
vels
of
the
eig
hte
enth
cen
tury
? U
nd
erlin
e th
atin
form
atio
n.
If y
ou
wan
ted
to
lear
n m
ore
abo
ut
imp
ort
ant
his
tori
cal
even
ts t
hat
occ
urr
ed t
ow
ard
the
end
of
the
eig
hte
enth
cen
tury
, wh
at in
form
atio
n in
the
last
par
agra
ph
wo
uld
you
hav
e q
ues
tio
ns
abo
ut?
Cir
cle
it.
Fro
nt
cove
r o
f D
anie
l Def
oe’
s n
ove
lR
ob
inso
n C
ruso
e(1
881)
.Th
e B
rid
gem
an A
rt L
ibra
ry.
Th
e n
ovel
s of
one
ofth
e m
ost
prom
inen
t ei
ghte
enth
-
cen
tury
nov
elis
ts,H
enry
Fie
ldin
g (1
707–
1754
),ar
e lit
eral
ly
cram
med
wit
h r
ough
an
d ro
wdy
inci
den
ts.F
ield
ing’
s ro
llick
ing
nov
el T
om J
ones
has
eve
n b
een
mad
e in
to a
n O
scar
-win
nin
g
mov
ie,p
roof
that
his
hig
h-s
piri
ted
char
acte
rs a
re s
till
fres
h a
nd
fun
ny t
oday
.Sam
uel
Ric
hard
son
(16
89–1
761)
was
per
haps
the
firs
t n
ovel
ist
to e
xplo
rein
gre
at d
etai
l th
e em
otio
nal
life
of
his
char
acte
rs,e
spec
ially
his
her
oin
es (
in P
amel
aan
d C
lari
ssa)
.Th
e
nov
els
ofLa
ure
nce
Ste
rne
(171
3–17
68)
are
exp
erim
enta
l an
d
wh
imsi
cal—
and
still
un
iqu
e de
spit
e th
e ef
fort
s of
man
y im
ita-
tors
to
copy
th
em.A
ll th
ese
nov
els
tell
us
som
eth
ing
ofw
hat
life
at t
his
tim
e w
as li
ke.T
hey
als
o h
elp
us
un
ders
tan
d th
e jo
ys a
nd
disa
ppoi
ntm
ents
of
hum
an e
xper
ien
ce in
all
ages
.
Sear
chin
g f
or
a Si
mp
ler
Life
By
the
last
dec
ade
ofth
e ce
ntu
ry,t
he
wor
ld w
as c
han
gin
g in
dist
urb
ing
way
s.T
he
Indu
stri
al R
evol
uti
on w
as t
urn
ing
En
glis
h
citi
es a
nd
tow
ns
into
filt
hy,s
mok
y sl
um
s.A
cros
s th
e E
ngl
ish
Ch
ann
el,t
he
Fren
ch w
ere
abou
t to
mu
rder
a k
ing
and
set
thei
r
wh
ole
soci
ety
on a
dif
fere
nt
polit
ical
cou
rse.
Th
e ei
ghte
enth
cen
tury
was
clo
sin
g.Ju
st a
s at
th
e en
d of
the
twen
tiet
h c
entu
ry,
peop
le s
ense
d th
at a
new
era
was
abo
ut
to b
egin
,so
did
peop
le in
En
glan
d kn
ow t
hat
the
age
ofel
egan
ce,t
aste
,an
d re
ason
was
ove
r.
124
Co
llect
ion
4:
The
Res
tora
tio
n a
nd
th
e Ei
gh
teen
th C
entu
ryPa
rt 1
Collection 4Student Pages 124–125
64 The Holt Reader: Teacher’s Manual
I th
ink
it is
agr
eed
by a
ll pa
rtie
s,th
at t
his
prod
igio
us n
umbe
r
ofch
ildre
n,i
n t
he
arm
s,or
on
th
e ba
cks,
or a
t th
e h
eels
of
thei
r
mot
her
s,an
d fr
equ
entl
y of
thei
r fa
ther
s,is
in t
he
pres
ent
depl
orab
le s
tate
of
the
kin
gdom
,a v
ery
grea
t ad
diti
onal
gri
evan
ce;
and
ther
efor
e w
hoe
ver
cou
ld f
ind
out
a fa
ir,c
hea
p,an
d ea
sy
met
hod
of
mak
ing
thes
e ch
ildre
n s
oun
d an
d u
sefu
l mem
bers
ofth
e co
mm
onw
ealt
h w
ould
des
erve
so
wel
l of
the
publ
ic,a
s
to h
ave
his
sta
tue
set
up
for
a pr
eser
ver
ofth
e n
atio
n.
Bu
t m
y in
ten
tion
is v
ery
far
from
bei
ng
con
fin
ed t
o pr
ovid
e
only
for
th
e ch
ildre
n o
fpr
ofes
sed
begg
ars;
it is
of
a m
uch
gre
ater
exte
nt,
and
shal
l tak
e in
th
e w
hol
e n
um
ber
ofin
fan
ts a
t a
cert
ain
age,
wh
o ar
e bo
rn o
fpa
ren
ts in
eff
ect
as li
ttle
abl
e to
su
ppor
t
them
,as
thos
e w
ho
dem
and
our
char
ity
in t
he
stre
ets.
As
to m
y ow
n p
art,
hav
ing
turn
ed m
y th
ough
ts,f
or m
any
year
s,u
pon
th
is im
port
ant
subj
ect,
and
mat
ure
ly w
eigh
ed t
he
seve
ral s
chem
es o
fot
her
pro
ject
ors,
6I
hav
e al
way
s fo
un
d th
em
gros
sly
mis
take
n in
th
eir
com
puta
tion
.It
is t
rue
a ch
ild,j
ust
drop
ped
from
its
dam
,7m
ay b
e su
ppor
ted
by h
er m
ilk,f
or a
sola
r ye
ar8
wit
h li
ttle
oth
er n
ouri
shm
ent,
at m
ost
not
abo
ve t
he
valu
e of
two
shill
ings
,wh
ich
th
e m
oth
er m
ay c
erta
inly
get
,or
the
valu
e in
scr
aps,
by h
er la
wfu
l occ
upa
tion
of
begg
ing,
and
it
is e
xact
ly a
t on
e ye
ar o
ld t
hat
I p
ropo
se t
o pr
ovid
e fo
r th
em,i
n
such
a m
ann
er,a
s,in
stea
d of
bein
g a
char
ge u
pon
th
eir
pare
nts
,
or t
he
pari
sh,o
r w
anti
ng
food
an
d ra
imen
t9fo
r th
e re
st o
fth
eir
lives
,th
ey s
hal
l,on
th
e co
ntr
ary,
con
trib
ute
to
the
feed
ing
and
part
ly t
o th
e cl
oth
ing
ofm
any
thou
san
ds.
Th
ere
is li
kew
ise
anot
her
gre
at a
dvan
tage
in m
y sc
hem
e,
that
it w
ill p
reve
nt
thos
e vo
lun
tary
abo
rtio
ns,
and
that
hor
rid
prac
tice
of
wom
en m
urd
erin
g th
eir
bast
ard
child
ren
,ala
s! t
oo
freq
uen
t am
ong
us,s
acri
fici
ng
the
poor
inn
ocen
t ba
bes,
I do
ubt,10
20 30 40
A M
od
est
Pro
po
sal
1
27
Copyright © by Holt,Rinehart and Winston.All rights reserved.
6.p
roje
cto
rsn
. pl.:
spec
ula
tors
; sch
emer
s.7.
dam
n.:
mo
ther
(o
rdin
arily
use
d o
nly
of
anim
als)
.8.
sola
r ye
ar:f
rom
th
e fi
rst
day
of
spri
ng
in o
ne
year
to
th
e la
st d
ay
of
win
ter
in t
he
nex
t.9.
raim
ent
(r†√
m¥n
t)n
.:cl
oth
ing
.10
.d
ou
bt
v.:s
usp
ect.
The
wo
rd p
rod
igio
us
(pr£
·dij√
¥s),
in li
ne
11, m
ean
s“a
n e
no
rmo
us
qu
anti
ty.”
Pau
se a
t lin
e 18
. Wh
at d
oes
Swif
t sa
y is
th
e p
rob
lem
faci
ng
th
e n
atio
n?
Ther
e ar
e to
o m
any
star
vin
g c
hild
ren
.
The
wo
rd d
am(l
ine
28)
mea
ns
“fem
ale
par
ent”
an
d is
usu
ally
use
d t
o r
efer
to a
do
mes
tic
anim
al.
Wh
at a
ttit
ud
e to
war
d p
oo
r w
om
en d
oes
th
is w
ord
cho
ice
sug
ges
t?
It im
plie
s th
at p
oo
r
wo
men
an
d t
hei
r
child
ren
are
no
t m
uch
bet
ter
than
an
imal
s.
Pau
se a
t lin
e 36
. At
wh
at a
ge
can
ch
ildre
n b
e m
ade
use
ful
to s
oci
ety?
Cir
cle
that
info
r-m
atio
n. U
nd
erlin
e th
e w
ay
in w
hic
h t
hey
can
be
of
use
.
Copyright © by Holt,Rinehart and Winston.All rights reserved.
It is
a m
elan
chol
y ob
ject
to
thos
e,w
ho
wal
k th
rou
gh t
his
gre
at
tow
n,1
or t
rave
l in
th
e co
un
try,
wh
en t
hey
see
th
e st
reet
s,th
e
road
s,an
d ca
bin
doo
rs,c
row
ded
wit
h b
egga
rs o
fth
e fe
mal
e se
x,
follo
wed
by
thre
e,fo
ur,
or s
ix c
hild
ren
,all
in r
ags,
and
impo
r-
tun
ing
ever
y pa
ssen
ger
for
an a
lms.
