A manual of musalman numismatics / by O. Codrington

8/3/2019 A manual of musalman numismatics / by O. Codrington

1/247

YOL.

TIL

A

MANUAL

OF

MUSALMAN

NUMISMATICS.

BY

0,

CODRINGTON,

M.D,

F.S.A.

LONDON

:

PUBLISHED EY

THE

EOYAL ASIATIC

SOCIETY,

22,

ALBEMAELE

STREET,

W.

1904.


2/247

I'UtXTKU

1JY

STKl'tlKN

Al'STIN AND

SONS.


3/247

PREFACE.

fTIHIS

book

is

intended

for

the

help

of

those

who,

not

being

Arabic

or

Persian

scholars,

would

like to know

something

about

the

Oriental

coins

which

may

come

in

their

way,

as

well

as

of

others

who

with

a

knowledge

of

these

languages

find difficulties in

the

lettering,

arrange-

ments,

and

reading

of

the

legends,

which

are

often

so

different

in these

respects

from the

plain

writing

of a

MS.

or

the

print

of

a

book,

and

in

the

meanings

of marks

and

symbols

which

are

to

be

found on

coins.

It

originated

in

notes,

made

during

several

years,

in

a

copy

of

that

valuable

but

now

scarce

book,

Elements

de la

Numismatique

Musulinane,

by

R

Soret,

Brussels,

1864,

a

reprint

from

Revue

de

la

Numismafique

Beige,

ser.

iv,

tome

ii.

Considerable

correspondence

from

India

and

at

home,

personal

references made

to

me,

and

the

remembrance

of

my

own troubles

when

beginning

to

work

at

Oriental

coins some

years ago

in

India without

much

aid

frgin.books,

have

guided

me

as

to

what

might

be most

usefully

included in

such

a

Manual

as

this.

The

book

will,

I'

hope,'

b'e found

useful,

as

one

of

ready

reference,

to

Oriental

numismatists

generally,

in

the same

way

as Soret's

has

been

to

those

who

had

a

copy

of

it.

My

thanks

are due

to

Mr.

Guy

Le

Strange

and

Mr. H. R

Ainedroz

for

information

regarding

the

location

of

some-

mint

towns,

and to

the latter

also

for

help

in

Arabic

legends.

0.

C.


4/247

INDEX.


5/247

EEEATA.

Page

12,

line

21,

for

on

Coins read

of

Coins.

17,

line

6,

for

Hafsidi

read Hafsid.

31,

line

9,

for

UUji

read

UÛjI

.

,,

31,

last

line,

for

15

Jb

read

Ujb .

,,

39,

line

1,

for

ci-

,,

41,

line

17,

for

'

,,

48,

line

25,

for

Ghaznawi read Grhaznawid.

51,

line

19,

for Julayhid

read

Sulayhid.

54,

line

2,

for

Yaku

read

Yakub.

,,

57,

lines

5

and

15,

for

,

82,

line

24,

for

^

J^l

.

91,

line

18,

for

Jjs*\

read

jl

127,

line

22,

for

44

35'

read

42

27'.

127,

line

23, for

67

20'

read

68

10'.

129,

line

10,

far

ÛsrUjjl

read

Îrsru^jl

.

129,

last line but

4,

for Rodgers

read

Rogers.

133,

after

line

27

insert

:

Allahabad.

In

Jtf.'W.

Provinces,

India.

^

2526

/

K;

8155

;

E.

Dehli

Emperors.

134,

line

6,

for

Siras

read Sivas.

,,

134,

last line

but

1,

for

Rodgers

read

Rogers.

,,

149,

after

line

22

insert

:

Junaghar.

In

Kathia

war,

India.

2131

/

K;

70

36'

E.

Dehli

Emperors. Local

Rajah.

157,

line

27,

for

Bieyal

read

Diwal.

,,

160,

line

13,

for

Morocco

read

Mecca.


6/247


7/247

PLATE

S.


8/247

PLATE

II.

SEPARATED.

FINAL

MEDIAL

^ r,

J

(Pers.)

;

U

^b

(Hindustani).

(Hindustani).

.

,

a?Jj

J

(Hindustani).


15/247

NUMBERS

AND

CIPHERS.

7

The Arabic

ciphers,

in

varying

forms

in

which

they

appear

on

Muhanimadan

coins,

are

given

on

Plate

II.

They

are

often

ill-

formed,

and

require

a

practised

eye

to

read

them.

The

I

may

be

out

of

place,

slanting

one

way

or

the

other,

or

mixed

tip

with

neighbouring

lettering.

T

may

have

its horizontal

arm

shaky,

and

so look

like

T.

T

sometimes

has

its

arm

so

irregularly

formed

as

to

be

taken

for

i~.

P

has

more

variety

of

shape

than

any

other

cipher,

and

in

one

of

its

forms

is

the

same

as one

variety

of .

The

form

%

is

used on

Turkish

and

African coins.

has

many

forms

too,

but

usually

it

is

either

6

or

o

.

The

is

some-

times

too

small,

and

therefore

like

a

figure

used

for

0.

1

may

have

its arm at an

acute

angle

ancl so

be

taken for

V,

or

be

reversed

to

T,

or

have

its

arm

rounded

and

nearly

closed

at the

top

and

so

be

like

Q

i

.

v

ancl

A

are

usually

pretty

distinct,

but

sometimes

they

slant a

good

deal,

even

to the extent of

lying

on

their

sides

;

in

that

case

they

may

be

taken

to have

fallen

over to

the

right,

so

that

is

A.

^

may

be

like

a

1

if

not

closed

at

the

top,

and

is

not

rarely

reversed,

i.e.

with

its

ring

to

the

right.

When ten

is

indicated

by

it

is

not

always

visible,

and

when is

used there

is

a

doubt

sometimes from

its

size

whether

5

or is

intended.

Bates

expressed

in

ciphers

are

read

from

left

to

right,

except

those

on

the

coins

of

Maisur

(Mysore),

which,

as in

Arabic

writing,

are

written

from

right

to left.

But

sometimes the whole

date is-

by

mistake

reversed,

e.g.

^AV

for

VAp

O

n a

coin of the

Golden

Horde,

and

sometimes

with

the

further error

of

the

ciphers

being

reversed,

e.g.

1

A

V

for

VAf.

Sometimes,

too,

the

ciphers

are

not

placed

in

order

in a

Ike,

but

distributed

in

the

area

of

the

coin,

IIP

t

e.g.

|

r

^

P

on

coins

of

Shahs

of

Persia.

Generally,

however,

in

any

of

these

cases there

is

not

much

difficulty

in

discovering

the

error

or

in

seeing

the

proper

order

of

the

ciphers,

as

one

can

tell

from

other

signs

what

is

within

a

century

or

so

the

age

of a

coin.


16/247


17/247

ISOLATED

LETTERS

AND WORDS.

ISOLATED

LETTERS

AID

WORDS,

In

the

areas

of

Arabic

coins,

sometimes

above,

sometimes

below

the

legend

and

not

forming

a

part

of

it,

are

often found

letters

or

words,

the

signification

of some

of

which

has

been

a

good

deal

discussed.

If

it

be

a

name,

it

is

in

all

probability

that of

a

governor,

vizier,

or

moneyer,

but

more often

it

is

one

of

the

words

or

initials

given

in

the

following

list,

being

marks

of

genuineness

or

mint

marks,

indicating

goodness

of

weight

or

fineness

of metal.

The

list

is

compiled

from one

made

by

E.

Meir,

with

a few

additions

of

other

writers.

It

will

be seen

that

a

single

letter

is

in

some cases

given

to

denote

a

word,

e.g.

^

for

*L

and

*La

,

&

for

Jd

,

Jb

for

c-^b

,

CJ

for

^

.

These

are

very

common

on the coins of

the Abbaside

period.


18/247

10

MUSAIHAS

XOISIA1IC8,

heavy

richly

t*

complete

.

pure

.

.

.

.

,

^.i)

purity

.

