Mar/Apr 2002 47

Slovenska 518ChrudimCzech Republic, 537 05Zanek.pavel@worldonline.cz

A Low-LossVHF/UHF Diplexer

By Pavel Zanek, OK1DNZ

Why use two lengths of expensive feed line when onewill do? This handy box lets you use one feed line for

both VHF and UHF energy, simultaneously!

Do you need to operate 145-MHzand 433-MHz transceiverssimultaneously with one dual-

band antenna? Do you require a dual-band 145/433-MHz transceiver tooperate with two separate antennas?Do you have a dual-band transceiverwith high RF output power? No prob-lem: Here is a description of a simpleVHF/ UHF diplexer with good RF pa-rameters. You need only 50-Ω coaxialcable and some enameled #20 AWGcopper wire to build your own diplexercircuit.

Features• Characteristic impedance is 50 Ω• Operating VHF frequency range:

144 to 146 MHz, UHF range: 432 to440 MHz

• Low insertion loss (IL): 0.15 dB atVHF and 0.40 dB at UHF

• High isolation: The UHF band isisolated by 70 dB from the VHF path.The VHF band is isolated by 70 dBfrom the UHF path.

• All ports are well matched to 50 Ωwith a maximum SWR of 1.26

• All ports are dc grounded• Maximum RF power at VHF or

UHF or VHF/UHF port is 100 W CWat 25°C

• Fully shielded construction• Easy-to-produce, low-cost solutionAll the parameters above were mea-

sured in a laboratory on the firstsample of the diplexer. The measure-ments were performed by means of avector network analyzer (HP-8714B)with an output level of 0 dBm. Twoadditional 10-dB pads for transmis-sion measurement were used to avoid

Table 1—Cable Lengths

Cable Electrical PhysicalLength Length [mm]

CC1, CC3 0.242 λUHF

113CC2, CC4 0.250 λ

UHF120

CC5, CC7 0.500 λUHF

241CC6, CC8 0.250 λ

VHF362

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mismatch error when a low insertionloss (IL) was measured. The HP-8714B was calibrated before imped-ance measurements.

VHF/ UHF Diplexer,Design Requirements

The VHF/ UHF diplexer is a three-port device. The functional schematicdiagram is shown in Fig 1. The VHFpath (between the VHF and commonports) provides low IL at VHF and highisolation to the UHF port. Similarly,the UHF path (between UHF and com-mon ports) yields low IL at UHF andhigh isolation to the VHF port. If weconsider that both bands are suffi-ciently distant (fUHF / fVHF ≈3 in thiscase), several possibilities arise tosolve the diplexer design problem. Wecould use lumped design with lowand high-pass filters, a distributedsolution or the combination of lumpedand distributed design. Let’s find a so-lution that makes construction verysimple and does not require special el-ements. Of course, good RF param-eters must be achieved. An IL of lessthan 0.5 dB is expected. The isolationmust be better than 65 dB and theSWR lower than 1.40. My design solu-tion was analyzed and optimized byusing the SUPER COMPACT pro-gram.1

Circuit DescriptionThe full schematic diagram of the

circuit is shown in Fig 2. The lengthsof the coaxial cables (CCx) are shownin Table 1. All sections of coaxialtransmission lines used have a char-acteristic impedance of 50 Ω. We willconsider only a single-frequency de-sign for the first simplified descrip-tion. Transmission-line theory is notintimately discussed here; further dis-cussion is available elsewhere.2

We can write the following equationsto express the basic relationships be-tween VHF and UHF frequencies, f, andwavelengths, λ:

ff VHFUHF3= (Eq 1)

and

3VHF

UHFλλ = (Eq 2)

f VHFVHF

300=λ (Eq 3)

and

1Notes appear on page 51.

Fig 1—A functional diagram of the VHF/UHF diplexer.

Fig 2—A schematic diagram of the VHF/UHF diplexer.L1, L2—95 nH air-core coil 51/2 turns #20AWG (0.80 mm) enameled copper wirewound on a 3-mm-diameter drill withapproximately 1 mm of space betweenturns (95 nH at 145 MHz)L3, L4—32 nH air-core coil 21/2 turns #20AWG (0.80 mm) enameled copper wirewound on a 4-mm-diameter drill withapproximately 2 mm of space betweenturns (32 nH at 145 MHz)

CC1-CC8—Transmission line sections cut(see Table 1 for lengths) from 2.0 m ofhand-formable semi-rigid cable (Sucoform141 Cu, Order Number: 22511635 fromHuber and Suhner; see Table 1 and Note 2)J1-J3—Panel-mount female N flange jacksRosenberger #53 K 403-200 N3Misc—Tinned steel box, WBG 40 DONAU,74×××××148×××××30 mm, 0.5 mm thick

f UHFUHF

300=λ (Eq 4)

where frequencies are in megahertzand lengths in meters. The single-fre-quency design is computed for a geo-metric center frequency in each band.For the 2-meter (144 to 146 MHz inCzech Republic) and 70-cm bands (432to 440 MHz in Czech Republic), we get:

m 069.2146144

300VHF =

⋅=λ (Eq 5)

and

m 688.0440432

300UHF =

×=λ (Eq 6)