2T
hes
e m
oth
ers,
inst
ead
of
bein
g ab
le t
o w
ork
for
thei
r h
ones
t liv
elih
ood,
are
forc
ed t
o
empl
oy a
ll th
eir
tim
e in
str
ollin
g,to
beg
su
sten
ance
for
thei
r
hel
ples
s in
fan
ts,w
ho,
as t
hey
gro
w u
p ei
ther
tu
rn t
hie
ves
for
wan
t3of
wor
k,or
leav
e th
eir
dear
nat
ive
cou
ntr
y to
fig
ht
for
the
Pre
ten
der4
in S
pain
,or
sell
them
selv
es t
o th
e B
arba
does
.510
Jon
ath
an S
wif
t
FOR
PREV
ENTI
NG
THE
CH
ILD
REN
OF
POO
RPE
OPL
EIN
IREL
AN
DFR
OM
BEI
NG
AB
UR
DEN
TOTH
EIR
PAR
ENTS
, AN
DFO
RM
AK
ING
THEM
BEN
EFIC
IAL
TOTH
EPU
BLI
C
BACK
GRO
UND
In t
he
late
172
0s, I
rela
nd
su
ffer
ed f
rom
sev
eral
yea
rs o
f p
oo
r h
arve
sts.
Farm
ers
had
tro
ub
le p
ayin
g t
he
ren
ts d
eman
ded
by
thei
r En
glis
h la
nd
-lo
rds.
Man
y ch
ildre
n a
nd
ad
ult
s w
ere
forc
ed t
o b
eg o
r st
arve
. Mo
st o
fth
e m
on
ey c
olle
cted
by
the
lan
dlo
rds
was
sen
t to
En
gla
nd
; ver
y lit
tle
was
sp
ent
in Ir
elan
d o
n lo
cally
pro
du
ced
go
od
s.H
ere,
Sw
ift
pre
ten
ds
to b
e an
eco
no
mic
pla
nn
er w
ho
su
gg
ests
ash
ock
ing
so
luti
on
to
th
e p
rob
lem
. Wat
ch f
or
the
shar
p c
on
tras
t b
etw
een
Swif
t’s
dir
ect,
log
ical
sty
le a
nd
th
e o
utr
ageo
us
pro
po
sal h
e d
escr
ibes
.
1.th
is g
reat
to
wn
:Du
blin
.2.
imp
ort
un
ing
. . .
alm
s:as
kin
g p
asse
rsb
y fo
r a
han
do
ut.
3.w
ant
n.:
lack
; nee
d.
4.th
e Pr
eten
der
:Jam
es E
dw
ard
(16
88–1
766)
, so
n o
f En
gla
nd
’s la
stC
ath
olic
kin
g, t
he
dep
ose
d J
ames
II (
1633
–170
1); J
ames
Ed
war
d
kep
t tr
yin
g t
o g
ain
th
e En
glis
h t
hro
ne.
5.se
ll . .
. B
arb
ado
es:g
o t
o t
he
Wes
t In
die
s an
d w
ork
as
ind
entu
red
serv
ants
.
Mel
anch
oly
,in
lin
e 1,
mea
ns
“sad
.” U
sin
g t
hat
kn
ow
led
ge,
par
aph
rase
th
e fi
rst
sen
ten
ce.
Sug
ges
ted
res
po
nse
:
Wh
en p
eop
le g
o o
ut
wal
kin
g in
th
is t
ow
n
or
in t
his
co
un
try,
it
is d
epre
ssin
g t
o s
ee
wo
men
an
d t
hei
r ki
ds
beg
gin
g.
sust
enan
ce(s
us√
t¥·n
¥ns)
n.:
foo
d o
r m
on
ey t
o s
up
po
rt li
fe.
126
Co
llect
ion
4:
The
Res
tora
tio
n a
nd
th
e Ei
gh
teen
th C
entu
ryPa
rt 1
Collection 4Student Pages 126–127
Student Pages with Answers 65
turn
to
acco
un
t17ei
ther
to
the
pare
nts
or
the
kin
gdom
,th
e
char
ge o
fn
utr
imen
t an
d ra
gs h
avin
g be
en a
t le
ast
fou
r ti
mes
that
val
ue.
I sh
all n
ow t
her
efor
e hu
mbl
y pr
opos
e m
y ow
n t
hou
ghts
,
wh
ich
I h
ope
will
not
be
liabl
e to
th
e le
ast
obje
ctio
n.
I h
ave
been
ass
ure
d by
a v
ery
know
ing
Am
eric
an18
ofm
y
acqu
ain
tan
ce in
Lon
don
,th
at a
you
ng
hea
lthy
ch
ild w
ell n
urs
ed
is a
t a
year
old
a m
ost
delic
iou
s,n
ouri
shin
g,an
d w
hol
esom
e
food
,wh
eth
er s
tew
ed,r
oast
ed,b
aked
,or
boile
d,an
d I
mak
e
no
dou
bt t
hat
it w
ill e
qual
ly s
erve
in a
fri
cass
ee,19
or r
agou
t.20
I do
th
eref
ore
hu
mbl
y of
fer
it t
o pu
blic
con
side
rati
on,t
hat
ofth
e hu
ndr
ed a
nd
twen
ty t
hou
san
d ch
ildre
n,a
lrea
dy c
ompu
ted,
twen
ty t
hou
san
d m
ay b
e re
serv
ed f
or b
reed
,wh
ereo
fon
ly o
ne-
fou
rth
par
t to
be
mal
es,w
hic
h is
mor
e th
an w
e al
low
to
shee
p,
blac
k ca
ttle
,or
swin
e,an
d m
y re
ason
is t
hat
th
ese
child
ren
are
seld
om t
he f
ruit
s of
mar
riag
e,a
circ
um
stan
ce n
ot m
uch
reg
arde
d
by o
ur
sava
ges;
ther
efor
e on
e m
ale
will
be
suff
icie
nt
to s
erve
fou
r
fem
ales
.Th
at t
he
rem
ain
ing
hun
dred
th
ousa
nd
may
at
a ye
ar
old
be o
ffer
ed in
sal
e to
th
e p
erso
ns
ofqu
alit
y,an
d fo
rtu
ne,
thro
ugh
th
e ki
ngd
om,a
lway
s ad
visi
ng
the
mot
her
to
let
them
suck
ple
nti
fully
in t
he
last
mon
th,s
o as
to
ren
der
them
plu
mp,
and
fat
for
a go
od t
able
.A c
hild
will
mak
e tw
o di
shes
at
an
ente
rtai
nm
ent
for
frie
nds
,an
d w
hen
th
e fa
mily
din
es a
lon
e,th
e
fore
or
hin
d qu
arte
r w
ill m
ake
a re
ason
able
dis
h,a
nd
seas
oned
wit
h a
litt
le p
eppe
r or
sal
t w
ill b
e ve
ry g
ood
boile
d on
th
e fo
urt
h
day,
espe
cial
ly in
win
ter.
I h
ave
reck
oned
upo
n a
med
ium
,th
at a
ch
ild ju
st b
orn
will
wei
gh t
wel
ve p
oun
ds,a
nd
in a
sol
ar y
ear
ifto
lera
bly
nu
rsed
incr
ease
th t
o tw
enty
-eig
ht
pou
nds
.
80 90 100
A M
od
est
Pro
po
sal
1
29
Copyright © by Holt,Rinehart and Winston.All rights reserved.
17.
turn
to
acc
ou
nt:
be
pro
fita
ble
.18
.A
mer
ican
:To
Sw
ift’s
rea
der
s th
is la
bel
wo
uld
su
gg
est
a b
arb
aric
per
son
.19
.fr
icas
see
(fri
k≈¥·
s≤√)
n.:
stew
wit
h a
lig
ht
gra
vy.
20.
rag
ou
t(r
a·g
º√)
n.:
hig
hly
fla
vore
d s
tew
.
Re-
read
lin
es 7
7–81
. Cir
cle
the
wo
rds
Swif
t u
ses
tod
escr
ibe
a yo
un
g, h
ealt
hy
child
. Bas
ed o
n t
hes
e d
etai
ls,
wh
at p
lan
do
yo
u t
hin
k h
e is
ab
ou
t to
pro
po
se t
o d
eal
wit
h Ir
elan
d’s
sta
rvin
gp
op
ula
tio
n?
It s
ou
nd
s lik
e h
e w
ill
pro
po
se t
hat
yea
r-o
ld
child
ren
of
the
po
or
be
kille
d a
nd
use
d f
or
foo
d.
The
spea
ker
pro
vid
es d
etai
lsin
su
pp
ort
of
his
ou
trag
eou
sp
lan
(lin
es 9
3–97
). U
nd
erlin
eth
ose
det
ails
.
mor
e to
avo
id t
he
expe
nse
,th
an t
he
sham
e,w
hic
h w
ould
mov
e
tear
s an
d pi
ty in
th
e m
ost
sava
ge a
nd
inhu
man
bre
ast.