.

,

.

.

cjj

lawful

is

-

u^

right

weight

.

.

. L .

j

extremely

good

weight

&

li

J

beautiful

.

.

.

cus

-

JL

P

st

^-

J*

very

just

weight

excellent

good

weight

j.z

beautiful,

just

increased,

just

excellent

.

.

prover

(assayer)

superior

,

.

incomparable

,

fixed

.

.

.

just

weight

,

.

j

mass

. .

.

.

just

mass

. ,

.

;

mass

of

weight

.

1

regular

mass .

.

'

excellent

.

.

.

,

rich

weight

.

.

.

precious

. .

.

:

excellent

weight

.

jfo

>

pure

*

sufficient

*

a

profitable

.

.

,

refined

. .

.

.

refined

in

the

fire

good

weight

increased

just

weight

.

old

weight

,

.

full

weight

j

-

J

of

good

augury

stout

,

.

.

|

rich

weight

A

-

Ml

weight

. .

.

.

pure

,

a

.

Jb .

Ljjvjb


19/247

X

OP

TYPES

OF COINAGE.

11

OBIGIK

OF

OF

C0XIAGE

AND

VARIETIES.

At

the

time

of the

rise

of

the

power

of

the

early

Ehalifs,

the

coinages

of the

regions

-which

were

brought

under

their

rule

were,

speaking

generally,

the

Byzantine

in

the

West

and

the

Persian

Sassanian

in

the

East.

At

first,

following

the

usual

practice

of

Oriental

conquerors,

the new

rulers made use

of

that

which

was

the

currency

of

the

country,

altering

the coins

by

degrees

to

be

indicative

of

the

new

ruling

power

and

religion,

but

making

the

changes

so

gradually

as

not

to

give

an

unfamiliar

appearance

to the

coins

in

the

eyes

of

the

people,

but

to

preserve

the

continuity

of

the

accustomed

coinage

with

only

such

changes

as

were

necessary.

Thus

we

see

in

the earliest

gold

of

the

Khalifs

an

imitation

of

the

coin

of

the

Byzantine

emperor

adapted

by

the

figure

of

the

Ehalif with

a

sword

in

his

hand

being

substituted

for

that

of

the

emperor

holding

a

staff

with

a cross

on

it,

on

the

obverse

;

and on

the reverse

the

cross,

standing

on

four

steps,

altered

into

a

column

with

a

ball on

its

top.

The

legends

OR

both

sides

are

changed

to

Arabic ones in

Kufic

character

:

CU-v-J

A |

iJJb

L-jJe


20/247

N

NUMISMATICS.

Then

when

the

Khalli

Abd-al-Malik

In

A.H.

76,

In

compliance

with

the

rale

of

the

Prophet

which

prohibits

the

making

of

representations

of

living

things

and

declares

that

every painter

is

in

hell-fire,

established the

first

purely

Musalnian

coins,

he

still

preserved

in

them

a

semblance

to

the

gold

Byzantine

and

silver

Sassanian,

in

size,

form,

and

general

appearance.

Mr.

G.

E.

Eeary

?

in

an

article

in

the Numismatic Chronicle

for

1885

and

1886

on

The

Morphology

of

Coins,

shows

that the reverse of a

coin of

Khusru

II,

turned

a

quarter

round,

at

a

little distance

seems

almost identical with

one

of

Abd-al-Malik,

struck

at

Basra

A.H.

79

;

but,

looking

closer,

one sees

that

the two

figures

with

a

fire

altar

between

them on the

former are

replaced

by

three

lines

of

Rufic

Arabic

on

the

latter,

and the

marginal

Pehlvi

legend

altered

to

a

EMe

one also.

But the

marginal

circles

are

preserved

almost

intact,

and

the crescents

and

stars

on

the

one have

changed

to

corresponding

annulets in the

other.

There

was

little variation

from

this

type

in the

coinage

of

the

Umayyads

of

Spain,

the

Abbasid,

Buwayhid,

Samanld,

Hamdanid,

Ukaylid,

and

other

dynasties

in

Irak

and

Yaman

up

to

the

times

of

the

Mongols,

but

in

Africa

the

Aghlabis,

according

to

Mr.

Keary,

whose

Morphology

on

Coins

supplies

the

substance

of

these

paragraphs,

founded

their

currency

in

both

gold

and

silver

on

the

pattern

of

the

gold

coins

of the

Abbasis.

The Fatimis

followed

the

Aghlabis

with

the

development

of a

new

variety,

i.e.

coins

which

have

their

inscriptions

arranged

in

a

series

of

concentric

circles.

Their

successors,

the

Ayyubis, adopted

at

first

the

same

pattern,

but

later

changed

it to a

plainer

form

in

straight

lines,

and

this

form was

continued

without

much

change

by

theMamluks.

In

about

the

beginning

of

the

sixth

century

A.H.

the

enclosing

of

the

area

legend

in a

compartment

came

into

use

squares,

star-

shapes,

circles,

ovals

;

4,

6,

and

8

foils,

etc.

This

is

noticeable

in

the

Ayyubid,

Saljuk,

and

especially

in the

Mongol

series.

There

was

a

remarkable

departure

from the

Musalman

type

in

some

of

the

coinages

of

Asia

Minor

and

Syria

Ayyubid,

Saljuk,

Urtukid,

and

Zangid

in

reverting

to

imitations

of

Greek,

Seleucid,


21/247

ORIGIN

OP

TYPES

OF

COINAGE.

13

and

Eoman

coin

obverses

;

heads

and

busts,

and

full and

half

figures

of men

;

horsemen,

eagle,

lion

and

sun,

centaur,

etc.

This,

no

doubt,

arose

from

a

desire

to

adapt

the

coinage

to that

current in

the

neighbourhood

and

in

use

in

the

trading

transactions

with

the

West.

The

coinage

of

the

Mongols

of Persia

followed

much the

same

pattern

as

that

of

the

dynasties

which

they

supplanted,

and

the

same

character

was

continued

up

to

and

throughout

the

reigns

of

Tinmr

and

his

house.

But

in

the

farther

East

there

was

an

altogether

different initial

type

the

Bactrian,

from

which

sprang

the

coins of

more

solidity

and

thickness

developing

into the

rupee.

The

two

great

coinages

of the

Muhamniadan

world

of

modern

times

show

a

marked

difference

suggestive

of

varying

original

types,

more

so

perhaps

a

century

ago

than

now.

Compare,

for instance,

a

gold

or

silver

coin of

jSTadir

Shah

of

Persia

with

one

of

Sultan llahmud

I,

his

contemporary

in

Turkey.


22/247

liaMe

is

the

language

generally

used

on ITusalman

coins,

but

Persian

is

that which

is usual on

the

coinage

of

the Shahs of

Persia,

the

kings

and

emperors

of

Dehli,

native

Indian

states,

and

the East

India

Company,

mixed

in

the cases

of

the

two

last-

named

with

some

Sanskrit

or

vernacular

words,

and

llalay

on

coins

of

that

region.

In

this

book

all

legends

in

the

Arabic

character

are

taken

into

consideration,

for

although

some

coins

bearing

them

were

not

issued

by

llusalinan

rulers,

and so

should,

strictly

speaking,

perhaps

be

excluded,

yet

all

with Arabic

lettering

upon

them

were

issued for

the use

of,

or

to

be read

by,

Huhammadans,

by

whom alone

that

character

is

used,

or

were

imitations

of

Uusalman

coins,

It is

convenient

to

thus

arrange

Oriental

numismatics

into

Husalman,

Chinese,

and

Hindu.

But

there

are

many

bilingual

and

some

trilingual

coins

which

are

specially

interesting

in

an

historical

way,

and

should

be

con-

sidered.

As

has

been

said

above,

the

earliest

Husalman

coins

were

copied

from

Greek-Eoman

and Sassanian

ones,

with

Arabic

additions;

they

are

therefore

bilingual,

having

in

the

former

series

Greek

and

Latin,

and

in

the latter

Pehlvi

legends,

the

Arabic

additions

being

either

pious

phrases

of

translations

of the

mint

names

or

some

words

indicating

genuineness.

