A man who took the of the Roman people, and in their hour...

“A man who took the dreams of the

Roman people, and in their hour of need,

stood up for them”

“A man who never lost sight of what was

important and saw the bigger picture.”

“A man, who possessed the remarkable

foresight to look beyond the present and into the future.”

Politics

Legacy

Military

Julius Caesar was superior to Alexander the III because of his political prowess, his understanding of the art of

war, and his enduring legacies.

Julius Caesar

“Leadership, it may be said, is

really what makes the world go round.”

Bruns, Roger. Julius Caesar. Philadelphia, NY: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. p.7

Julius Caesar galvanized

Roman support, changed Rome`s corrupt society, and revolutionized the

government.

“Julius Caesar actually worked for his position, BUT Alexander the III was born into

royalty.”

Soposki, Boris Alexander the Great (Alexander of Macedon) Biography. HistoryofMacedonia.org, 2003. Web. 9 Dec. 2009 <http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/AlexandertheGreat.html>.

Distributed food to poor,

Painted election banners, and

Delivered speeches.


“Many citizens were willing to support Caesar in an election.”


Julius Caesar was a “fair, gentle statesman, who was generous to the

masses, and granted clemency to the conquered.”


Julius Caesar was “a fair-sighted patriot, with visions of a magnificient empire for his country and a just society for

its people.”


“Revamped Rome`s debt-ridden financial system,

Corrected the calendar,

Created opportunities for unemployed, and

Organized the provinces.”

Jr., Schlesinger, Arthur M. Marc Antony. New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishing. 1988. p.16

Restored civil rights and tribune`s power,

Eased city congestion by offering farmland to the poor,

Maintained public sanitation,

Oversaw building + street construction, and

Supervised the public games.


Julius Caesar changed the

corrupt Roman Republic, consumed with bribery, blackmail, and personal gain, to an

Empire that promoted equality.

“The people honored Caesar for his

leadership and triumphs by granting him the powers of dictator”

The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago, IL: World Book, Inc. 2005. p.13.

Art of War

Tactics Strategy

“Strategy without tactics is the slowest route to victory. Tactics without strategy is

the noise before defeat.” Sun Tzu

>

Alexander III Julius Caesar

Tactician

Strategist

"Alexander the Great." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 09 Dec. 2009 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/14224/Alexander-the-Great>.

Alexander left with 35000 elite veterans Macedon’s greatest

commanders and the most

important person in a monarchy the king

Reactants

Products

NO ARMY

NO KING OR HEIRS

326 BCE Pre Alexander

303 BCE 20 years after death

Was the evacuation of Dunkirk a military

success?

Who was the better leader Leonidas or

Xerxes?

“If you know your enemies and know yourself, you will

not be imperiled in a hundred battles” Sun Tzu

Gaul Rome

Weaknesses

Strengths

Divided Lack of Troops

Cavalry Architecture engineering

Ward, Allen M. "Gallic Wars." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. 2009. Grolier Online. 10

Dec. 2009 <http://gme.grolier.com/article?assetid=0115400-0>. "Gallic Wars." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 09 Dec. 2009 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/224371/Gallic-Wars>.

Battle of Alesia

"Alesia." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 09 Dec. 2009 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/13877/Alesia>.

Cawthorne, Nigel. History's Greatest Battles. 151 Bermondsey Street London: Arcturas

Publishing Limited, 2005. Print.

Before Julius Caesar During Julius Caesar’s Reign

450 years after his death

Julius Caesar’s legacies are far superior to that

of Alexander the III.

Julius Caesar gave the

world an empire, a dynasty, and a lifetime of reforms.