The
num
ber
ofso
uls11
in I
rela
nd
bein
g us
ually
rec
kon
ed o
ne
mill
ion
an
d a
hal
f,of
thes
e I
calc
ula
te t
her
e m
ay b
e ab
out
two
hun
dred
tho
usa
nd
cou
ples
who
se w
ives
are
bre
eder
s,fr
om w
hich
nu
mbe
r I
subt
ract
th
irty
th
ousa
nd
cou
ples
,wh
o ar
e ab
le t
o
mai
nta
in t
hei
r ow
n c
hild
ren
,alt
hou
gh I
app
reh
end
ther
e ca
nn
ot
be s
o m
any
un
der
the
pres
ent
dist
ress
es o
fth
e ki
ngd
om,b
ut
this
bein
g gr
ante
d,th
ere
will
rem
ain
an
hun
dred
and
sev
enty
tho
usan
d
bree
ders
.I a
gain
su
btra
ct f
ifty
th
ousa
nd
for
thos
e w
omen
wh
o
mis
carr
y,or
wh
ose
child
ren
die
by
acci
den
t,or
dis
ease
wit
hin
the
year
.Th
ere
only
rem
ain
an
hu
ndr
ed a
nd
twen
ty t
hou
san
d
child
ren
of
poor
par
ents
an
nu
ally
bor
n:T
he
ques
tion
th
eref
ore
is,h
ow t
his
nu
mbe
r sh
all b
e re
ared
,an
d pr
ovid
ed f
or,w
hic
h,a
s
I h
ave
alre
ady
said
,un
der
the
pres
ent
situ
atio
n o
faf
fair
s,is
utt
erly
impo
ssib
le b
y al
l th
e m
eth
ods
hit
her
to p
ropo
sed,
for
we
can
nei
ther
em
ploy
th
em in
han
dicr
aft,
12or
agr
icu
ltu
re;w
e
nei
ther
bu
ild h
ouse
s (I
mea
n in
th
e co
un
try)
nor
cu
ltiv
ate
lan
d:
Th
ey c
an v
ery
seld
om p
ick
up
a liv
elih
ood
by s
teal
ing
un
til t
hey
arri
ve a
t si
x ye
ars
old,
exce
pt w
her
e th
ey a
re o
fto
war
dly
part
s,13
alth
ough
,I c
onfe
ss t
hey
lear
n t
he
rudi
men
ts m
uch
ear
lier,
duri
ng
wh
ich
tim
e,th
ey c
an h
owev
er b
e pr
oper
ly lo
oked
upo
n
only
as
prob
atio
ner
s,14
as I
hav
e be
en in
form
ed b
y a
prin
cipa
l
gen
tlem
an in
th
e co
un
ty o
fC
avan
,15w
ho
prot
este
d to
me,
that
he
nev
er k
new
abo
ve o
ne
or t
wo
inst
ance
s u
nde
r th
e ag
e of
six,
even
in a
par
t of
the
kin
gdom
so
ren
own
ed f
or t
he
quic
kest
prof
icie
ncy
in t
hat
art
.16
I am
ass
ure
d by
ou
r m
erch
ants
,th
at a
boy
or
girl
,bef
ore
twel
ve y
ears
old
,is
no
sale
able
com
mod
ity,
and
even
wh
en t
hey
com
e to
th
is a
ge,t
hey
will
not
yie
ld a
bove
th
ree
pou
nds
,or
thre
e
pou
nds
an
d h
alf
a cr
own
at
mos
t on
th
e ex
chan
ge,w
hic
h c
ann
ot
50 60 70
Copyright © by Holt,Rinehart and Winston.All rights reserved.
11.
sou
lsn
. pl.:
peo
ple
.12
.h
and
icra
ftn
.:m
anu
fact
uri
ng
.13
.o
f to
war
dly
par
ts:e
xcep
tio
nal
ly a
dva
nce
d o
r m
atu
re f
or
thei
r ag
e.14
.p
rob
atio
ner
sn
. pl.:
app
ren
tice
s.15
.C
avan
:in
lan
d c
ou
nty
in Ir
elan
d t
hat
is r
emo
te f
rom
Du
blin
.16
.th
at a
rt:s
teal
ing
.
Re-
read
lin
es 3
7–42
. Cir
cle
the
wo
rds
in li
ne
42 t
hat
sug
ges
t th
at p
oo
r p
eop
le
are
no
t ci
viliz
ed. B
y u
sin
gth
ese
wo
rds,
wh
ich
typ
e o
fp
ersu
asiv
e ap
pea
lis
Swif
tm
akin
g?
The
wo
rds
sava
ge
and
inh
um
anm
ake
an
emo
tio
nal
ap
pea
l.
Re-
read
lin
es 4
3–5
3. W
hat
kin
d o
f la
ng
uag
e d
oes
Sw
ift
use
her
e to
des
crib
e b
irth
san
d d
eath
s o
f th
e p
oo
r? H
ow
do
es t
his
lan
gu
age
hel
p h
imm
ake
his
po
int?
Swif
t u
ses
mat
he-
mat
ical
lan
gu
age
to
des
crib
e th
e n
um
ber
of
bir
ths,
mis
carr
iag
es,
and
dea
ths.
Th
e
imp
erso
nal
use
of
stat
isti
cs e
xag
ger
ates
the
hea
rtle
ssn
ess
of
go
vern
men
t ag
enci
es.
128
Co
llect
ion
4:
The
Res
tora
tio
n a
nd
th
e Ei
gh
teen
th C
entu
ryPa
rt 1
Collection 4Student Pages 128–129
66 The Holt Reader: Teacher’s Manual
I h
ave
alre
ady
com
pute
d th
e ch
arge
of
nu
rsin
g a
begg
ar’s
child
(in
wh
ich
list
I r
ecko
n a
ll co
ttag
ers,
25la
bore
rs,a
nd
fou
r-
fift
hs
ofth
e fa
rmer
s) t
o be
abo
ut
two
shill
ings
per
an
nu
m,26
rags
incl
ude
d,an
d I
belie
ve n
o ge
ntl
eman
wou
ld r
epin
e to
giv
e te
n
shill
ings
for
th
e ca
rcas
s of
a go
od f
at c
hild
,wh
ich
,as
I h
ave
said
will
mak
e fo
ur
dish
es o
fex
celle
nt
nu
trit
ive
mea
t,w
hen
he
hat
h
only
som
e pa
rtic
ula
r fr
ien
d,or
his
ow
n f
amily
to
din
e w
ith
him
.
Thu
s th
e sq
uir
e w
ill le
arn
to
be a
goo
d la
ndl
ord,
and
grow
pop
-
ula
r am
ong
his
ten
ants
,th
e m
oth
er w
ill h
ave
eigh
t sh
illin
gs n
et
prof
it,a
nd
be f
it f
or w
ork
un
til s
he
prod
uce
th a
not
her
ch
ild.
Th
ose
wh
o ar
e m
ore
thri
fty
(as
I m
ust
con
fess
th
e ti
mes
requ
ire)
may
fla
y27th
e ca
rcas
s;th
e sk
in o
fw
hic
h,a
rtif
icia
lly28
dres
sed,
will
mak
e ad
mir
able
glo
ves
for
ladi
es,a
nd
sum
mer
boot
s fo
r fi
ne
gen
tlem
en.
As
to o
ur
city
of
Du
blin
,sh
ambl
es29
may
be
appo
inte
d fo
r
this
pu
rpos
e,in
th
e m
ost
conv
enie
nt
part
s of
it,a
nd
butc
her
s w
e
may
be
assu
red
will
not
be
wan
tin
g,al
thou
gh I
rat
her
rec
om-
men
d bu
yin
g th
e ch
ildre
n a
live,
and
dres
sin
g th
em h
ot f
rom
th
e
knif
e,as
we
do r
oast
ing
pigs
.
A v
ery
wor
thy
per
son
,a t
rue
love
r of
his
cou
ntr
y,an
d
wh
ose
virt
ues
I h
igh
ly e
stee
m,w
as la
tely
ple
ased
,in
dis
cou
rsin
g
on t
his
mat
ter,
to o
ffer
a r
efin
emen
t u
pon
my
sch
eme.
He
said
,
that
man
y ge
ntl
emen
of
this
kin
gdom
,hav
ing
ofla
te d
estr
oyed
thei
r de
er,h
e co
nce
ived
th
at t
he
wan
t of
ven
ison
mig
ht
be w
ell
supp
lied
by t
he b
odie
s of
you
ng
lads
an
d m
aide
ns,
not
exc
eedi
ng
fou
rtee
n y
ears
of
age,
nor
un
der
twel
ve,s
o gr
eat
a n
um
ber
of
both
sex
es in
eve
ry c
oun
try
bein
g n
ow r
eady
to
star
ve,f
or w
ant
ofw
ork
and
serv
ice:
30an
d th
ese
to b
e di
spos
ed o
fby
the
ir p
aren
ts
ifal
ive,
or o
ther
wis
e by
th
eir
nea
rest
rel
atio
ns.
Bu
t w
ith
du
e
120
130
140
A M
od
est
Pro
po
sal
1
31
Copyright © by Holt,Rinehart and Winston.All rights reserved.
25.
cott
ager
sn
. pl.:
ten
ant
farm
ers.
26.
per
an
nu
m:L
atin
fo
r “b
y th
e ye
ar”;
an
nu
ally
.27
.fl
ayv.
:rem
ove
th
e sk
in o
f.28
.ar
tifi
cial
lyad
v.:w
ith
gre
at a
rtif
ice;
ski
llfu
lly.
29.
sham
ble
sn
.:sl
aug
hte
rho
use
.30
.se
rvic
en
.:em
plo
ymen
t as
ser
van
ts.
In d
iscu
ssin
g t
he
eco
no
mic
so
f h
is p
rop
osa
l, w
hat
kin
d o
fap
pea
l is
the
spea
ker
mak
ing
(lin
es 1
14–1
23)?
a lo
gic
al a
pp
eal
Pau
se a
t lin
e 14
2. W
hat
“ref
inem
ent,
” o
r m
od
ific
a-ti
on
, of
the
auth
or’
s p
lan
issu
gg
este
d in
th
is p
arag
rap
h?
Un
der
line
the
answ
er.
Re-
read
lin
es 1
28–1
32, i
nw
hic
h t
he
spea
ker
sug
ges
ts“d
ress
ing
” ch
ildre
n “
ho
tfr
om
th
e kn
ife.
” W
hat
eff
ect
do
yo
u t
hin
k Sw
ift
exp
ects
this
wo
rd c
ho
ice
to h
ave
on
rea
der
s?
He
assu
mes
his
wo
rd
cho
ice
will
ou
trag
e
peo
ple
an
d m
ake
them
th
ink.
I gr
ant
this
foo
d w
ill b
e so
mew
hat
dea
r,21
and
ther
efor
e
very
pro
per
for
lan
dlor
ds,w
ho,
as t
hey
hav
e al
read
y de
vou
red22
mos
t of
the
pare
nts
,see
m t
o h
ave
the
best
tit
le t
o th
e ch
ildre
n.