There are

also some

early

African imitations of

the

Byzantine

coinage

with

Latin

legends,

which

have

been read

as

Non

est

Deus

nisi

Deus

et

Alius

non

est

and In

nomine

tuo,

Deus

Omnipotens

;

these

were followed

by

others

having

on

them

the

Kalima

in

Arabic,

at

first

in

part,

afterwards

entire.

The

coins of

Tabaristan,

a

detached

province

of

the Persian

Empire,

were

of

a

slightly

different

module

to

those

of

the

.Sassanian

proper

3

although

of

the same

type,

being

smaller

and


23/247

LANGUAGES.

finer

with

Tabaristan

upon

them

in

Pehlvi. After

the

conquest

of

the

province

by

the

Arab

Musalmans,

governors

were

appointed

whose

names

are

to

be

found

upon

the coins

at

the side

of

the

Sassanian

king's

head,

written

in

fine

Kufic

:

.A

Of

Northern

India

at

the

end

of

the third

century

(Hijra),

there

are

coins

of

the

horseman

and

bull

variety,

with

Sanskrit

on

one

side

over

the

bull

and

the

name

of

the

Khalif juJuS\

on

the other

above

the

horseman.

The

same

type

was

used

by

some

of

the

Ghazni

kings,

and

also

later

by

the

early

Pathan

kings

of Dehli.

As

early

as

A.H. 660

a

coin

of

Khubilay

Khan was

struck

at

Bukhara

with

Chinese

on

one

side and

Arabic

on

the

other,

and

there

are

coins

of

the time

of

the

Muhammadan

rebellion

in

China

in

the

last

century

which

are

also

in

both

these

languages.

The

jSTorman

kings

of

Salerno and

Sicily,

who

drove out

the

Saracen

chiefs

from

those

regions

in

the seventh

century

(Hijra),

issued

Arabic

coins

in

imitation

of

some

of

the

Ayyubid,

but

with

a

Christian

formula

of faith in

imperfect

lettering

which

might

easily

deceive

their Muhammadan

subjects.

In

the

same

way

Alphonse

VIII

of

Spain

struck coins on

which

were

in

Arabic

the

ascription

to

the

Holy

Trinity

and

the declaration

that

he

was the

Amir of

the

Catholics,

and

the

Pope

the

Imam of the

Church of

Messiah.

Georgia,

from

it's

position,

was

overrun

by

invaders from

the

north

and

south

at

all

times,

and its

coinage

shows

a

strange

variety,

of

bilingual

character,

in

consequence

:

at one

time

imitation

of

Sassanian,

at another

Byzantine

with

Greek

and

Georgian,

at

others

Georgian

and

Arabic,

and

in

the time

of

the

Mongol

power,

Georgian,

Arabic,

and

Mongolian.

Mongolian

writing

is

also

seen

intermixed

with

Arabic

on

many

of

the coins

of

the

Mongols

of

Persia.

Armenia

was

in

much

the same

position

as

Georgia

with

regard

to

exposure

to

invasions. Its

coinage,

with

the

Christian

king

on

one

side

and

a

lion on

the

other,

with

Armenian

marginal

legends^

was,

during

the

time

of

subjection

to

the

Saljuks

of

Asia


24/247

16

MUSAL11AN

NUMISMATICS.

Minor

in

the

seventh

century

(Hijra),

changed

into

one

having

on

one

side

the

figure

of the

king

and

Armenian

legend,

and

on

the other side

Arabic

legends

similar

to those

on

the

contemporary

Saljuk

coins. Also

when

a

little later the

Maniluk

Sultan

Xasir

al-Din

Muhammad

raided

Armenia,

he

overstruck

the

Armenian

dng

?

s

coins

with

his

own

coin

dies

:

an unusual

proceeding

for

an

Oriental

king.

In

India,

some

of

the later

Dehli

kings,

as

well

as

the

earliest

before referred

to,

used

the

Devanagari

characters

on

their

coins

as

well

as

Arabic,

and

the

last

kings

of the

dynasty

had their

names on

coins in the

same

characters

as did

also

kings

of

Bengal.

M.

Drouin

quite

lately

discovered

a

Sanskrit

legend

upon

a

gold

coin of Akhar.

Many

native states

of

India

have

bilingual

coins,

partly

in

Persian,

partly

in

the

vernacular

of

the

state,

and sometimes

partly

in

English.

The

East

India

Company

issued

bilingual,

trilingual,

and

even

multilingual

coins

using

English,

Persian,

Hindustani,

Bengali,

Tamil,

and

Telugu.

In the

Straits

there

are

Company

coins

with.

English,

Persian,

and

Malay

legends,

and

one

with

Chinese

in

addition

to

these

three.

The Netherlands

Government

issued

coinage

for their

states

with

Malay

reverses to

the

obverses

of

the

European

pattern.

The

Portuguese,

although

in

other

ways

very ready

to

imitate

the

coinage

of

their

neighbours

in

India,

never

used the

Arabic

character.

The

French,

on the other

hand,

imitated

the Behli

coinage

as

closely

as

did

the

English.


25/247

ORXAMBXTATION.

17

ORNAMENTATION.

The ornamentation

of

Musalman

coins

lies

chiefly

in

the

lettering,

the

arrangement

and

grouping

of

the

inscriptions,

and

the

shapes

and

arabesque

outlines

of

the

spaces

in

which

parts

pf

the legends

are

enclosed.

This

is

seen

at

its

best

probably

on

the

Hafsidi

and other

Moorish,

the

Persian

Mongols

(TJljaitu

and Abu

Said),

and

the Safavi

of

Persia

(Ismail

I

and

Tahmasp

I)

coinages.

On

the

later

Persian

and

Dehli

coins,

too,

it

is

fine.

The

Persian

style

of

writing

lends

itself

well

to

this in

curves,

graceful

sweeps

of the

pen,

and

prolongation

and

grouping

of

the

letters.

One

very

common

practice

is

to

prolong

the

tail


26/247

18

3OJS1L3IAN

XUMISlfAIICS.

quadrangular

areas.

The

EMc

character

also

Is

used

to

form

the

square

geometrical

pattern

in

which,

the

Kalimah

Is

arranged

on

the

pretty

bilingual

coins of Abu

Said,

the

Persian

Mongol.

Interspersed

commonly

on

the

coin areas

are

dots

in

groups

and

singly,

annulets,

rosettes,

sprigs

of

flowers,

knots,

and

so

on.

There

are,

however,

certain

figures

called

tamghas

which

seem

meant to

be

the

signs

of

particular dynasties

or

persons

or

countries.

It

is hard

to

describe

in

words

many

of

them,

or

to

say

what

they

are

intended

to

represent,

or

in what

they

originated.

Some,

as

on

the

gold

coins

of

Great

Saljuks,

are

at the

top

of

the

area

;

others,

as on

the

large

Urtukicl

copper

coins,

are

at the

side

or

bottom.

Some

suggest

an

imitation

of

a

monogram

on

a

Greek

or

Parthian

coin

;

others,

as the

fleur de

lys

on

the

Mamluks

and

the

thunderbolt

on

the

Great

Kaans

coins,

are

recognizable,

as

is

also

the

double-ended

trident

of

the

Golden Horde.

The

curious

figure

in

the

centre

of

the area

of

the

Chagatai

coins,

somewhat

like

the

Greek

letter

>,

has

been

thought

to

be

the

Tibetan

letter

cJia

inverted,

the initial

of

Chagatai.

The

representations

of

animals

are

numerous,

and

made

in

all

times.

They

are

sometimes

indicative

of a

place,

or

peculiar

to

a

person

or

dynasty,

as the

double-headed

eagle

on

Urtukicl

and

Zangid,

the

lion

on

the

Mamluk,

the

lion

and sun

on

Saljuk

and

Persian

Shahs,

the

fish,

birds,

and human

figures

on

the

Basulid

coins,

and

the

many

varieties

on

the

autonomous

copper

coinage

of

Persia.