44 BC: Julius Caesar is killed.

42 BC: The religious cult of Julius Caesar is officially instituted 36 BC: Rome tries to invade Persia 31 BC: Octavianus defeats Mark Anthony at the battle of Actium and ending the civil wars 30 BC: Cleopatra commits suicide and Egypt is annexed to Roma 27 BC: Octavianus appoints himself "augustus" (the first emperor) and founds the Praetorian Guard 20 BC: a treaty between Roma and Persia (Parthians) fixes the boundary between the two empires along the Euphrates river (Iraq) 17 BC: the theater of Marcellus 13 BC: Augustus expands the borders to the region of the Danube 6 BC: Jesus is born in Palestine 1 AD: Roma has about one million people 2 AD: the Forum of Augustus 5 AD: Roma acknowledges Cymbeline, King of the Catuvellauni, as king of Britain 6 AD: Augustus expands the borders to the Balkans 9 AD: Gothic warlord Arminius destroys the Roman army at the Teutoburg Forest 12 AD: The last Etruscan inscription is carved 14 AD: Augustus dies and Tiberius becomes emperor 14 AD: five million people live in the Roman empire 25 AD: Agrippa builds the Pantheon 37 AD: Tiberius dies and the mad Caligula succeeds him 41 AD: Caligula is assassinated and is succeeded by Claudius 43 AD: Claudius invades Britain 46 AD: Thracia becomes a Roman province 50 AD: the Romans found Londinium in Britain 54 AD: Claudius is succeeded by Nero 58 AD: the Romans conquer Armenia 64 AD: Nero sets fire to Roma and blames the Christians for it 68 AD: Nero commits suicide and, after the Praetorians kill the successor, is eventually succeeded by Vespasianus 79 AD: Vespasianus is succeeded by Tito 70 AD: Tito destroys Jerusalem and Jews spread in Armenia, Iraq, Iran, Arabia, Egypt, Italy, Spain and Greece 77 AD: the Romans conquer Wales 79 AD: the Vesuvius erupts and Pompeii is buried under ash 79 AD: the Colosseum is completed 80 AD: the Romans invade Caledonia (Scotland) 81 AD: the Arch of Titus 84 AD: British rebels are defeated by the Romans at the battle of Mons Graupius 97 AD: Rome forbids human sacrifice throughout the Roman empire 97 AD: Chinese general Pan Chao sends an embassy to the Roman Empire 98 AD: Trajan becomes emperor 100: the city of Roma has one million inhabitants 106: Trajan defeats Dacia that becomes a Roman province 106: Trajan captures the Nabataean capital Petra (Jordan) and turns Nabataea into the province of Arabia 107: The Roman Empire sends an embassy to India 110: the Basilica of Trajano is completed 112: the Forum of Trajanus 113: Colonna Traiana 116: Trajan conquers Mesopotamia and the Parthian capital Ctesiphon 117: Trajan dies on his way to the Persian Gulf and Hadrian becomes emperor 122: Hadrian's Wall is built along the northern frontier to protect from the Barbarians 132: Jews, led by Bar-Cochba, whom some identify as the Messiah, revolt against Roma 134: Villa Hadriana 136: emperor Hadrian definitely crushes the Jewish resistance, forbids Jews from ever entering Jerusalem, and changes the name of the city to Aelia Capitolina 138: Hadrian is succeeded by Antoninus Pius, who repels Hadrian's anti-Jewish laws 139: Hadrian's mausoleum (Castel Sant'Angelo) 161: Marcus Aurelius becomes Roman emperor 164: the plague spreads throughout the Roman empire ("Antonine plague") 167: the Roman empire is attacked for the first time by barbarians (the German Quadi and Marcomanni) 192: the Praetorian Guard kills emperor Commodus 193: Libyan-born Septimius Severus seizes power militarily and turns Rome into a military dictatorship 194: Rome annexes Palmyra to the province of Syria 197: Septimius Severus wins the civil war and reforms the Praetorian Guard with non-Italians 211: Septimius Severus dies and the Praetorian Guard or the soldiers will kill most of them succeeding emperors till 284 (the average reign will be three years) 212: Caracalla grants Roman