Infa
nt’s
fle
sh w
ill b
e in
sea
son
th
rou
ghou
t th
e ye
ar,b
ut
mor
e pl
enti
ful i
n M
arch
,an
d a
littl
e be
fore
an
d af
ter,
for
we
are
told
by
a gr
ave
auth
or,23
an e
min
ent
Fren
ch p
hysi
cian
,th
at f
ish
bein
g a
prol
ific
die
t,th
ere
are
mor
e ch
ildre
n b
orn
in R
oman
Cat
hol
ic c
oun
trie
s ab
out
nin
e m
onth
s af
ter
Len
t,th
an a
t an
y
oth
er s
easo
n,t
her
efor
e re
ckon
ing
a ye
ar a
fter
Len
t,th
e m
arke
ts
will
be
mor
e gl
utt
edth
an u
sual
,bec
ause
th
e n
um
ber
ofpo
pish
24
infa
nts
,is
at le
ast
thre
e to
on
e in
th
is k
ingd
om,a
nd
ther
efor
e it
will
hav
e on
e ot
her
col
late
ral a
dvan
tage
by
less
enin
g th
e n
um
ber
ofpa
pist
s am
ong
us.
110
Copyright © by Holt,Rinehart and Winston.All rights reserved.
21.
dea
rad
j.:ex
pen
sive
.22
.d
evo
ure
dv.
:mad
e p
oo
r b
y ch
arg
ing
hig
h r
ents
.23
.g
rave
au
tho
r:Th
e Fr
ench
sat
iris
t Fr
anço
is R
abel
ais.
His
wo
rk is
co
mic
,n
ot
“gra
ve.”
24.
po
pis
had
j.:d
ero
gat
ory
ter
m m
ean
ing
“R
om
an C
ath
olic
.”
Re-
read
lin
es 1
04–1
13.
Acc
ord
ing
to
th
e sp
eake
r,w
hat
is a
des
irab
le e
ffec
t o
fh
avin
g a
glu
t o
f in
fan
ts o
nth
e m
arke
t?
It w
ill d
ecre
ase
the
nu
mb
er o
f R
om
an
Cat
ho
lics
in Ir
elan
d.
An
Iris
h c
abin
.N
atio
nal
Lib
rary
of
Irel
and
, Du
blin
.
glu
tted
(glu
t√id
)v.
use
d a
sad
j.:o
verf
illed
.
Re-
read
lin
es 1
01–1
03 a
nd
foo
tno
tes
21–2
2. S
wif
t u
ses
verb
al ir
on
yto
exp
ose
am
ajo
r ca
use
of
the
po
vert
y in
Irel
and
. Res
tate
th
ese
nte
nce
in y
ou
r o
wn
wo
rds.
Sug
ges
ted
res
po
nse
:
I ad
mit
th
is f
oo
d w
ill
be
exp
ensi
ve, a
nd
ther
efo
re p
erfe
ct f
or
lan
dlo
rds,
wh
o h
ave
alre
ady
take
n t
he
par
ents
’ mo
ney
an
d
so h
ave
the
mo
st
rig
ht
to t
ake
thei
r
child
ren
, to
o.
130
Co
llect
ion
4:
The
Res
tora
tio
n a
nd
th
e Ei
gh
teen
th C
entu
ryPa
rt 1
Collection 4Student Pages 130–131
Student Pages with Answers 67
hou
se,a
nd
asse
mbl
ies
in f
orei
gn f
iner
ies,
wh
ich
th
ey n
ever
will
pay
for;
the
kin
gdom
wou
ld n
ot b
e th
e w
orse
.
Som
e pe
rson
s of
a de
spon
din
g sp
irit
are
in g
reat
con
cern
abou
t th
at v
ast
nu
mbe
r of
poor
peo
ple,
wh
o ar
e ag
ed,d
isea
sed,
or m
aim
ed,a
nd
I h
ave
been
des
ired
to
empl
oy m
y th
ough
ts
wh
at c
ours
e m
ay b
e ta
ken
,to
ease
th
e n
atio
n o
fso
gri
evou
s an
encu
mbr
ance
.Bu
t I
am n
ot in
th
e le
ast
pain
upo
n t
hat
mat
ter,
beca
use
it is
ver
y w
ell k
now
n,t
hat
th
ey a
re e
very
day
dyi
ng,
and
rott
ing,
by c
old,
and
fam
ine,
and
filt
h,a
nd
verm
in,37
as f
ast
as
can
be
reas
onab
ly e
xpec
ted.
An
d as
to
the
you
nge
r la
bore
rs t
hey
are
now
in a
lmos
t as
hop
efu
l38a
con
diti
on.T
hey
can
not
get
wor
k,an
d co
nse
quen
tly
pin
e aw
ay f
or w
ant
ofn
ouri
shm
ent,
to a
degr
ee,t
hat
ifat
any
tim
e th
ey a
re a
ccid
enta
lly h
ired
to
com
mon
labo
r,th
ey h
ave
not
str
engt
h t
o p
erfo
rm it
,an
d th
us
the
cou
ntr
y
and
them
selv
es a
re in
a f
air
way
39of
bein
g so
on d
eliv
ered
fro
m
the
evils
to
com
e.
I h
ave
too
lon
g d
igre
ssed
,an
d th
eref
ore
shal
l ret
urn
to
my
subj
ect.
I th
ink
the
adva
nta
ges
by t
he p
ropo
sal w
hich
I h
ave
mad
e
are
obvi
ous
and
man
y as
wel
l as
ofth
e h
igh
est
impo
rtan
ce.
For
firs
t,as
I h
ave
alre
ady
obse
rved
,it
wou
ld g
reat
ly le
ssen
the
nu
mbe
r of
papi
sts,
wit
h w
hom
we
are
year
ly o
verr
un
,bei
ng
the
prin
cipa
l bre
eder
s of
the
nat
ion
,as
wel
l as
our
mos
t da
nge
r-
ous
enem
ies,
and
wh
o st
ay a
t h
ome
on p
urp
ose
wit
h a
des
ign
to
deliv
er t
he k
ingd
om t
o th
e P
rete
nde
r,ho
pin
g to
tak
e th
eir
adva
n-
tage
by t
he
abse
nce
of
so m
any
good
Pro
test
ants
,40w
ho
hav
e
chos
en r
ath
er t
o le
ave
thei
r co
un
try,
than
sta
y at
hom
e,an
d pa
y
tith
es41
agai
nst
the
ir c
onsc
ien
ce,t
o an
idol
atro
us E
pisc
opal
cur
ate.
170
180
190
A M
od
est
Pro
po
sal
1
33
Copyright © by Holt,Rinehart and Winston.All rights reserved.
37.
verm
inn
. pl.:
pes
ts s
uch
as
lice,
fle
as, a
nd
bed
bu
gs.
38.
ho
pef
ula
dj.:
actu
ally
, ho
pel
ess.
Sw
ift
is u
sin
g t
he
wo
rd w
ith
inte
nti
on
al ir
on
y.39
.ar
e in
a f
air
way
:hav
e a
go
od
ch
ance
.40
.g
oo
d P
rote
stan
ts:t
hat
is, i
n S
wif
t’s
view
, bad
Pro
test
ants
, bec
ause
they
ob
ject
to
th
e C
hu
rch
of
Irel
and
’s b
ish
op
s an
d r
egar
d t
hem
as
“id
ola
tro
us.
”41
.ti
thes
(t¢ ‚
z)n
. pl.:
mo
net
ary
gif
ts t
o t
he
chu
rch
eq
uiv
alen
t to
on
ete
nth
of
each
do
no
r’s
inco
me.
The
wo
rd e
ncu
mb
ran
ce(l
ine
176)
mea
ns
“a b
urd
en, a
hin
dra
nce
, or
a w
eig
ht.
”
Re-
read
lin
es 1
72–1
85. W
hy
isn
’t t
he
spea
ker
con
cern
edab
ou
t th
e g
reat
nu
mb
er o
fo
ther
po
or
peo
ple
in Ir
elan
d?
Un
der
line
that
info
rmat
ion
.
dig
ress
ed(d
¢·g
rest
√)v.
:w
and
ered
off
th
e su
bje
ct.
The
spea
ker
lists
th
e“a
dva
nta
ges
” o
f h
is p
rop
osa
lo
ne
by
on
e. A
s yo
u r
ead
lin
es18
9–23
1, c
ircl
e th
e w
ord
o
r p
hra
se a
t th
e b
egin
nin
go
f ea
ch p
arag
rap
h t
hat
reve
als
the
text
’s p
atte
rn o
fo
rgan
izat
ion
.Th
en, u
nd
er-
line
the
“ben
efit
” o
f ea
ch
of
the
six
pro
po
sals
.
def
eren
ceto
so
exce
llen
t a
frie
nd,
and
so d
eser
vin
g a
patr
iot,
I
can
not
be
alto
geth
er in
his
sen
tim
ents
,for
as
to t
he
mal
es,m
y
Am
eric
an a
cqu
ain
tan
ce a
ssu
red
me
from
fre
quen
t ex
per
ien
ce,
that
th
eir
fles
h w
as g
ener
ally
tou
gh a
nd
lean
,lik
e th
at o
fou
r
sch
oolb
oys,
by c
onti
nu
al e
xerc
ise,
and
thei
r ta
ste
disa
gree
able
,
and
to f
atte
n t
hem
wou
ld n
ot a
nsw
er t
he
char
ge.T
hen
as
to t
he
fem
ales
,it
wou
ld,I
th
ink
wit
h h
um
ble
subm
issi
on,31
be a
loss
to
the
publ
ic,b
ecau
se t
hey
soo
n w
ould
bec
ome
bree
ders
th
em-
selv
es:A
nd
besi
des
it is
not
impr
obab
le t
hat
som
e sc
rup
ulo
us
peop
le m
igh
t be
apt
to
cen
sure
such
a p
ract
ice
(alt
hou
gh in
deed
very
un
just
ly)
as a
litt
le b
orde
rin
g u
pon
cru
elty
,wh
ich
,I c
onfe
ss,
hat
h a
lway
s be
en w
ith
me
the
stro
nge
st o
bjec
tion
aga
inst
any
proj
ect,
how
wel
l soe
ver
inte
nde
d.