VHF SectionImagine that a UHF signal is passing

through the diplexer. The shuntλ/4 coaxial cable stub CC1 (λ/4 at UHF)is open at the far end and acts as a shortcircuit for UHF at the VHF port. Theopen end of CC1 is transformed to ashort at the VHF port according to:

Mar/Apr 2002 49

−=

λπ l

jZ Z2

cot0 (Eq 7)

whereZ0 = characteristic impedance of

coaxial cablel = electrical length of coaxial cable

The λ/4 coaxial cable CC2 (l =λUHF/4 and λ =λUHF) transforms this theo-retically zero impedance at UHF to in-finite impedance at the top of the nextshunt l/4 coaxial cable stub CC3 ac-cording to:

=

λπ l

jZZ2

tan0 (Eq 8)

There is again a short circuit forUHF because of CC3 (l = λUHF/4 andλ=λUHF) according to Eq 7. Theoreti-cally zero impedance at UHF is trans-formed again to high impedance at thecommon VHF/UHF port by CC4 (l =λVHF/4) according to Eq 8. Thus, theUHF transmission between UHF andVHF/UHF ports is not affected. Bothinductors L1 and L2 have no influencenow. They are shorted for UHF. TheVHF port is well isolated now at UHF.

Now consider a VHF signal passingthrough the diplexer. The shunt cablestub CC1 presents at VHF an electri-cal length of about λUHF / 4 = λVHF / 12≈ 0.083 λVHF. Thus, CC1 works like aparallel capacitor at VHF. From Eq 7,we get the impedance: Z = –j86.6 Ω; forexample, C = 12.7 pF at fVHF = 145.0MHz. This capacitance must be elimi-nated at VHF by using a parallel-reso-nant circuit tuned at fVHF. FromThomson’s well-known formula, weobtain:

CL

f 224

1

π= (Eq 9)

where L is in Henries, f in Hertz and Cin Farads. Then L1 = L2 = 95.1 nH.Now the VHF signal passes throughCC4 to the common port.

UHF SectionImagine a VHF signal is passing

through the diplexer. The shunt λ/4 co-axial-cable stub CC5 (with its endopen) has electrical length l = λUHF / 2= λVHF / 6 ≈ 0.167 λVHF. This lengthpresents the impedance given by Eq 7:Z = –j28.9 Ω; for example C = 38.0 pFat fVHF = 145.0 MHz. The VHF signalmust be shorted by the series reso-nance of CC5 and L3. We obtain thedesired L3 from Eq 9: 31.7 nH. Theλ/4 coaxial cable CC6 (l = λVHF / 4 andλ = λVHF) transforms this theoretically

Fig 3—A photo of the VHF/UHF diplexer.

Fig 4—A photo of the VHF/UHF diplexer interior.

zero impedance at VHF to infiniteimpedance at the top of L4 accordingto Eq 8. Next, the same VHF series-resonant circuit (L4 and CC7) againshunts the VHF voltage. TheoreticallyVHF zero impedance is transformed toinfinity at the common port by CC8(l = λVHF / 4) according to Eq 8. Thus,the VHF transmission between theVHF and common ports is not affected.

The UHF port is well isolated at VHF.Now consider a UHF signal passing

through the diplexer. The open shuntcable stub CC5 with electrical lengthλUHF / 2 presents, according to Eq 7,infinite impedance at the top end (theimpedance is the same as at the openend). Then no UHF current can flowvia the series combination of L3 andCC5. The situation is the same for L4

50 Mar/Apr 2002

and CC7. The UHF signal is trans-ported by CC6 and CC8 to the commonVHF/UHF port.

Voltage AnalysisThis analysis was made using SU-

PER COMPACT software and verifiedby using a high-impedance Rohde andSchwarz URV4 RF millivoltmeter. Acomplete-loss model of the diplexerwas used. If either the VHF or commonVHF/UHF port were driven by a2-meter transmitter with an outputRF power of PTxVHF watts and theother ports were correctly terminated,then an RF voltage of amplitude VUHFat the open ends of CC1, CC3 and CC7would be approximately:

TxVHFPV 5076.1VHF = (Eq 10)

If either the UHF or common VHF/UHF port were driven by a 70-cmtransmitter with an output RF powerof PTxUHF watts and the other portswere correctly terminated, then an RFvoltage of amplitude VUHF at the openends of CC3, CC5 and CC7 would beapproximately:

TxUHFUHF 5018.3 PV = (Eq 11)

Do not touch the open cable ends orlive nodes when the diplexer is carry-ing RF power! Use the diplexer withboth covers attached and use only acorrectly adjusted diplexer!