citizenship on all free people who live in the Roman Empire 214: Caracalla murders King Abgar IX of Edessa and declares Edessa a Roman colony 216: the thermae of Caracalla 217: the Baths of Caracalla are inaugurated 217: Caracalla is murdered in Edessa 218: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, the last of the Antonines, becomes emperor and promoties the cult of Elegabalus, a Syriac sun god 235: After the assassination of emperor Severus Alexander a 50-year civil war erupts 238: The Praetorian Guard assassinates the emperor chosen by the Senate and appoints the ten-year old Gordian III 244: Shapur I becomes king of the Sassanids and attacks Roma 250: emperor Decius orders the first empire-wide persecution of Christians 253: Gallienus becomes emperor but 30 "tyrants" carved out their own kingdoms around the empire 256: the Persians/Sassanids defeat the Romans and conquer Dura Europus in Mesopotamia 261: Gallienus forbids aristocrats from serving in the army 268: Gallienus is assassinated by his own officers 273: the Romans destroy the rebellious city of Palmyra in Syria 284: Diocletian becomes emperor but rules from Nicomedia in the East 285: Diocletian reunites the empire and ends the 50-year civil war 298: Roma captures Nisibis and the Sassanids sign a peace treaty with Roma 300: the population of the Roman Empire is 60 million (about 15 million Christians) 303: Diocletian orders a general persecution of the Christians 303: the thermae of Diocletian are built 305: Diocletian retires and civil war erupts again 312: Constantine becomes emperor and disbands the Praetorian Guard 313: Constantine ends the persecution of the Christians (edict of Milano) 313: the Basilica of Maxentius is completed 313: Constantine recognizes the Christian church 324: Constantine I founds a new city, Constantinople (Byzantium) 330: Constantine I moves the capital of the Roman empire to Constantinople (Byzantium) 337: after Constantine's death, his sons split the empire: Constantine II (Spain, Britain, Gaul), Constans I (Italy, Africa, Illyricum, Macedon, Achaea) and Constantius II (the East) 356: Roma has 28 libraries, 10 basilicas, 11 public baths, two amphitheaters, three theaters, two circuses, 19 aqueducts, 11 squares, 1,352 fountains, 46,602 insulae (city blocks) 359: Constantinople becomes the capital of the Roman empire 360: pagan (Mithraist) general Julian (the "apostate") defeats an invasion of Barbarians and is declared emperor by his German troops 363: Julian dies attempting to invade the Sassanid kingdom of Persia, which recaptures Nisibis and Armenia, and general Valentinian becomes emperor 363: an earthquake destroys Petra 364: Valentinian delegates Valens as emperor of the East 376: Valens allows Visigoths to settle within the empire 378: the Visigoths defeat the Roman army at Hadrianopolis/Adrianople 380: Theodosius I proclaims Christianity as the sole religion of the Roman Empire 393: Theodosius forbids the Olympic Games because pagans and shuts down the temple of Zeus at Olympia 395: Theodosius divides the Roman empire in the Western and Eastern Empires, with Milano and Constantinople as their capitals 402: the western Roman empire moves the capital from Milano to Ravenna 406: Barbarians invade France from the north 410: the Visigots sack Roma 410: Roma withdraws from Britannia 418: the emperor grants Wallia's Visigoths to settle in Aquitaine (Atlantic coast of France) 425: the eastern emperor Theodosius II installs Valentinian III as emperor of the west 427: Gensenric's Vandals crosses the strait of Gibraltar and lands in Africa 443: the emperor grants Burgundi to settle in Savoy 450: Theodosius II dies and Marcian succeeds him, the first Roman emperor to be crowned by a religious leader (the patriarch of Constantinople) 452: the Huns invade Italy 455: the Vandals sack Roma