Bu
t in
ord
er t
o ju
stif
y m
y fr
ien
d,h
e co
nfe
ssed
th
at t
his
exp
edie
nt
was
pu
t in
to h
is h
ead
by t
he
fam
ous
Sallm
anaa
zor,
32
a n
ativ
e of
the
isla
nd
Form
osa,
wh
o ca
me
from
th
ence
to
Lon
don
,abo
ve t
wen
ty y
ears
ago
,an
d in
con
vers
atio
n t
old
my
frie
nd,
that
in h
is c
oun
try
wh
en a
ny y
oun
g p
erso
n h
appe
ned
to
be p
ut
to d
eath
,th
e ex
ecu
tion
er s
old
the
carc
ass
to p
erso
ns
of
qual
ity,
as a
pri
me
dain
ty,a
nd
that
,in
his
tim
e,th
e bo
dy o
fa
plu
mp
girl
of
fift
een
,wh
o w
as c
ruci
fied
for
an
att
empt
to
pois
on
the
empe
ror,
was
sol
d to
his
impe
rial
maj
esty
’s p
rim
e m
inis
ter
ofst
ate,
and
oth
er g
reat
man
dari
ns33
ofth
e co
urt
,in
join
ts34
from
th
e gi
bbet
,35at
fou
r hu
ndr
ed c
row
ns.
Nei
ther
inde
ed c
an
I de
ny,t
hat
ifth
e sa
me
use
wer
e m
ade
ofse
vera
l plu
mp
you
ng
girl
s in
thi
s to
wn
,who
,wit
hou
t on
e si
ngl
e gr
oat
to t
heir
for
tun
es,
can
not
sti
r ab
road
wit
hou
t a
chai
r,36
and
appe
ar a
t th
e pl
ay-
150
160
Copyright © by Holt,Rinehart and Winston.All rights reserved.
31.
wit
h h
um
ble
su
bm
issi
on
:wit
h a
ll d
ue
resp
ect
to t
ho
se w
ho
ho
ldsu
ch o
pin
ion
s.32
.Sa
llman
aazo
r:G
eorg
e Ps
alm
anaz
ar (
c. 1
679–
1763
), a
Fre
nch
man
wh
op
rete
nd
ed t
o b
e fr
om
Fo
rmo
sa, a
n o
ld P
ort
ug
ues
e n
ame
for
Taiw
an.
His
wri
tin
gs
wer
e fr
aud
ule
nt.
33.
man
dar
ins
(man
√d¥·
rin
z)n
. pl.:
off
icia
ls. T
he
term
co
mes
fro
mm
and
arim
,th
e Po
rtu
gu
ese
wo
rd d
escr
ibin
g h
igh
-ran
kin
g o
ffic
ials
in
th
e C
hin
ese
Emp
ire,
wit
h w
hic
h t
he
Port
ug
ues
e tr
aded
.34
.jo
ints
n. p
l.:la
rge
cuts
of
mea
t, in
clu
din
g t
he
bo
ne.
35.
gib
bet
(jib
√it)
n.:
gal
low
s.36
.ch
air
n.:
sed
an c
hai
r; a
co
vere
d s
eat
carr
ied
by
serv
ants
.
def
eren
ce(d
efô
r·¥n
s)n
.:re
spec
t.
scru
pu
lou
s(s
krº
√py¥
·l¥s)
adj.:
extr
emel
y ca
refu
l an
dp
reci
se in
dec
idin
g w
hat
isri
gh
t o
r w
ron
g.
cens
ure
(sen
√◊¥r
)v.
:con
dem
n;b
lam
e.
exp
edie
nt
(ek·
sp≤√
d≤·
¥nt)
n.:
con
ven
ien
t m
ean
s to
an
en
d.
Pau
se a
t lin
e 16
6, a
nd
rea
dfo
otn
ote
32.
Ho
w t
rust
wo
rth
ya
sou
rce
is S
allm
anaa
zor?
Wh
y d
o y
ou
th
ink
Swif
t u
ses
his
idea
s as
an
exa
mp
le?
Sallm
anaa
zor
was
exp
ose
d a
s a
frau
d;
as a
so
urc
e h
e is
no
t
tru
stw
ort
hy.
Sw
ift
del
iber
atel
y ci
tes
him
to m
ake
it c
lear
his
pro
po
sal i
s o
utr
ageo
us.
132
Co
llect
ion
4:
The
Res
tora
tio
n a
nd
th
e Ei
gh
teen
th C
entu
ryPa
rt 1
Collection 4Student Pages 132–133
68 The Holt Reader: Teacher’s Manual
mar
ket,
men
wou
ld b
ecom
e as
fon
d of
thei
r w
ives
,du
rin
g th
e
tim
e of
thei
r pr
egn
ancy
,as
they
are
now
of
thei
r m
ares
in f
oal,
thei
r co
ws
in c
alf,
or s
ows
wh
en t
hey
are
rea
dy t
o fa
rrow
,47n
or
offe
r to
bea
t or
kic
k th
em (
as is
too
fre
quen
t a
prac
tice
) fo
r fe
ar
ofa
mis
carr
iage
.
Man
y ot
her
adv
anta
ges
mig
ht
be e
nu
mer
ated
.For
inst
ance
,
the
addi
tion
of
som
e th
ousa
nd
carc
asse
s in
ou
r ex
port
atio
n o
f
barr
eled
bee
f.T
he p
ropa
gati
on o
fsw
ine’
s fl
esh,
and
impr
ovem
ent
in t
he
art
ofm
akin
g go
od b
acon
,so
mu
ch w
ante
d am
ong
us
by
the
grea
t de
stru
ctio
n o
fpi
gs,t
oo f
requ
ent
at o
ur
tabl
es,w
hic
h
are
no
way
com
para
ble
in t
aste
,or
mag
nif
icen
ce t
o a
wel
l-gr
own
,
fat
year
ling
child
,wh
ich
roa
sted
wh
ole
will
mak
e a
con
side
rabl
e
figu
re a
t a
Lord
May
or’s
fea
st,o
r an
y ot
her
publ
ic e
nte
rtai
nm
ent.
Bu
t th
is,a
nd
man
y ot
her
s I
omit
bei
ng
stu
diou
s of
brev
ity.
Supp
osin
g th
at o
ne
thou
san
d fa
mili
es in
th
is c
ity,
wou
ld b
e
con
stan
t cu
stom
ers
for
infa
nts
’fle
sh,b
esid
es o
ther
s w
ho
mig
ht
hav
e it
at
mer
ry m
eeti
ngs
,par
ticu
larl
y w
eddi
ngs
an
d ch
rist
en-
ings
,I c
ompu
te t
hat
Du
blin
wou
ld t
ake
off
ann
ual
ly a
bou
t
twen
ty t
hou
san
d ca
rcas
ses,
and
the
rest
of
the
kin
gdom
(w
her
e
prob
ably
th
ey w
ill b
e so
ld s
omew
hat
ch
eap
er)
the
rem
ain
ing
eigh
ty t
hou
san
d.
I ca
n t
hin
k of
no
one
obje
ctio
n,t
hat
will
pos
sibl
y be
rai
sed
agai
nst
th
is p
ropo
sal,
un
less
it s
hou
ld b
e u
rged
th
at t
he
nu
mbe
r
ofpe
ople
will
be
ther
eby
mu
ch le
ssen
ed in
th
e ki
ngd
om.T
his
I
free
ly o
wn
,an
d it
was
inde
ed o
ne
prin
cipa
l des
ign
in o
ffer
ing
it
to t
he
wor
ld.I
des
ire
the
read
er w
ill o
bser
ve,t
hat
I c
alcu
late
my
rem
edy
for
this
on
e in
divi
dual
kin
gdom
of
Irel
and,
and
for
no
oth
er t
hat
eve
r w
as,i
s,or
,I t
hin
k,ev
er c
an b
e u
pon
ear
th.
Th
eref
ore
let
no
man
tal
k to
me
ofot
her
exp
edie
nts
:48O
ftax
ing
our
abse
ntee
s49 a
t fi
ve s
hilli
ngs
a po
und;
ofu
sing
nei
ther
clo
thes
,
230
240
250
A M
od
est
Pro
po
sal
1
35
Copyright © by Holt,Rinehart and Winston.All rights reserved.
47.
farr
ow
(far
√£)
v.:p
rod
uce
pig
lets
.48
.o
ther
exp
edie
nts
:At
on
e ti
me
or
ano
ther
, Sw
ift
had
ad
voca
ted
all
thes
e m
easu
res
for
the
relie
f o
f Ir
elan
d, b
ut
they
wer
e al
l ig
no
red
b
y th
e g
ove
rnm
ent.
Th
is s
ecti
on
was
ital
iciz
ed in
all
edit
ion
s p
rin
ted
du
rin
g S
wif
t’s
lifet
ime
to in
dic
ate
that
Sw
ift
mad
e th
ese
pro
po
sals
sin
cere
ly r
ath
er t
han
iro
nic
ally
.49
.ab
sen
tees
n. p
l.:En
glis
h la
nd
ow
ner
s w
ho
ref
use
d t
o li
ve o
n t
hei
rIr
ish
pro
per
ty.
bre
vity
(bre
v√¥·
t≤)
n.:
bei
ng
bri
ef; s
ho
rtn
ess.
Pau
se a
t lin
e 25
4. W
hat
ob
ject
ion
do
es t
he
spea
ker
anti
cip
ate
(lin
es 2
48–2
50)?
Ho
w d
oes
he a
nsw
er t
heob
ject
ion?
The
nu
mb
er o
f p
eop
le
in t
he
kin
gd
om
will
be
gre
atly
less
ened
. Th
e
spea
ker
reg
ard
s th
is
very
sam
e id
ea a
s a
plu
s.
