A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the...
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![Page 1: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the
knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once established, it takes on a
life of its own and begins to influence peoples' perceptions
of the world.
![Page 4: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Here are some famous examples of maps that dominated the view of
the world for centuries:
![Page 5: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
This map of the Greek philosopher
Hekataios (a German
reproduction) represents the
Mediterranean view of the earth at 500 B.C. Europe, Asia and Lybia (Africa)
are arranged around Hekataios' birthplace Milet in
the centre.
![Page 6: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
This map (a German
reproduction) was made by Al Idrisi, an Arab
who lived at around 1200
A.D. It places the prophet's
birthplace Mecca in its centre
![Page 7: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The London Psalter Map from the 13th century (a German reproduction) is an
example of the mapping tradition
of the Catholic Church. It puts Jerusalem and
Bethlehem in the centre of the world
![Page 8: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
This map of the Italian Hieronymus
Marini was produced in 1512, after the American continent became
known to the Europeans. It
shows a larger part of the world but keeps with the
Christian tradition of placing
Jerusalem in its
centre.
![Page 9: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The widespread use of maps that do not maintain fidelity of area can lead to
serious errors of judgement about the true
size of countries and continents.
![Page 10: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Here is a small test of your own geographical perception
of the world.
How does North America compare in
size with Africa?
![Page 11: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
North America (Canada and the USA, including Alaska) is ...
A about half the size of Africa. B about 80% of the size of Africa.
C about the same size as Africa. D about 1.2 times the size of Africa. E about 1.5 times the size of Africa.
![Page 13: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
North America (Canada and the USA, including Alaska) is about 80% of the size of Africa.
![Page 14: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Satellite image of North America and Africa
![Page 15: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Greenland: 0.8 million sq. miles
Africa: 11.6 million sq. miles
![Page 16: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Satellite image of Greenland and Africa
![Page 17: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The North Hemisphere compared to the South
The North hemisphere is 18.9 million square miles. The South hemisphere is 38.6 million square miles.
![Page 18: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Europe compared to South America
Europe is 3.8 million square miles. South America is 6.9 million square miles.
![Page 19: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Africa compared to the Former Soviet Union
The former Soviet Union is 8.7 million square miles. Africa is 11.6 million square miles. [
![Page 20: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Greenland Compared to China
•Greenland is 0.8 million square miles. •China is 3.7 million square miles.
![Page 21: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Mercator projection
![Page 22: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
PETERSON PROJECTION
![Page 24: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Peters Map and The Mercator Map
![Page 25: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
1620: The French cartographer Nicolas Sanson developed this
projection, which is now named after him, from sketches left by
Mercator.
![Page 26: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
1892: This projection developed by,
and named after, the German cartographer Ernst Hammer has curved
latitudes and longitudes.
![Page 27: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Mollweide projection is found in many geography texts and atlases of today; it goes back
to the German mathematician Karl Brandon Mollweide (1774 - 1825).
![Page 28: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
In 1772 the German cartographer Johann Heinrich Lambert used the equator as
reference latitude, i.e. he projected the earth's surface outward onto a cylinder that touches
the earth at the equator.
![Page 29: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Like all other cylindrical equal area maps Lambert's map combines three important properties:It has fidelity of area It shows north always up and east always to the right It allows cutting and pasting; a map which contains the Pacific Ocean in one piece can therefore easily be produced from the above map by combining its left and right parts: .
![Page 30: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
A major drawback is the elongated shape of the map, which makes it impractical for reproduction
in books and atlases. Lambert's map therefore has found little use
![Page 31: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Annual mean sea surface temperature, shown in Mercator projection
Annual mean sea surface temperature, shown in Gall-Peters projection
Which of the two maps shows a warmer ocean?
![Page 32: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
both maps are based on the same data and therefore show the same information. You
can see this clearly if you note that the boundary between warm and cold,
identified by the green and yellow belt between red and blue, is located at about
40°N and 40°S in both maps.
![Page 33: A map is more than an instrument for the display of information. It reflects the knowledge about the earth's surface at the time of its design. Once.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f115503460f94c23e46/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)