The

coins

of

the

later

Moghul

Emperors

of Dehli and

of

the

native

States,

struck in

the same

pattern,

have almost

always

a

symbol

within

the

loop

of a

final

letter

on

one

or both

sides.

These are

sometimes

sufficiently

peculiar

to

be

indicative

of

a

particular

State

or

mint

;

such,

for

example,

as

the

sun-face

of

Indore,

and the

curiously

shaped

dagger,

like

a

pair

of

scissors,

of

Kutch

;

but more

often the

symbol

is

not

peculiar

to

one State

or

mint.

Prinsep,

in

his

Indian

Antiquities,

gives

a

plate

with

some

126

of

these

symbols

on

it,

and

attributes

them

to

some

extent

;

but

there

are

many

more

than

he

describes,

and

some

of


27/247

ORNAMENTATION,

19

those

wtdeli lie

attributes to one

are also

OIL

coins of

other

States.

These

symbols

on

modern

Indian

coins

being,

in

many

cases,

the

only

mark

by

which the

currency

of

one State

may

be

distinguished

from

that of

another,

it

has been

the

endeavour

of

several

Indian

numismatists

to

reduce them

to order

and locate

their

use

;

but

it

is a

very

difficult

matter,

for

many

of

them

have

been used

by

several

States,

and

many

States

have

used

several

symbols

at

different

times,

and local

knowledge

and tradition

give

but

little

help.

The

symbols,

moreover,

are not

always

mint-marks,

but

seem,

sometimes

to have

been

used

to

indicate

the

issue

or

the

year

;

for

example,

more

than

thirty

different

symbols

are

to

be

found

on

the

coins of

the

Dehli

Emperor

Aurangzib,

struck

at

Surat.

Perhaps,

of

all

these

Indian

symbols,

the

one

which

is

most

remarked

is

the

J.H.S. on

coins

of

Kashmir.

Two

or three

ex-

planations

or

reasons

for

the

use

of

this

Christian

monogram

have

been

given,

but

no

doubt

it

was

expected

to be

a

lucky

symbol.*

The

Tughra

is

peculiar

to the

Othmanli

coinage.

It

is

a

mono-

gram

consisting

of

the

Sultan's

name

and

that

of

his

father,

of

which

the

composing

letters

intercross

and

have

their

upright

portions prolonged

upwards,

curled

and twisted

in

such

a

way

as

to

make

an

interlacement

difficult

to

decipher.

*

General

G. G.

Pearse,

C.B.,

E.A.,

writes

as

follows

:

Whilst

Lord

William

Bsatmck

was Governor-

General

of

India,

1828-35,

two

very

remarkable

conversions

to

Christianity

took

place

;

one was

of

a

celebrated

Muhamniadau

Moulvie,

the other

of an

equally

celebrated

Brahmin,

by

name

Ammd. These

men

were great

controversialists,

and

their

change

of

religion

caused

much

stir

and

excitement. Annncl

died,

leaving

a

son,

Anund

Messiah,

a

sharp,

intelligent

man,

good-looking

and

full

of

energy,

a

very stormy

petrel

of

a

Christian,

never

so

happy

as

when

launching

his

Christian

controversial

arguments

at

the heads

of

Hindoos. In

1850

Anund

Messiah was at the

court

of

Maharaja

Goolab

Sing,

of

Cashmere,

In the

Spring

of

1851,

when

I was Assistant

-Commissioner

of

Hazara on the

Cashmere

frontier,

Anund

Messiah,

who was

passing

through

Hazara,

came

to

pay

his

respects

to

me. I

saw

a

good

deal of

him

for a

few

days.

With much

delight

he showed

me the new

Cashmere

rupees

of

G-oolab

Sing,

with the

Eoman letters

J.H.S.

conspicuously

in

the

centre

of

the

coins

amidst the

Persian.

He

said

he

had

induced the

wily,

clever

Dogra king

to

place

these letters

on

his

coins,

assuring

him

that

thereby

he

would

please

the

British

Indian

Government,

and

would himself be

favoured

by

fortune. Never

was

any

Muhammadan who

had

somehow

managed

to

make an

unbeliever

say

the Kalima

more

delighted

than

was

Anund with

this

little

bit

of

work

of

his.


28/247

MUSAL3IA3S XUXISMATICS.

EELIGIGIJS

LEGffil

BS.

Some

pious

expression

or

religious

plirase

or formula

is

very

general

upon

all

Musalrsian

coins.

On

the

early

Khalif

ones

there

was

nothing

else,

except

the

date

and,

on

the

silver,

the

mint

;

a

little later

the

name o

the

king

or ruler

was

given

;

then titles

and

other

particulars

about

the

king

were

added, displacing

a

good

deal of the

religious

forms

;

so

that when

we

come

to

modern

times

there

is

little

of

them

left.

On

a

modern

Turkish

coin,

for

instance,

there

is

nothing

in

this

way

but

s^sj

\z

,

and

on a coin

of

the

late

Shah

of

Persia

nothing

but

the

names

and

titles,

with

mint-place

and

date.

These

religious

legends

may

be

divided

into

(1)

formulce,

or

symbols

as

they

are

sometimes

called

;

(2)

verses

or

phrases

taken

from

the

Horan;

and

(3)

pious

expressions

or

ejaculations.

(1)

Formulae.

The

formula

'

Bismillah

'

is found

very

commonly

on

coins

of

earlier

times,

usually

as

the

beginning

of

the

legend

referring

to

the

striking

of

the

piece:

^l^ l

1X&


29/247

11ELIGIOUS

LEGENDS.

21

TJie

Jialhnah.

The

Kalimah

(Z*&\

literally

'the

Word/

called also the

*

Muslim

Creed,'

and

In

numismatic

books

generally

the

Muham-

madan

symbol

or

formula,

is

found

on most

of

the coins

of rulers

holding

the orthodox

faith

(Sunni).

The

first,

or

negative

part

of

it,


30/247

XTTMISMATIO.

There

Is no

god

but

God,

Muhammad

is the

prophet

of

God,

the

Mahdi

is

the

Imam

of

the

nation.

God bless

Huliaminad and

his

family,

etc.

L,^\

jU1

-J^ i

ill

J.

Praise to

God

alone,

etc.

.

,

>

*

-.

-/

XI

All

l

^-.-

J'.

dAs^

Ij:


31/247

KELXGIOUS LEG-ENDS.

23

The

following

Koranic

sentences

are

also

included

amongst

the

symbols

or

formulary

sentences

of

numismatic

writers.

Kor.

cxii,

.

J*J

\^ijl

Adam,

iJU.^

Seth,

(^.^

Enoch,

-

J

^oah,

>U

Shem,

^Jb^jl

Abraham,

J-ow-sl

Ishmael,

fj^s^\

Isaac,

*

Jacob,

_

L^rl

Joseph,

L-^-jt-i

Jethro,

J^y

Hoses,

^,b>

Aaron,

c^yj

Job,

L^J^-J

Jonah,

?jJ

Lot,

CJ*Jli

Saul,

Jjlj

David,

^l^Ls

Solomon,

^-^

Zechariah,

y

.~?

j-s

Ezra,

u-Ul

Elias,

^c ^

Jesus,

.^sT

John,

jyb

Hud,

&\y*\

Imran.

(3)

\

father,

or

^\

son,

with

the

name

of

the

father

or

son,

as

J^-s*^

*J\ -

s*~^

[

^j\

,

or

with

some

other

word

making

a

sort

of

character

name,

sobriquet,

or

nickname,

such as

ija&>-

*}\

father

of

a

young

lion,

^j

**\

father

of

victory.

Under

this

class come

such

surnames

as

Babar,

Arghun, Aghlib,

Arslan,

Timur,

and

others.