42 BC: The religious cult of Julius Caesar is officially instituted 36 BC: Rome tries to invade Persia 31 BC: Octavianus defeats Mark Anthony at the battle of Actium and ending the civil wars 30 BC: Cleopatra commits suicide and Egypt is annexed to Roma 27 BC: Octavianus appoints himself "augustus" (the first emperor) and founds the Praetorian Guard 20 BC: a treaty between Roma and Persia (Parthians) fixes the boundary between the two empires along the Euphrates river (Iraq) 17 BC: the theater of Marcellus 13 BC: Augustus expands the borders to the region of the Danube 6 BC: Jesus is born in Palestine 1 AD: Roma has about one million people 2 AD: the Forum of Augustus 5 AD: Roma acknowledges Cymbeline, King of the Catuvellauni, as king of Britain 6 AD: Augustus expands the borders to the Balkans 9 AD: Gothic warlord Arminius destroys the Roman army at the Teutoburg Forest 12 AD: The last Etruscan inscription is carved 14 AD: Augustus dies and Tiberius becomes emperor 14 AD: five million people live in the Roman empire 25 AD: Agrippa builds the Pantheon 37 AD: Tiberius dies and the mad Caligula succeeds him 41 AD: Caligula is assassinated and is succeeded by Claudius 43 AD: Claudius invades Britain 46 AD: Thracia becomes a Roman province 50 AD: the Romans found Londinium in Britain 54 AD: Claudius is succeeded by Nero 58 AD: the Romans conquer Armenia 64 AD: Nero sets fire to Roma and blames the Christians for it 68 AD: Nero commits suicide and, after the Praetorians kill the successor, is eventually succeeded by Vespasianus 79 AD: Vespasianus is succeeded by Tito 70 AD: Tito destroys Jerusalem and Jews spread in Armenia, Iraq, Iran, Arabia, Egypt, Italy, Spain and Greece 77 AD: the Romans conquer Wales 79 AD: the Vesuvius erupts and Pompeii is buried under ash 79 AD: the Colosseum is completed 80 AD: the Romans invade Caledonia (Scotland) 81 AD: the Arch of Titus 84 AD: British rebels are defeated by the Romans at the battle of Mons Graupius 97 AD: Rome forbids human sacrifice throughout the Roman empire 97 AD: Chinese general Pan Chao sends an embassy to the Roman Empire 98 AD: Trajan becomes emperor 100: the city of Roma has one million inhabitants 106: Trajan defeats Dacia that becomes a Roman province 106: Trajan captures the Nabataean capital Petra (Jordan) and turns Nabataea into the province of Arabia 107: The Roman Empire sends an embassy to India 110: the Basilica of Trajano is completed 112: the Forum of Trajanus 113: Colonna Traiana 116: Trajan conquers Mesopotamia and the Parthian capital Ctesiphon 117: Trajan dies on his way to the Persian Gulf and Hadrian becomes emperor 122: Hadrian's Wall is built along the northern frontier to protect from the Barbarians 132: Jews, led by Bar-Cochba, whom some identify as the Messiah, revolt against Roma 134: Villa Hadriana 136: emperor Hadrian definitely crushes the Jewish resistance, forbids Jews from ever entering Jerusalem, and changes the name of the city to Aelia Capitolina 138: Hadrian is succeeded by Antoninus Pius, who repels Hadrian's anti-Jewish laws 139: Hadrian's mausoleum (Castel Sant'Angelo) 161: Marcus Aurelius becomes Roman emperor 164: the plague spreads throughout the Roman empire ("Antonine plague") 167: the Roman empire is attacked for the first time by barbarians (the German Quadi and Marcomanni) 192: the Praetorian Guard kills emperor Commodus 193: Libyan-born Septimius Severus seizes power militarily and turns Rome into a military dictatorship 194: Rome annexes Palmyra to the province of Syria 197: Septimius Severus wins the civil war and reforms the Praetorian Guard with non-Italians 211: Septimius Severus dies and the Praetorian Guard or the soldiers will kill most of them succeeding emperors till 284 (the average reign will be three years) 212: Caracalla grants Roman citizenship on all free people who live in the Roman Empire 214: Caracalla murders King Abgar IX of Edessa and declares Edessa a Roman colony 216: the thermae of Caracalla 217: the Baths of Caracalla are inaugurated 217: Caracalla is murdered in Edessa 218: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, the last of the Antonines, becomes emperor and promoties the cult of Elegabalus, a Syriac sun god 235: After the assassination of emperor Severus Alexander a 50-year civil war erupts 238: The Praetorian Guard assassinates the emperor chosen by the Senate and appoints the ten-year old Gordian III 244: Shapur I becomes king of the Sassanids and attacks Roma 250: emperor Decius orders the first empire-wide persecution of Christians 253: Gallienus becomes emperor but 30 "tyrants" carved out their own kingdoms around the empire 256: the Persians/Sassanids defeat the Romans and conquer Dura Europus in Mesopotamia 261: Gallienus forbids aristocrats from serving in the army 268: Gallienus is assassinated by his own officers 273: the Romans destroy the rebellious city of Palmyra in Syria 284: Diocletian becomes emperor but rules from Nicomedia in the East 285: Diocletian reunites the empire and ends the 50-year civil war 298: Roma captures Nisibis and the Sassanids sign a peace treaty with Roma 300: the population of the Roman Empire is 60 million (about 15 million Christians) 303: Diocletian orders a general persecution of the Christians 303: the thermae of Diocletian are built 305: Diocletian retires and civil war erupts again 312: Constantine becomes emperor and disbands the Praetorian Guard 313: Constantine ends the persecution of the Christians (edict of Milano) 313: the Basilica of Maxentius is completed 313: Constantine recognizes the Christian church 324: Constantine I founds a new city, Constantinople (Byzantium) 330: Constantine I moves the capital of the Roman empire to Constantinople (Byzantium) 337: after Constantine's death, his sons split the empire: Constantine II (Spain, Britain, Gaul), Constans I (Italy, Africa, Illyricum, Macedon, Achaea) and Constantius II (the East) 356: Roma has 28 libraries, 10 basilicas, 11 public baths, two amphitheaters, three theaters, two circuses, 19 aqueducts, 11 squares, 1,352 fountains, 46,602 insulae (city blocks) 359: Constantinople becomes the capital of the Roman empire 360: pagan (Mithraist) general Julian (the "apostate") defeats an invasion of Barbarians and is declared emperor by his German troops 363: Julian dies attempting to invade the Sassanid kingdom of Persia, which recaptures Nisibis and Armenia, and general Valentinian becomes emperor 363: an earthquake destroys Petra 364: Valentinian delegates Valens as emperor of the East 376: Valens allows Visigoths to settle within the empire 378: the Visigoths defeat the Roman army at Hadrianopolis/Adrianople 380: Theodosius I proclaims Christianity as the sole religion of the Roman Empire 393: Theodosius forbids the Olympic Games because pagans and shuts down the temple of Zeus at Olympia 395: Theodosius divides the Roman empire in the Western and Eastern Empires, with Milano and Constantinople as their capitals 402: the western Roman empire moves the capital from Milano to Ravenna 406: Barbarians invade France from the north 410: the Visigots sack Roma 410: Roma withdraws from Britannia 418: the emperor grants Wallia's Visigoths to settle in Aquitaine (Atlantic coast of France) 425: the eastern emperor Theodosius II installs Valentinian III as emperor of the west 427: Gensenric's Vandals crosses the strait of Gibraltar and lands in Africa 443: the emperor grants Burgundi to settle in Savoy 450: Theodosius II dies and Marcian succeeds him, the first Roman emperor to be crowned by a religious leader (the patriarch of Constantinople) 452: the Huns invade Italy 455: the Vandals sack Roma