Exp
lain
th
e ir
on
yin
th
esp
eake
r’s
clai
m t
o “
bre
vity
”(l
ine
240)
.
He
says
he
wo
n’t
list
oth
er a
dva
nta
ges
bec
ause
he
wan
ts t
o
be
bri
ef, w
hen
in
real
ity
he
has
go
ne
on
at
gre
at le
ng
th.
Seco
ndl
y,th
e po
orer
ten
ants
will
hav
e so
met
hin
g va
luab
le
ofth
eir
own
,wh
ich
by
law
may
be
mad
e lia
ble
to d
istr
ess,
42an
d
hel
p to
pay
th
eir
lan
dlor
d’s
ren
t,th
eir
corn
an
d ca
ttle
bei
ng
alre
ady
seiz
ed,a
nd
mon
ey a
th
ing
un
know
n.
Th
irdl
y,w
her
eas
the
mai
nte
nan
ce o
fan
hu
ndr
ed t
hou
san
d
child
ren
,fro
m t
wo
year
s ol
d,an
d u
pwar
ds,c
ann
ot b
e co
mpu
ted
at le
ss t
han
ten
sh
illin
gs a
piec
e pe
r an
nu
m,t
he
nat
ion’
s st
ock
will
be
ther
eby
incr
ease
d fi
fty
thou
san
d po
un
ds p
er a
nn
um
,
besi
des
the
prof
it o
fa
new
dis
h,i
ntr
odu
ced
to t
he
tabl
es o
fal
l
gen
tlem
en o
ffo
rtu
ne
in t
he
kin
gdom
,wh
o h
ave
any
refi
nem
ent
in t
aste
,an
d th
e m
oney
will
cir
cula
te a
mon
g ou
rsel
ves,
the
good
s be
ing
enti
rely
of
our
own
gro
wth
an
d m
anu
fact
ure
.43
Fou
rth
ly,t
he
con
stan
t br
eede
rs,b
esid
es t
he
gain
of
eigh
t
shill
ings
ste
rlin
g p
er a
nn
um
,by
the
sale
of
thei
r ch
ildre
n,w
ill
be r
id o
fth
e ch
arge
of
mai
nta
inin
g th
em a
fter
th
e fi
rst
year
.
Fift
hly
,th
is f
ood
wou
ld li
kew
ise
brin
g gr
eat
cust
om t
o
tave
rns,
wh
ere
the
vin
tner
s44w
ill c
erta
inly
be
so p
rude
nt
as t
o
pro
cure
the
best
rec
eipt
s45fo
r dr
essi
ng
it t
o pe
rfec
tion
,an
d
con
sequ
entl
y h
ave
thei
r h
ouse
s fr
equ
ente
d by
all
the
fin
e ge
ntl
e-
men
,wh
o ju
stly
val
ue
them
selv
es u
pon
th
eir
know
ledg
e in
goo
d
eati
ng,
and
a sk
illfu
l coo
k,w
ho
un
ders
tan
ds h
ow t
o ob
lige
his
gues
ts w
ill c
ontr
ive
to m
ake
it a
s ex
pen
sive
as
they
ple
ase.
Sixt
hly
,th
is w
ould
be
a gr
eat
indu
cem
ent
to m
arri
age,
wh
ich
all
wis
e n
atio
ns
hav
e ei
ther
en
cou
rage
d by
rew
ards
,or
enfo
rced
by
law
s an
d p
enal
ties
.It
wou
ld in
crea
se t
he
care
an
d
ten
dern
ess
ofm
oth
ers
tow
ard
thei
r ch
ildre
n,w
hen
th
ey w
ere
sure
of
a se
ttle
men
t fo
r lif
e to
th
e po
or b
abes
,pro
vide
d in
som
e
sort
by
the
publ
ic t
o th
eir
ann
ual
pro
fit
inst
ead
ofex
pen
se,w
e
shou
ld s
oon
see
an
hon
est
emu
lati
on46
amon
g th
e m
arri
ed
wom
en,w
hic
h o
fth
em c
ould
bri
ng
the
fatt
est
child
to
the
200
210
220
Copyright © by Holt,Rinehart and Winston.All rights reserved.
42.
liab
le t
o d
istr
ess:
that
is, t
he
mo
ney
fro
m t
he
sale
of
thei
r ch
ildre
nm
ay b
e se
ized
by
thei
r la
nd
lord
s.43
.o
wn
gro
wth
an
d m
anu
fact
ure
:ho
meg
row
n, e
dib
le c
hild
ren
, no
tim
po
rted
on
es.
44.
vin
tner
s(v
int√
n¥r
z)n
. pl.:
win
e m
erch
ants
.45
.re
ceip
tsn
. pl.:
arch
aic
for
“rec
ipes
.”46
.em
ula
tio
n(e
m≈y
º·l†
√◊¥n
)n
.:co
mp
etit
ion
.
pro
cure
(pr£
·kyo
or√
)v.
:o
bta
in; g
et.
Notes
Notes
134
Co
llect
ion
4:
The
Res
tora
tio
n a
nd
th
e Ei
gh
teen
th C
entu
ryPa
rt 1
Collection 4Student Pages 134–135
Student Pages with Answers 69
ofco
mm
odit
y w
ill n
ot b
ear
expo
rtat
ion
,th
e fl
esh
bei
ng
of
too
ten
der
a co
nsi
sten
ce,t
o ad
mit
a lo
ng
con
tin
uan
ce in
sal
t,
alth
ough
per
hap
s I
cou
ld n
ame
a co
un
try,
57w
hic
h w
ould
be
glad
to
eat
up
our
wh
ole
nat
ion
wit
hou
t it
.
Aft
er a
ll I
am n
ot s
o vi
olen
tly
ben
t u
pon
my
own
opi
nio
n,
as t
o re
ject
any
off
er,p
ropo
sed
by w
ise
men
,wh
ich
sh
all b
e
fou
nd
equ
ally
inn
ocen
t,ch
eap,
easy
,an
d ef
fect
ual
.Bu
t be
fore
som
eth
ing
ofth
at k
ind
shal
l be
adva
nce
d in
con
trad
icti
on t
o
my
sch
eme,
and
offe
rin
g a
bett
er,I
des
ire
the
auth
or,o
r au
thor
s
290
A M
od
est
Pro
po
sal
1
37
Copyright © by Holt,Rinehart and Winston.All rights reserved.
57.
a co
un
try:
Eng
lan
d.
Jud
y O
’Do
nn
el’s
“h
om
e” u
nd
er t
he
bri
dg
e at
Do
nn
beg
, Cla
re, I
rela
nd
(18
49).
The
Illu
stra
ted
Lo
nd
on
New
s Pi
ctu
re L
ibra
ry.
Notes
Notes
nor
hous
ehol
d fu
rnit
ure,
exce
pt w
hat
is o
four
ow
n gr
owth
and
man
ufac
ture
; ofu
tter
ly r
ejec
ting
the
mat
eria
ls a
nd in
stru
men
ts
that
pro
mot
e fo
reig
n lu
xury
; ofc
urin
g th
e ex
pens
iven
ess
ofpr
ide,
vani
ty,i
dlen
ess,
and
gam
ing50
in o
ur w
omen
; ofi
ntro
duci
ng a
vein
ofp
arsi
mon
y,51
prud
ence
,and
tem
pera
nce;
ofl
earn
ing
to
love
our
cou
ntry
,whe
rein
we
diff
er e
ven
from
Lap
land
ers,
and
the
inha
bita
nts
ofTo
pina
mbo
o;52
ofqu
itti
ng o
ur a
nim
osit
ies,
and
fact
ions
,53no
r ac
t an
y lo
nger
like
the
Jew
s,w
ho w
ere
mur
deri
ng
one
anot
her
at t
he v
ery
mom
ent
thei
r ci
ty54
was
tak
en; o
fbei
ng a
littl
e ca
utio
us n
ot t
o se
ll ou
r co
untr
y an
d co
nsci
ence
s fo
r no
thin
g;
ofte
achi
ng la
ndlo
rds
to h
ave
at le
ast
one
degr
ee o
fmer
cy t
owar
d
thei
r te
nant
s.La
stly
ofp
utti
ng a
spi
rit
ofho
nest
y,in
dust
ry,a
nd
skill
into
our
sho
pkee
pers
,who
,ifa
res
olut
ion
coul
d no
w b
e ta
ken
to b
uy o
nly
our
nati
ve g
oods
,wou
ld im
med
iate
ly u
nite
to
chea
t
and
exac
t55up
on u
s in
the
pri
ce,t
he m
easu
re,a
nd t
he g
oodn
ess,
nor
coul
d ev
er y
et b
e br
ough
t to
mak
e on
e fa
ir p
ropo
sal o
fjus
t
deal
ing,
thou
gh o
ften
and
ear
nest
ly in
vite
d to
it.
Th
eref
ore
I re
peat
,let
no
man
tal
k to
me
ofth
ese
and
the
like
expe
dien
ts,t
ill h
e h
ath
at
leas
t a
glim
pse
ofh
ope,
that
th
ere
will
eve
r be
som
e h
eart
y an
d si
nce
re a
ttem
pt t
o pu
t th
em in
prac
tice
.
Bu
t as
to
mys
elf,
hav
ing
been
wea
ried
ou
t fo
r m
any
year
s
wit
h o
ffer
ing
vain
,id
le,v
isio
nar
y th
ough
ts,a
nd
at le
ngt
h u
tter
ly
desp
airi
ng
ofsu
cces
s,I
fort
un
atel
y fe
ll u
pon
thi
s pr
opos
al,w
hich
as it
is w
hol
ly n
ew,s
o it
hat
h s
omet
hin
g so
lid a
nd
real
,of
no
expe
nse
an
d lit
tle
trou
ble,
full
in o
ur
own
pow
er,a
nd
wh
ereb
y
we
can
incu
r n
o da
nge
r in
dis
oblig
ing56
En
glan
d.Fo
r th
is k
ind
260
270
280
Copyright © by Holt,Rinehart and Winston.All rights reserved.