The

Lakab,

or

honorary

title,

is

applied

either

in

the

form of

a

compound,

of

which

those

expressive

of

zeal

for

the

faith or

of

political

importance

are

the most

common,

or

by

a

single

word or

epithet,

like

the

Augustus,

Pius,

or

Felix

of

the

Romans.

The

Lakab

is

largely

used

upon

coins,

and

ruling

princes

are

more

known

by

it

than

by

their

Alain

or

Ivanyat.

A

list

of

those

found

oa

llusalman

coins

is

given

below,

and as

a

help

in

attributing

coins

the class

or

dynasty

in

which

the

particular

title

was

used

is

added.

The

al-Ansab

and

the

Takhallas

need

not

be

considered

with

regard

to

coin-legends,

but

the al-Alamat and

the Anwan are

of

much

interest

in

numismatics,

as

the

kingly

titles are

in

many

cases

characteristic

or

peculiar

to the

dynasty

;

a

list

of

them

is

therefore

given

of

a similar

kind to that

of

the Lakab.


66/247

(Lakab).

Gujarat,

Brother.

+\

Choosing

the

Country

and

Pteligion.

,.;

J

t

Lo

oJ

^U->-

-

Bengal.

Lion

of

the

State,

IS.jJi

jJ

Shaybanid.

Alexander

Bahadur.

,jl#

,

Dehli

Kings.

Of

the

Age.

^UjJ

Good Fortune

of

the

State.


67/247

HONORARY

TITLES.

5

Dehli

Kings.

Bahmani.

^OuK

Ljol

Crown.

_

Hudicl.

Ghaznawid.

King

of

Saragossa.

^jJljLj^

Glory.

JL>-

Golden

Horde.

Dehli

Kings.

Bengal.

Georgia.

Shah

of

Msabur.

Saljuk.

Ghaznawid.

Mirdasicl.

il

jJ\

.

Golden Horde. Jalair.

Bengal.

^i^\

Dehli

Emperor.

Kashmir.

Khwarizm.

Dehli

Queen

Eizia.

^JJi

^

Lj

Shah

Inchu

Ahu Ishak.

&^\

j

^

^

Beauty.

Bnrid.

Mamluk.

Ghaznawid.

il^ll

Aehin.

JUS

Ghaznawid.


68/247

60

MUSALMAN

NUMISMATICS.

Ayrubid.

Maniluk.

Dehli

King.

Fatimid.

Judge.

Dehli

Kings

and

Emperors.

E.I.

Co.

^JJ

Defender.

Indian

States.

Bahmani.

Mamluk.

Saraanid,

Ukaylid.

King

of

Toledo.

Urtukid. ITamluk.

Georgia.

jSasricL

Idrisid.

Zairid.

Moorish.

Mongols

of Persia.

Dehli

Emperor.

Imam of Sana.

Tabaristan.

Abbasid.

HndicL

Abbasid.

Spanish King

of

Teifa.

Abbasid.

Dulafid.

Abbasid. Tahirid.

Behli

Emperor.

Sword.

*L

i

Beautr.

Slave

of

God.

Just

Ruler. J?ji

J

One

who invokes

(God).

^J

J

J

U/

J

^

Of

two

dominions.

.J'jLJl

&

j

Of two

swords.

Of

two

glories.

t.;

j

Of two

vizicratcs.

(

,*-J

,1

;S\

j

Of

two

right

hands.

Asylum

of

the

Faith.

Dehli

King.

Hoper

for

tie

mercy

of

God the

bountiful.


69/247

HONORARY

TITLES,

61

Saljuk

(

Abbasid

Khalif).


70/247

62

MUSALHAN

NUMISMATICS.

Eamdanid.


71/247

HONORARY

TITLES.

63

Ghaznawid.

Ail

I

Glory.


72/247

64

3IUSAL3IAN

Budlis.

Buwayhid.

llarwanid.

Ukaylid.

Batiha.

Barakzai

'Abel

al-Rahman)

Abbasid.

Buwayhid.

Sataanid.

Ziyarid.

Sijistan.

Abbasid.

Idrisid.

Uncertain Moorish,

Abbasid.

Ayyubid.

Fa

timid,

Idrisid.

Abbasid.

Saljuk.

cd

Ayyubid.

Main

Ink.

Dehli

Xing.

Fatimic'L

Dehli

King,

Saljuk. Malay.

A

chin.

Saljuk.

Shah

of

Persia

(Abbas

III).

Lucknow.

Ghaznawid.

Ziyarid.

Kakwayhid.

Kashmir.

Dehli

Emperor.

Georgia.

Ghaznawid.

Danishmandid.

Ayyubid.

Ayyubid.

Idrisid.

Very

commonly

used.

Eatimid.

Shaybanid.

Light.

Lc=

Obedient.

Conqueror.

Jit

[i

Manifest.

Shadow.

Ji

Supporter.

-^

The

Just.


73/247

HONORARY

TITLES.

Abbasid.

Fatimid.

Othmanii.

Dehli

King

(Muhammad

b.

Taghiak).

The

Aster.

Spanish

Umayyad.

Ziyanid,

Filili

Sharif.

Afghanistan.

Sintl.

Fatimid.

Ghaznawid.

Dehli

Eing. Abbas.

Umayyad.

Hafsid. Marinid.

King

of

Mercia.

Othmanli.

Kashghar.

Sharif

of

Morocco.

Abbasid.

Shaybanid.

Fatimid. Othmanli.

'

Bahmani.

The

Adored One.

Umayyad.

Abbasid.

Spanish

Umayyad.

Samanid.

Yalencia.

Sharif

s of

Morocco.

Marinid. Muwahhid.

Shaybanid.

^^

lluwahhid.

d^

Abbasid.

Shaybanid.


74/247

66

MTJSALMAX

NUMISMATICS.

Fatimid.

Avrubid. Uanxhik,

Golden

Horde.

Excellent, j

*.^

>*>

Fatiinid.


75/247

HONORARY

TITLES.

67

Xasrid.

Marwankl.

Ghaznawid.

d b

Overcoming.

e^'U

Luckno\v.

^*rl~

x

''

??

Xasricl.

&J'o

Rich,

^î

Bengal.

^Luî

* L/J

Defender. eL?*~

Buwayhid.

Û^

Assister.

cL?^

Siiliuk.

Mongols

of

Persia.

'

,.

s

'j,;^

Ljjll

J

^-

LL

v

'

Shahs

of

Persia.

Zangid.

Ghnrid.

Othmanli.

Dehli

Kings.

Bengal.

South

India.

Gujarat.

Bahmani.

Golden

Horde.

L

A

1

^\

Saljuk.

Urtukicl.

Ghnrid.

Golden

Horde.

&:\^

?

Khwarizm.

Ayyubid.

Malwah.

Gujarat.

Fatimid.

t&\

j&j

Overcoiner.

j5U

Durrani.

War.

L*\i5f Victory,

^vi

Bengal.

^.jiU

LjjJ\

J}

Shah

of

Persia. Az

,,

Ghaznawid.

in-l

Glory.

*sr

Bengal.

^ji\j

UjjJ

Buwayhid.

Saljuk.

l .jj\

Ghaznawid.

Urtukicl.

Danishmandid.

Mamluk.

,.tJ^H

{

^.

}}

Saljuk.

^1^

Dehli

King

(Shir

Shah).

ôM

.

LJ

jJI

Pearl.

JuJ

Abbasid.

Excellence.

J*s

Hamdanid,

^111

Xasricl.

Preceptor.

iJii

Buwayhid.

i^Sl

Orbit

or

Ship.

Ziyarid.

High

Matters.

JUJ1


76/247

05

31USALMA3?

XOII83IATICS.

Abbasid.

Buwayhid.

Ghaznawid.


77/247

HONORARY

TITLES.

69

Zangid.

^jM

Perfection.

JUS

Ghaznavid.

Bmrayhid.

Kurdish

Chief.

/-

Asylum.

Haindankl.

U1

Bounty.

Spanish.

Abbasid.

King

of

Keifa.

Preserved.

Xunid.