476: The Roman Empire collapses

323 BC: Alexander dies, the empire rapidly falls

Scaruffi, Piero Timeline of the Roman Empire. www.scaruffi.com, 1999. Web. 8 Dec. 2009 <http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/romans.html>.

Timeline of Roman and Macedonian Empires after their respective leader’s deaths

The Julio-Claudian Dynasty

Gilliver, Kate, Adam Goldsworthy, and Michael Whitby. Rome at War: Caesar and His Legacy. New York, New York: Osprey Publishing Limited, 2005. 7.

Alexander the III’s Family Tree

Alexander the III

||

Alexander the IV

“Caesar” means leader

Augustus Caesar First Emperor of Rome

Kaiser Wilhelm I Creator of the German Empire

Johnson, Paul. Heroes: From Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar to Churchill and De Gaulle. New York, New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2007. 39.

Czar Ivan IV Transformed Russia into a super power

Where is Caesar today?

In our homes—he created the 365-day Julian calendar

In our schools—his first-hand accounts of the Gallic wars are often used as instructional materials for the study of Latin

In our governments—he has been a “model of kingship for two millennia,” counting among his admirers Napoleon Bonaparte.

Boatwright, Mary T., Daniel J. Gargola, and Richard J. Talbert. The Romans: From Village to Empire. New York, New York: Oxford UP, 2004.256.

Johnson, Paul. Heroes: From Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar to Churchill and De Gaulle. New York, New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2007. 38-39.

Julius Caesar was a greater leader than Alexander the III.

“Julius Caesar built an

empire, while Alexander the III destroyed

his own.”

Julius Caesar was the quintessential event-‐making man: he emerged triumphant after encountering numerous obstacles. Alexander the III, on the other hand, had everything handed to him on a silver platter.

“Rome may have been born in

blood, but it was forged in the fires of Julius Caesar.”

Julius Caesar created an imperial power that endured for 6ive centuries.

Alexander the III destroyed his father’s kingdom.

Who would you want as your leader: A creator, Or a destroyer?

A man who took the of the Roman people, and in their hour...

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