50.
gam
ing
v.u
sed
as
n.:
gam
blin
g.
51.
par
sim
on
y(p
är√s
¥·m
£≈n
≤)n
.:th
rift
ines
s; e
con
om
y.52
.To
pin
amb
oo
:Sw
ift
is r
efer
rin
g t
o a
reg
ion
of
Bra
zil p
op
ula
ted
by
nat
ive
peo
ple
s co
llect
ivel
y ca
lled
th
e Tu
pin
amb
á. H
ere,
Sw
ift
sug
ges
tsth
at if
Bra
zilia
n p
eop
les
and
Lap
lan
der
s ca
n lo
ve t
hei
r se
emin
gly
inh
osp
itab
le la
nd
s, t
he
Iris
h s
ho
uld
love
Irel
and
.53
.fa
ctio
ns
n. p
l.:p
olit
ical
gro
up
s th
at w
ork
ag
ain
st t
he
inte
rest
s o
fo
ther
su
ch g
rou
ps
or
agai
nst
th
e m
ain
bo
dy
of
go
vern
men
t.54
.th
eir
city
:Jer
usa
lem
, wh
ich
th
e R
om
an e
mp
ero
r Ti
tus
des
tro
yed
inA.D
.70
wh
ile J
ewis
h f
acti
on
s fo
ug
ht
on
e an
oth
er.
55.
exac
tv.
:fo
rce
pay
men
t.56
.d
iso
blig
ing
v. u
sed
as
adj.:
off
end
ing
.
anim
osi
ties
(an
≈¥·m
äs√¥
·t≤z
)n
. pl.:
ho
stili
ties
; vio
len
th
atre
ds
or
rese
ntm
ents
.
Re-
read
fo
otn
ote
48
on
pag
e13
5, w
hic
h e
xpla
ins
that
Swif
t’s
essa
y is
iro
nic
exce
pt
for
this
ital
iciz
ed p
assa
ge.
Wh
y d
o y
ou
th
ink
Swif
tin
clu
ded
th
is li
st o
f re
al
solu
tio
ns
to t
he
pro
ble
ms
in Ir
elan
d?
It s
ho
ws
that
if t
he
go
vern
men
t ig
no
res
reas
on
able
pro
po
sals
,
then
may
be
it w
ill p
ay
atte
nti
on
to
ext
rem
e,
un
reas
on
able
on
es.
136
Co
llect
ion
4:
The
Res
tora
tio
n a
nd
th
e Ei
gh
teen
th C
entu
ryPa
rt 1
Collection 4Student Pages 136–137
70 The Holt Reader: Teacher’s Manual
Copyright © by Holt,Rinehart and Winston.All rights reserved.
A M
od
est
Pro
po
sal
1
39
A M
odes
t Pr
opos
al
Read
ing
Skill
s: R
ecog
nizi
ng P
ersu
asiv
e Te
chni
ques
Eac
h o
fth
e fo
llow
ing
exce
rpts
fro
m “A
Mod
est
Pro
posa
l”is
an
exa
mpl
e of
a p
ersu
asiv
e te
chn
iqu
e.In
th
e bl
ank
prov
ided
,wri
te t
he
type
of
appe
al (
logi
cal,
emot
ion
al,o
r et
hic
al)
that
is u
sed
in t
he
exce
rpt.
Th
e fi
rst
one
has
bee
n d
one
for
you
.
Sug
ges
ted
res
po
nse
s ap
pea
r b
elo
w.
2.“I
pro
fess
in t
he
sin
ceri
ty o
f m
y h
eart
th
at I
hav
e n
ot
the
leas
t p
erso
nal
inte
rest
. . .
hav
ing
no
oth
er m
oti
ve t
han
th
e p
ub
lic g
oo
d o
f m
y
cou
ntr
y . .
. I h
ave
no
ch
ildre
n, b
y w
hic
h I
can
pro
po
se t
o g
et a
sin
gle
pen
ny
. . .
and
my
wif
e p
ast
child
bea
rin
g.”
(cl
osi
ng
par
agra
ph
)
Typ
e o
f ap
pea
l:et
hic
al a
pp
eal
3.“I
do
th
eref
ore
hu
mb
ly o
ffer
it t
o p
ub
lic c
on
sid
erat
ion
, th
at o
f th
e
hu
nd
red
an
d t
wen
ty t
ho
usa
nd
ch
ildre
n, a
lrea
dy
com
pu
ted
, tw
enty
tho
usa
nd
may
be
rese
rved
fo
r b
reed
. . .
.” (
lines
82–
84)
Typ
e o
f ap
pea
l:lo
gic
al a
pp
eal
Exam
ple
:
Typ
e o
f ap
pea
l:lo
gic
al a
pp
eal
new
dis
h. .
. .”
(lin
es 2
03–2
05)
tho
usa
nd
po
un
ds
per
an
nu
m, b
esid
es t
he
pro
fit
of
a
“th
e n
atio
n’s
sto
ck w
ill b
e th
ereb
y in
crea
sed
fif
ty
No
w, l
oo
k b
ack
ove
r th
e ex
amp
les
of
per
suas
ive
tech
niq
ues
yo
u h
igh
ligh
ted
or
un
der
lined
in “
A M
od
est
Pro
po
sal.”
Ch
oo
se a
n e
xam
ple
no
t lis
ted
ab
ove
,
and
wri
te it
in t
he
spac
e b
elo
w. I
den
tify
th
e ty
pe
of
app
eal t
hat
is u
sed
.
1.“T
her
e is
like
wis
e an
oth
er g
reat
ad
van
tag
e in
my
sch
eme,
th
at it
will
pre
ven
t [w
om
en f
rom
] sa
crif
icin
g t
he
po
or
inn
oce
nt
bab
es.”
(lin
es 3
7–40
)
Typ
e o
f ap
pea
l:em
oti
on
al a
pp
eal
will
be
plea
sed
mat
ure
ly t
o co
nsi
der
two
poin
ts.F
irst
,as
thin
gs
now
sta
nd,
how
th
ey w
ill b
e ab
le t
o fi
nd
food
an
d ra
imen
t fo
r
a hu
ndr
ed t
hou
san
d u
sele
ss m
outh
s an
d ba
cks.
An
d se
con
dly
,
ther
e be
ing
a ro
un
d m
illio
n o
fcr
eatu
res
in h
um
an f
igu
re,
thro
ugh
out
this
kin
gdom
,wh
ose
wh
ole
subs
iste
nce
58pu
t in
to a
com
mon
sto
ck w
ould
leav
e th
em in
deb
t tw
o m
illio
ns
ofpo
un
ds
ster
ling,
addi
ng
thos
e w
ho
are
begg
ars
by p
rofe
ssio
n t
o th
e bu
lk
offa
rmer
s,co
ttag
ers,
and
labo
rers
,wit
h th
eir
wiv
es a
nd
child
ren
,
wh
o ar
e be
ggar
s in
eff
ect;
I de
sire
th
ose
polit
icia
ns,
wh
o di
slik
e
my
over
ture
,an
d m
ay p
erh
aps
be s
o bo
ld t
o at
tem
pt a
n a
nsw
er,
that
th
ey w
ill f
irst
ask
th
e pa
ren
ts o
fth
ese
mor
tals
,wh
eth
er t
hey
wou
ld n
ot a
t th
is d
ay t
hin
k it
a g
reat
hap
pin
ess
to h
ave
been
sol
d
for
food
at
a ye
ar o
ld,i
n t
he m
ann
er I
pre
scri
be,a
nd
ther
eby
have
avoi
ded
such
a p
erpe
tual
sce
ne
ofm
isfo
rtu
nes
,as
they
hav
e si
nce
gon
e th
rou
gh,b
y th
e op
pres
sion
of
lan
dlo
rds,
the
impo
ssib
ility
ofpa
yin
g re
nt
wit
hou
t m
oney
or
trad
e,th
e w
ant
ofco
mm
on
sust
enan
ce,w
ith
nei
ther
hou
se n
or c
loth
es t
o co
ver
them
fro
m
incl
emen
cies
of
wea
ther
,an
d th
e m
ost
inev
itab
le p
rosp
ect
of
enta
ilin
g59th
e lik
e,or
gre
at m
iser
ies,
upo
n t
hei
r br
eed
fore
ver.
I pr
ofes
s in
the
sin
ceri
ty o
fm
y he
art
that
I h
ave
not
the
leas
t
pers
onal
inte
rest
in e
nde
avor
ing
to p
rom
ote
this
nec
essa
ry w
ork,
hav
ing
no
oth
er m
otiv
e th
an t
he
publ
ic g
ood
ofm
y co
un
try,
by
adva
nci
ng
our
trad
e,pr
ovid
ing
for
infa
nts
,rel
ievi
ng
the
poor
,
and
givi
ng
som
e pl
easu
re t
o th
e ri
ch.I
hav
e n
o ch
ildre
n,b
y w
hich
,
I ca
n p
ropo
se t
o ge
t a
sin
gle
pen
ny;t
he
you
nge
st b
ein
g n
ine
year
s ol
d,an
d m
y w
ife
past
ch
ildbe
arin
g.
300
310
Copyright © by Holt,Rinehart and Winston.All rights reserved.
58.
wh
ole
su
bsi
sten
ce:a
ll th
eir
po
sses
sio
ns.
59.
enta
ilin
gv.
use
d a
sn
.:p
assi
ng
on
to
th
e n
ext
gen
erat
ion
.
In li
nes
293
–305
, th
e sp
eake
ro
ffer
s tw
o p
oin
ts f
or
con
-si
der
atio
n. R
e-re
ad t
ho
selin
es, a
nd
un
der
line
the
two
po
ints
.
Re-
read
lin
es 3
05–3
11.
Acc
ord
ing
to
th
e sp
eake
r,w
hat
mis
erie
s w
ill b
eel
imin
ated
fo
r p
oo
r p
eop
le
if h
is p
rop
osa
l is
ado
pte
d?