Muwahhid.

BehliKing.

^jjJIj

LjjJt

Warrior,

Hamudid.

^l b

Strengthened.

Abbasid.

Samanid.

Ikhshidid.


78/247

70

3IUSALMAX

NUMIS3IATIC&.

Bengal.

Distinguished by

the

^^J,\

c^oUj

Grace

of the

Compassionate

One.

iluwahhid.

Xasrid.

Eejcctecl

c

lluwahhid.

Sp.

Umayyad.

Majorca.

Cliosen.

BiiwayMd.

Guardian

of Frontier.

Timurid.

,.JjJ\

Guide.

ti/

Dehli

Emperor

(Iturad

Bakhsh).

^J^

Wedded

to.

Abbasid.


79/247

HONORARY

TITLES,

71

Abbasid.

Urtnkid.

^Ul?

Who

implores

help,

Zangid.


80/247

NUMISMATICS.

Hammudid.

^b

Lion.

Abbasid.

Tulunid. ^\

^^L:

Who relies

upon.

Saffarid.

Dawudid. Abbadid. Bulafid.

Ukaylid.

j.ji\

Sp.

TJmayyad.


81/247

HONORARY

TITLES,

The

order

of

God.


82/247

Samanid.

Basulid.

Strengthener

or

Strengthened.

Jo

**

Ayyubid.

Mamluk.

Sp.

Umayyad.

Undid,

Tortosa.


83/247

HONORARY

TITLES.,

Mamluk.

01 tlie Nazarenes

(Christians).

Norman

Kings

of

Sicily.

Ayyubid.

Urtukid.

Ayyubid.

3Iamluk.

llarwanid.

Kashmir.

Buwayhid.

Dehli

Queen

Eizia.

King

of

Aliar.

Urtukid,

Danishmandid.

Urtukid.

Ghaznawid.

Ghaznawid. Kashmir.

Lucknow.

Ghaznawid.

Afghanistan.

Of the

World,

Zangid.

Easulid.

Bengal.

Turkistan.

Urtukid.

Ghaznawid.

Mamlnk.

Dehli

Emperor

Jahangir.

Durrani.

Achin

Queen.

Inchu.

Marinid.

Jalair.

Ahbasid.

Hudid. MuwahMd.

Hafsid.

Hasani

Sharifs.

Dehli

Kings,

Gujarat.

Gujarat.

Dehli

Kings. Bengal.

Bahmani.

BahmanL


84/247

76

MUSALHAX

NUMISMATICS.

In

the

help

of

the

Almighty.

Â

Dehli

King

Firuz II.

Khwarizm,

JIalwah.

The

Eternal,

the

Firm.

,^j*

Inchu. Doubtful.

Ji>

or

llalwah.

The

King

the

Protector.

.Ûi

Jalair. The

King,

the

Country.

,l;jJ'

Dehli

Kings.

llamluk.

Queen

llothcr.

Ghaznawid.

*d* l

Veigher.

û

Son

of

the

Prince of the

Apostles.

c

t*L^Jl

^

d*

Bengal

(Husain).

Umayyad.

Hasani Sharif,

Son. JuL

Abbasid. Guide.

ijjU

Rasid.

ijsA

Jl

?J

Sana.

^\

Lion,

j^

Bengal.

o

^y ^S

Eight

Hand.

Dehli

King,

ilalwah.

Bengal,


85/247

BEGAL TITLES.

/


86/247

78

MUSAL31AN

NI

Bu

way

hid.

Gliaznairid.

Kakwayhid.

Of

Amirs.

.VJ'

Of the

Amirs,

the

Directors.

^J

Ju-i

J

LVJ1

lluwahhid.

Hafsid.

Marinid.

Ziyanid.

Samanid.

Turkistan.

Illustrious.

JJ^i

,,

Dehli

King.

Protector

of

the

Paith.

,.,

r

jJ

,

Buwayhid.

Ghaznawid.

Mirdasid.

Lord.

Dehli

Kings.

Of

the

East and

the

West.

.i l

.

j;

^

Turkistan.

Buwayhicl.

Just.

J^ltl

King

of

Mebla.

Of

the

West

*-^

Alphonso

VIII of

Spain.

Of

the

Catholics.

^iLii

J?

3Iurabit.

Manranid.

Of

the

Moslems.

Huclid.

^ asrid.

Cordova.

Yaman

King.

Conqueror,

.i

Timurid.

Eminent.

King

of

Mercia.

Our

Lord.

Very

commonly

used.

'

Of

the

Faithful.

(1

^^>

Hamdanid.

Strengthened.

Jo

Mongols

of Persia.

Illvhan.

Mongols

of

Persia.

Salgharid.

^k^ll

Mongols

of

Persia.

King

Alphonso

VIII.

King

of

Cordova.

Pope,

bb

Mongols

of Persia.

Of

Islam.

>Lsl

King

of

Cordova.

Of

Eome.


87/247


88/247

80

MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

Shahs

of

Persia.

Son of

the

Emperor.

Ûls^

j

Tlmiiriii.

Shaybanid.

Chagatai.

Jjlx>

Shaybanid.

Dehli

Emperor.

Xoble.

,*t\,4.

Mamluk.

Dehli

King.

The

Witness.

Ju^j\

Very

commonly

used.

J

JciSl

_

Jj^Sl

.

J

jW\

Mongols

of

Persia.

Othmanli.

Bengal

Ûli

Ayyubicl.

;j :

J(

vv

Bahmani.

Of

the

Epoch

and

Age.

ÛJ ^^

Saljuk.

Shahs

of

Persia.

Shaybanid.

^-;U 1

Eara

Kuynnlid.

Othmanli.

Dehli

Kings.

Atabeg.

Saljuk.

Sen

gal.

Conqueror.

*

Bahmani.

i

*

Bahmani.

Powerful

k

Islam.

Mongol

of

Persia

(Abu

Said).

Malwah.

Muzafiarid

Obedient

and

Obeyed,

clk^l

(Shah

Shuja).

Yery

commonly

used.

Mamluk.

Timurid.

Othmanli.

Golden

Horde

(Aziz

Shaykh),

Deceased.

*p-

UM

Mysore

(Tipu).

^\

Mongols

of

Persia

(Abu

Said).

j

J

|

Mongols

of

Persia

The

Directing.

O

~A^

(Abu

Said).

Mongol

of

Persia

(Sati

Beg).


91/247

KEGAL

TITLES.

83

'Samanid.

Buwayhid.

Mangit.

Khokand.

Prince.

Juj

Khiva.

Astrakhan.

Samanid.

L*l'1

,,

King

of

Benia.

jJl

Bengal.

L~JJ>\

The

Chief.

^U

The

Princes,

Chiefs.

*L^

ijLJI

Sayyid

Chiefs

of

Karmati.

Ghaznawid.

Dehli

Emperor

(Humayun).

^.^JsLJl

Fatimid.

Bengal.

Of

the

Apostles.

^L^M

llongols

of

Persia.

Shahs

of

Persia.

Shah.

5

Li

Dehli.

Bengal.

Kashmir.

Indian

States.

Ayynbid.

Of

Armenia.

^J\

n

Behli

Emperors.

kJ^rT

Kings

of Benia

and

Tortosa.

UjjJl

J?

Urtukicl.

OfDiarbakr.

J^J^

J?

Behli

Emperor.

Asylum

of

the Faith,

asl^j jj

,,

Lucknow.

Behli

Emperor.

E.I.

Co. Indian

States. Jlc

Achin.

Partabgarh

State,

Eajpntana.

Of

London.

^JcJ

Buwayhid. Eong

of

Kings.

Saljnk. Kakwayhid.

llarwanid.

Shahs

of

Persia.

Behli

Emperors.

Saljnk.

llongols

of

Persia.

Bengal.

Generous.

JjL

Behli

Emperor

(Eafi

al-Barjat).

Jj


92/247

84:

MUSALM1X

KU1EISMATICS.

Dehli

Emperor (Jahangir).