Dra
w a
cir
cle
aro
un
d t
hat
info
rmat
ion
.
Re-
read
th
e cl
osi
ng
par
agra
ph
of
the
essa
y. U
nd
erlin
e w
ord
san
d p
hra
ses
that
sh
ow
ho
wth
e sp
eake
r tr
ies
to w
in o
ver
the
read
er. W
hat
typ
e o
fp
ersu
asiv
e ap
pea
lis
the
spea
ker
mak
ing
her
e?
an e
thic
al a
pp
eal
138
Co
llect
ion
4:
The
Res
tora
tio
n a
nd
th
e Ei
gh
teen
th C
entu
ryPa
rt 1
Collection 4Student Pages 138–139
Student Pages with Answers 71
fro
mA
n E
ssay
on
Man
141
LITE
RARY
FO
CUS:
ANT
ITHE
SIS
“Giv
e m
e lib
erty
, or
giv
e m
e d
eath
.”
or
“Giv
e m
e lib
erty
, or
else
kill
me.
”
Wh
ich
of
the
stat
emen
ts a
bo
ve is
str
on
ger
? W
hic
h is
mo
re m
emo
rab
le?
Of
cou
rse,
mo
st p
eop
le w
ill c
ho
ose
th
e fi
rst
stat
emen
t, w
hic
h h
app
ens
to b
e
an e
xam
ple
of
anti
thes
is. A
n a
nti
thes
isp
rese
nts
co
ntr
asti
ng
idea
s in
a
gra
mm
atic
ally
bal
ance
d o
r p
aral
lel s
tate
men
t.
Ale
xan
der
Po
pe
reg
ula
rly
use
s an
tith
esis
to
exp
ress
his
th
ou
gh
ts. L
oo
k fo
r
exam
ple
s o
f an
tith
esis
as
you
rea
d t
he
exce
rpt
fro
m A
n E
ssay
on
Man
.
READ
ING
SKIL
LS:
IDEN
TIFY
ING
THE
WRI
TER’
S ST
ANCE
You
can
iden
tify
a w
rite
r’s
stan
ce—
his
or
her
vie
ws
on
a t
op
ic—
bec
ause
of
thin
gs
the
wri
ter
eith
er h
ints
at
or
dir
ectl
y st
ates
. Lik
e o
ther
wri
ters
of
his
tim
e, P
op
e’s
pu
rpo
se w
as t
o in
stru
ct h
is r
ead
ers
as w
ell a
s en
tert
ain
th
em.
As
a re
sult
, his
po
etry
ref
lect
s h
is m
ora
l an
d s
oci
al v
alu
es. T
o e
xpre
ss h
is
view
s o
n h
um
an n
atu
re, e
du
cati
on
, an
d w
riti
ng
, Po
pe
oft
en u
ses
the
her
oic
cou
ple
tst
ruct
ure
—tw
o r
hym
ing
lin
es o
f ia
mb
ic p
enta
met
er.
Her
e ar
e so
me
of
Pop
e’s
her
oic
co
up
lets
:
•“G
oo
d n
atu
re a
nd
go
od
sen
se m
ust
eve
r jo
in;
To e
rr is
hu
man
, to
fo
rgiv
e, d
ivin
e.”
•“H
op
e sp
rin
gs
eter
nal
in t
he
hu
man
bre
ast:
Man
nev
er is
, bu
t al
way
s to
be
ble
st.”
•“T
rust
no
t yo
urs
elf;
bu
t yo
ur
def
ects
to
kn
ow
,
Mak
e u
se o
f ev
ery
frie
nd
—an
d e
very
fo
e.”
•“T
rue
ease
in w
riti
ng
co
mes
fro
m a
rt, n
ot
chan
ce,
As
tho
se m
ove
eas
iest
wh
o h
ave
lear
ned
to
dan
ce.”
Use
the
Ski
llA
s yo
u r
ead
th
e ex
cerp
t fr
om
An
Ess
ay o
n M
an,r
esta
te t
he
her
oic
co
up
lets
in y
ou
r o
wn
wo
rds.
Mar
k ex
amp
les
of
anti
thes
is t
hat
yo
u
fin
d. T
hin
k ab
ou
t w
hat
Po
pe’
s b
elie
fs a
nd
val
ues
rev
eal a
bo
ut
him
as
an
ind
ivid
ual
an
d a
s a
rep
rese
nta
tive
of
the
age
in w
hic
h h
e liv
ed.
Copyright © by Holt,Rinehart and Winston.All rights reserved.
An E
ssay
on
Man
by
Alex
ande
r Pop
e
Lit
era
ry S
kill
Und
erst
and
anti
thes
is.
Readin
gSkills
Iden
tify
aw
rite
r’s s
tanc
e.
Revie
w S
kills
Und
erst
and
imag
ery.
As
you
read
An
Essa
yon
Man
,loo
k fo
r w
ays
in w
hich
imag
ery
help
sth
e w
rite
r ex
pres
s hi
svi
ews
on h
uman
ity.
IMA
GERY
Lang
uage
tha
t ap
peal
sto
the
sen
ses.
REV
IEW
SK
ILLS
REV
IEW
SK
ILLS
140
Co
llect
ion
4:
The
Res
tora
tio
n a
nd
th
e Ei
gh
teen
th C
entu
ryPa
rt 1
VOCA
BULA
RY I
N CO
NTEX
T
DIR
ECTI
ON
S:W
rite
vo
cab
ula
ry w
ord
s fr
om
th
e W
ord
Bo
x in
th
e ap
pro
pri
ate
bla
nks
. No
t al
l wo
rds
will
be
use
d.
A M
odes
t Pr
opos
al
Voca
bula
rySkills
Use
voc
abul
ary
in c
onte
xt.
Und
erst
and
orig
ins
ofsc
ient
ific
and
mat
hem
atic
alte
rms.
Copyright © by Holt,Rinehart and Winston.All rights reserved.
sust
enan
ce
glu
tted
def
eren
ce
scru
pu
lou
s
cen
sure
exp
edie
nt
dig
ress
ed
pro
cure
bre
vity
anim
osi
ties
Wor
d Bo
xW
ord
Box
In “
A M
od
est
Pro
po
sal,”
Sw
ift
use
s ve
rbal
iro
ny
to
(1)
the
way
En
gla
nd
ign
ore
s Ir
ish
po
vert
y.
Swif
t p
rete
nd
s to
off
er a
su
itab
le a
nsw
er t
o t
he
pro
ble
m, b
ut
the
(2)
he
sug
ges
ts is
sh
ock
ing
. Po
inti
ng
ou
t th
at
po
or
Iris
h p
eop
le f
ill t
he
stre
ets
ever
ywh
ere
on
e g
oes
, Sw
ift
ob
serv
es t
hat
they
hav
e (3
) th
e ki
ng
do
m w
ith
ch
ildre
n. I
rish
fam
ilies
wh
o h
ave
a h
ard
tim
e p
rovi
din
g t
hei
r fa
mili
es w
ith
fo
od
are
fo
rced
to b
eg f
or
thei
r (4
) . S
wif
t p
rete
nd
s to
sh
ow
(5)
for
tho
se w
ho
wo
uld
pro
fit
fro
m h
is p
lan
,
bu
t h
is u
se o
f ir
on
y re
veal
s h
is t
rue
feel
ing
of
dis
gu
st.
def
eren
ce
sust
enan
ce
glu
tted
exp
edie
nt
cen
sure
WO
RD O
RIGI
NS:
SCIE
NTIF
IC A
ND M
ATHE
MAT
ICAL
TER
MS
DIR
ECTI
ON
S:Sw
ift’
s es
say
is f
ull
of
mat
hem
atic
al a
nd
sci
enti
fic
term
ino
log
y.
Stu
dy
the
char
t o
n t
he
left
, wh
ich
list
s so
me
com
mo
n G
reek
an
d L
atin
ro
ots
and
aff
ixes
. Use
th
at in
form
atio
n t
o m
atch
eac
h m
ath
emat
ical
or
scie
nti
fic
wo
rd w
ith
its
mea
nin
g.
Gre
ek, m
elan
os:
“dar
k; b
lack
”
Lati
n, p
hys
ica:
“nat
ura
l sci
ence
”
Gre
ek, g
eo–:
“gro
un
d; e
arth
”
Lati
n, c
om
–: “
wit
h”
and
pu
tare
:“to
reck
on
”
Gre
ek, a
gro
s:
“fie
ld; s
oil;
ear
th”
Ro
ots
an
d A
ffix
es
1.m
elan
cho
ly
2.g
eolo
gy
3.ag
ricu
ltu
re
4.p
hys
icis
t
5.co
mp
uta
tio
nbeacd
a.sc
ien
ce o
f fa
rmin
g
b.
mat
hem
atic
al
calc
ula
tio
n
c.st
ud
y o
f th
e ea
rth
d.
char
acte
rize
d b
y
dar
k d
epre
ssio
n
e.p
erso
n w
ho
stu
die
s
the
nat
ura
l sci
ence
s
Collection 4Student Pages 140–141
Graphic Organizers 209
Name Date
Selection TitleC
op
yrig
ht
© b
y H
olt
, Rin
ehar
t an
d W
inst
on
. All
rig
hts
res
erve
d.
Irony
Irony is a discrepancy between appearance and reality. There are three main types of
irony: verbal irony, situational irony, and dramatic irony.
DIRECTIONS: Complete the chart with examples from the selection that illustrate each of
the three types of irony. (Not all selections will include all three types of irony.)
Types of Irony Examples from Selection
Verbal irony: a contrast between what is
said and what is meant—for example,
calling a bald man “Curly.”
Situational irony: a contrast between what
you expect to happen and what actually
happens—for example, when the birthday
girl cries at her party.
Dramatic irony: a contrast between what
the characters know and what the reader
or audience knows—for example, when
the reader knows a character will die at the
end of the story but the character does not
know.