Shall

of

Persia

QMIr).

Of

Kings.

Shall

of

Persia

(Muhammad).

Of

the

Prophets.

LJ.1

Sharifs

of

Morocco.

o*?^

an(

i

^M^\

Sharif.

Lî'

-*

Mongols

of

Persia.

Mamluk.

Shaikh,

Hasani

Sharif.

Lord.

L^^

Afghanistan.

ÛJl

Shahs

of

Persia,

Ûj

,,

Othmanli.

JjUS\

Othmanli.

Of

ITight

and

Victory

by

land

and

sea.

Of

the

Happy

Conjunction.

^L

Shah

of

Persia

(jS'adir).

Dehli

Emperors.

Second

Lord

of

the

Happy

Conjunction.

^Jll

;

^\

Behli

Emperors.

Indian

States.

ATbbasid.

^\

Officer.

U

Abbasid.

Kings

of

Majorca. Ayyubid.

t&\

Slave

Patimicl.

Of

God

and

his

Wall.


93/247

REGAL

TITLES,

85

Zangid.

llongols

of

Persia.

Golden

Horde.

Mongols

of Persia.

J

J*

Ctesar

Augustus.

u^uJ^l

-

s^*ui -

L^%^

King

of

Sicily.

Kutch

and

other Indian

States,

Kaiser i

Hind.

A

applie'd

to

Queen

Yictoria.

Dog.

Of the

threshold

of

the

Pleasing

One.

\&j

^li

Shah

of

Persia

(Shah

Eukh).

Of

the

threshold

of

Ali.

^

^k

Shah

of

Persia

(Husain).

Of

the

Amir

of

the Faithful.

^^\^

Shah

of Persia

(Husain).

Of

the

Sultan

of

Khurasan.

^U

.^

Shah

of

Persia

(Shah

Bukb).

Shah

of Persia

(Abbas

II).

Of

Ali.

Kings

of

Sicily.

Count.

Yictoria.

V.jt^?

Queen.

England

or

Inglistan.

^

Jo,j&

^

^\j\

* *)

jjj **

*****

Throughout

the

universe

by

grace

divine a

golden

money

came,

Struck

by

God's

Shadow,

a

new

Emperor,

Abbas

the

Third

by

name.

STTLAIMAN

II.

(1)

By

grace

divine

he

struck a

coin

of

happy

fame,

The

Sovereign

just,

who

second

Solomon

became.

(2)

2^^

Shines

as

the

rising

sun

and moon

upon

the

earth,

Heir

of

Sulaiman's

right,

the

Shah

of

saintly

birth.

MAHMTJD.

(1)

bil

^J

Prom

the east

of

Iran

he

struck

coin like

the

solar

face,

Shah

Mahmud,

world-conqueror,

of

the

saintly

race.

(2)

Below

the earth sank down

the

moon

and

shining

sun,

Envying

the

coin

of

Shah

Mahmud,

world-conquering

one.

7


106/247

98

(3)

Like

SUE

and inoon

the

imperial

coin

is

world-renowned,

For

its

pure

metal

by

God's

grace

is free

of

alloy.

(4)

For the

trne faith

te

prepared

coin

by

God's

direction.

May

Mahmiid

flourisli,

the

faith-protecting

king.

ASHEIF.

(1)

Upon

the Ashrafi

vas

wrought

the

magic

of

his

grace's

name

;

jSTobility

from

Ashraf's

name

upon

the

sun there came.

(2)

>

J

Ashraf

laid

hold

on

majesty

with

might

;

Let his coin's

legend

read

e

Requited

be

unright.

(3)

By

grace

of

Ashraf

Shah,

who

keeps

the

right,

The

gold

of the

four

friends

now

sees

the

light.

(4)

^j)j>

**

^*j^

uJ^l

(tij

^

j^

5j^LJ

:\

Sj*aj L^l^i^

it

In

the

exalted

name

(Ashraf)

of

sun

and moon coin

was

made

from

gold.

Gold

and the

sun

of

victory by

His

grace

were made

bright.

(This

is

an

unsatisfactory

couplet,

read

conjecturally

by

Dr. Eieu

from

a

single

coin,

on which

there

is


107/247

POETICAL

LEGENDS.

99

apparently

another uJl-il

or

tJ^j

which

he

has

not

Included

in

it.)

(1)

By

gold

in

all the

earth

Ms

kingship

shall be

famed,

Phoenix

(Nadir)

of

Persia's

land,

world

-conqueror,

sovereign

named.

(2)

Over Sultans

of earth

is

Sultan,

Sadir,

Shah

of

Shahs,

Sahibkaran.

(3)

[or

^l^b]

jjl^Jj

A3

^

^

JbLi

:^

The

order

issued

from

the

Shah

of

Shahs,

Nadir,

Sahibkaran,

Let coin obtain

in

Herat from

Shah

Eukh's name

and

mark

(or

glory).

ADIL

SHAH.

(1)

^J

JLI: AUJ

Decreed of

him

who

ceases

not,

a

currency

there

came,

The

coinage

of the

sovereignty

sent

forth in

Ali

?

s

name.

(2)

After

the fortune

of

Nadir,

Adil

had

coin

on

gold

;

In

the

name

of

the

king

of

the

faith,

the

exalted

Lord,

the

world

was

illumined.


108/247

100

MUSALMAX

NUMISMATICS.

(1)

)

l*~***'j~s

j

uJy

.

j*

(J^j

U,

^L

xtl


109/247

POETICAL

LEGE2TOS.

101

TAHMASP

II

and

Ijo-

J^^

JJ*

tj

J

ABBAS

III.

U,

Erom

out

of

Khurasan

a

golden

coin

by

grace

divine

was

sent,

And aid

of

Ali

Musa's

son the

kingly

saint

benevolent.

MUHAMMAD HASAN

and

AKA

MUHAMMAD.

A

golden

coin

by

happy

fate

has

run

In

name

of

peaceful

Ali,

Musa's

son.

EJJIDE

KHAN and

KA

MUHAMMAD.

While

gold

and

silver

through

the world

shall

flow,

Coin

of

the

Age's

Lord

(the

true

Imam)

shall

go.

KAEIM

KHAIS

T

?

ABU

SADIK,

An

MFRAD,

and

AKA

MUHAMMAD.

Silver and

gold through

all

the

world

have now

become the

moon

and

sun,

Thanks

to

the

true

Imam's

imprint,

the

Age's

Lord

(the

rightful

one).

AZAD

KHAN.

As

long

as Azad

on

the

earth

shall

stand,

The

Age's

Master

shall

the

coin

command,

AKA

MUHAMMAD.

(1)


110/247

102 MU3ALMAN

NUMISMATICS.

(2)

While

stamp

shall be on

gold

and

silver

ore,

The

coinage

of

the

Age's

Master

shall

endure.

Durrani,

(1)

The

order

proceeded

from

the

Incomparable

Creator to

Ahmad

the

king

:

Strike

coins

in

silver

and

gold

from

the

ascension

of

Pisces

up

to

the

moon.

(2)

..A/)

*.

j

^.'sj

AXJ

L^^JUJ

By

the

favour

of

the

Eternal

Creator

the

money

of Amir

Shir

All

has

found

circulation.

(2)

-X

u*.*a

.*/

I

By

the

abundant

kindness of

the

Beneficent

King

of

Heaven,

Amir

Shir

Ali

coined

money

like

the

bright

full

moon.

(3)

Jjj>

jj

uJliJL

cjljLfi

jl

Jul

Through

the

graces

and favours of

the

Eternal

One,

money

began

to be

circulated

in

the

name

of

Shir

Ali,

(4) i


114/247

106

ilUSALMAN XUMISMAXICS.

SHIS

AIT.

^jj

J

^J^-

J*=3j

By

tlie

grace

o

the eternal

God

Shir

Ail

has

become

the

GoTernor

of

Kandahar.

rebel.

j^i

Id

I

make

madness

till

on

my

head

a

tumult

falls.

Coin

I

strike

on

metal,

till its master

is

found.

Moghul

Emperors.

AEBAE.

(1)

c^J

j\

^

c$

->1

-^

*l

i

-^

-^xt

The

sun

of

the

seal of

Shah Akbar is

the

glory

of this

gold,

Whilst

earth and

sky

are

illumined

by

the

shining

sun.

(2)

By

the

seal of

Akbar

Padishah

gold

becomes

bright.

On

this

gold

the

Shah's

name

is

light

upon

light.

(3)

Like

the

golden

orb

of

sun

and

moon,

may

ever

pass

In

the

-world's

West

and

East the

stamp

of

Allahabad.

JAHAJSTOIB.

(1)

The

lord

of

the

realm

struck

money

of

gold,

Shah

Sultan

Salim,

Akbar

Shah's

(son).


115/247

POETICAL LEGENDS.

107

(2)

*U_

7r

Made

tlie

face

of

gold

to

sMne like

tlie sun

and

moon

?

Shall

Nur

al-Din

Jahangir,

son

of Akbar

Padishah.

(3)

Money

struck

in the

city

of

Agra,

the

Caesar,

refuge

of

the

world,

Shah

Nur

al-Din

Jahangir,

son

of

Akbar

Padishah.

(4)

The

same with

Jjlf

substituted

for

&j*\

in

the

first

line.

The

Shah,

refuge

of

the

faith,

put

this

stamp

on

gold

at

Ajmir,

Shah

Nui

al-Din

Jahangir,

son

of

Akbar

Padishah.

(6)

u^i

L-^C

ob

^^

^-ib

^^

I;

In

East

and

West

may

the

stamp

of

Ahmadabad,

G-od,

while

the

world

lasts,

be

current.

(7)

(iA-*j

}}*

Ja

(jlAi^

_^;

i^^s.\

^LJj

^.S

1

jj

-*o

,-u

uUJ

o*u.]b

U

To

Shah

Jahangir

belongs

the

whirligig

of

time

;

In

Agra by

his

name

gold

shines

brightly

:

So

long

as

the

pomp

of

the

Eive

Ghiards

lasts

in

the

world,

May

the

stamp

of

his Eiye

Muhrs

be current.


116/247

108

MrSALMAN

NUMISMATICS.

(8)


117/247

POETICAL

LEGENDS.

109

(14)

j\

jlj

\j

jLjltXA^l

j\

j^\

ilAx^

a

Li

^-^J

To

the

gold

of

Ahmadabad

gave

adornment

Jahangir

Shah, Shahanshah,

Akbar's

(son).

(15)

j*j

J*j

t_ij

b

^^

^b

^.i>S

^Lc^LjL^

*L i

*

So

long

as

the heavens

revolve,

current

be

In

the

name

of

Shah

Jahangir

the

money

of

Lahore.

(16)

In

Isfandarmiz

at

Agra

this

stamp

struck on

gold,

The

Shah

of

Shahs

of the

world,

Shah

Jahangir,

son

of

Shah

Akhar.

(17)

The

same,

with

jUb^jA

instead

of

xj\

jJ

\j

in

the

first

line,

and

+*\

,

'

of

the

people/

for

{^;t*j

in

the

second.

(1

8)

jj

ji

\j

J5JL)

i*r-t\

^

;

jj

b il

j

J

r-H

*

W

In

the month of

Tir,

the

King,

the defender of the

faith,

Shah

Jahangir,

son

of

Akbar

Shah,

stamped

this

coin

in

gold

at

Lahore.

C

19

)

JJJ

tyj^jA

^

^

O^H^


118/247

[10

MUSA.L1LO

NUMISMATICS.

(20)

j^\

.

^&

In

the

month

of

Earwardin

the

gold

of

Agra

became

luminous

like

a

star,

by

the

light

of

the

stamp

of Shah

Jahangir,

son

of

Shah

Akbar.

(24)

jj\

~j\sj>-

*L$

A^S^

^>jj

*

>

^

i

*

^j

*x-j

*L.i

jb

(jU^r

jy

^l-Jj

By

order

of

Shall

Jahangir

a

hundred

beauties

gained

Gold

by

the

name

of

2frir Jahan

Padishah

Begam.

SHAH

JAHAK.

By

the

money

of

Shahjahanabad

current

through

the

world

For

ever

by

the name

of

the

second

Sahib

Kiran.

MTJEAD

EAKHSH.

Took

the

heritage

of

Sahib

Kiran

Shah

Jahan,

Murad

Bakhsh iTuham'mad

Shah,

second

Alexander.

AdBAXGZIB.

(1)

j++st jjf*

j&~

U^rTj^

^j

^^

~^*.JL.c

i

^;u-&jO

^ ^

-

x

r.

>

^

y

Struck

money

through

the

world

like

the

shining

sun,

Shah

Aurangzib

Alamgir.

(2)

The

same,

with the

substitution of

jJJ,

moon,

for

jjf*

}

sun,

in

the

rst

line.

AZAM

SHAH.

a\f>-

.

L^iSaJo

t

Struck

money

through

the

world

with

might

and

majesty,

Padishah of

the

realms,

Azam Shah.

BAKHSH.

*Uj

Ju-ij^^L^j

Jj

iLC


120/247

112

MUSALMIN NUMISMATICS.

B.

(1)

J3

L^U

Struck

money

of

gold

like the

sun,

the

Sahib

Elian

Jahandar

Shah,

Padishah

oi

the

world.

(2)

,\Jut^-

c^jl

In

the

horizons

struck

money

like sun

and

moon,

Abu

al-Path,

victorious

Jahandar

Shah.

SIYAE.

,;

a

*-w:

j

/

'is>-

/Lis

;1

J;

^xs

^

>

p.

_y.

C/

^

Jl

y

j-wa

^

2

__j

^s^

iL-^jL-j

>

(^y

>

*

v

Struck

money

of

gold

and

silver

by

grace

of

the

Truth,

The

Padishah

of sea

and

land,

Earrukh

Siyar.

EAFJ

AL-DAKAJAT.

Struck

money

in

India,

with

a thousand

blessings,

Shah of

Shahs

by

sea

and

land,

Eafi

al-Darajat.

Struck

money

through

the

world

by

grace

of

Grod,

Muhammad

Shah,

Padishah

of

the

age.

IBEAHIM.

(1)

Money

of silver

struck

through

the

world,

By

favour of

Muhammad,

Ibrahim Shah

of

Shahs.


121/247

POETICAL LEG-ENDS.

US

(2)

Another

reading

of

the same

:

Strack

money

through

the

world,

by

favour of

the

Bountiful

One,

Shah of

Shahs,

Muhammad Ibrahim.

ALAMGIS

II.

(1)

*U

^,^

^blj

jjg+^jJuZ

e^i&^j

j:

Struck

money

in

the

seven

climates

shining

like

the sun

and

moon,

Shah

Aziz

al-Din

Alamgir,

victorious

Padishah.

(2)

J\j3

L^

Bahadur

Shah

Alamgir

Said struck coin

like

that

of

the

Sahib

Kiran

on

gold.

BIDAR

BAKHT.

U^csTjljuJ

ifl-i

u

The

master

of

crown

and

throne,

Muhammad Jahan

Shah,

Bidar

Bakht

put

Ms

stamp

on

gold

(or

silver).

SHAH AIAM.

(1)

*JI ^-ob*

:

The

defender of

the

religion

of

Muhammad,

Shah

Alam,

Padishah

through

the

aid

of

Grod,

struck

coins

like

those

of

the Sahib

Kiran.

(2)


122/247

114

MUSALMAIST

NUMISMATICS.

G-njarat

Sultan.

MUHAMMAD

II.

jl>

$li

j^^s^*

,.^J^\

C^Lc.

,.,lkL-

^/*

jb

*U

May

tlie

coin

of

Mulianiinad

A manual of musalman numismatics / by O. Codrington

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Transcript of A manual of musalman numismatics / by O. Codrington