Practical ConstructionI have selected hand-formable semi-

rigid coaxial cable, for it makes assem-bly of the diplexer very quick and easy.It holds its shape well after bending andthe 100% cable shielding is soldered atseveral points to the grounded case ofthe diplexer. This 141-mil, 50-Ω cable3

has these basic electrical characteris-tics: attenuation = 0.139 dB / meter at150 MHz; 0.248 dB / meter at 450 MHz;power handling at +40°C is 1.8 kW at150 MHz; 0.95 kW at 450 MHz; relativepropagation velocity = 0.70. Keep inmind that its minimum bending radiusfor bending once is 11 mm. All physicallengths given in Table 1 are measuredon the outer coaxial conductor. Thephysical lengths of CCx are 70% of theelectrical lengths for the selected cable.Inner live coaxial conductors are iso-lated by about 2 mm of their own PTFEdielectric. Live connections must be asshort as possible. Make CC1 and CC3 alittle bit longer, approximately 130 mm!They will be correctly trimmed upon RFmeasurement. Coaxial-cable shieldsmust be connected directly to the

Fig 5—Measured transmission of the VHF and UHF paths.

Fig 6—Measured transmission and SWR of the VHF path.

grounds of the N connectors to getthe best SWR values. After cutting andstripping, be sure that each coaxialcable shield has a circular edge. That isespecially important for the open ends.

The complete diplexer is shown in Fig

3. The internal mechanical arrangementof the diplexer is shown in Fig 4. The co-axial cables were wound 22 mm in diam-eter. The diplexer looks like a box full ofsilver snakes! The open ends are kept alittle distance from ground areas.

Mar/Apr 2002 51

RF Measurement andAdjustment

RF measurements and adjustmentsare necessary before using the di-plexer. The high performance of thediplexer, which compares with similarprofessional products on the market,cannot be realized without sophisti-cated measurement equipment. Whenoperating at higher power levels (up to100 W for VHF or UHF input), perfectadjustment is especially necessary forgood performance across the VHF andUHF bandwidths specified here.

Here are the basic steps of the ad-justment procedure. A vector/scalarnetwork analyzer is required for per-fect adjustment. Set the swept fre-quency range to 100-500 MHz. Setthe instrument to display both chan-nels simultaneously (impedance andtransmission traces). With this equip-ment, the adjustment proceduresshould take no more than 20 minutes.

VHF AdjustmentConnect a 50-Ω load to the UHF port.

Drive the VHF port with a swept signal.The VHF/UHF port is connected to theinput of the network analyzer. Shortenthe open ends of CC1 and CC3 little bylittle to achieve maximum attenuationat 432–440 MHz. Do not deform theopen ends of the cables during the ad-justments. It is typical for the achievedattenuation to be about 70 dB (seeFig 5). Adjust coils L1 and L2 to mini-mize SWR at the VHF port for144-146 MHz. It should be about 1.05:1(see Fig 6).

Fig 7—Measured transmission and SWR of the UHF path.

Fig 8—Full-duplex satellite communicationusing two transceivers.

UHF AdjustmentReconnect the 50-Ω load to the VHF

port. Now, drive the UHF port with aswept signal. Adjust coils L3 and L4 toachieve maximum attenuation at 144-146 MHz. It should adjust to about70 dB (see Fig 7). Check the SWR at theUHF port for frequency range of 432-440 MHz. A typical achieved value isabout 1.26:1 (see Fig 7). Close the uppercover and check all RF parametersagain. If you can accept a narrower op-erating bandwidth, you may be able toachieve greater isolation.

RF Performance, ApplicationsThe three graphs in Figs 5-7 show the

RF performance achieved with my unit.The VHF/UHF isolation is greater than70 dB, and the power design permits usewith VHF or UHF transceiver RF out-put levels up to 100 W.

The power lost will be 2.7 W for VHFtransmitters and 8.8 W for UHF trans-mitters. Fig 8 shows a possible applica-tion for the diplexer. You can combine 2-meter and 70-cm equipment and splitthe VHF/UHF signals between twoseparate antennas. The big advantageof the configuration shown in Fig 8 is theuse of only one coaxial antenna feeder.Also, two bias T connectors can be in-serted into Fig 8 to feed receive pream-plifiers using the coaxial-cable feeder.The tees must be inserted at both thesource and load ends of the feeder.

2David M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering,Second Edition (New York: John Wiley &Sons Inc, 1998) pp 56-73.

3Huber and Suhner, Suhner Microwave Cable,Type Sucoform 141 Cu, Item 22511635. Fora datasheet, visit products.hubersuhner.com/index_ rfcoaxcable.html and insert theorder number: 22511635. !!

Notes1Super Compact is no longer available. It

evolved into some of the current softwareoffered by Ansoft; www.ansoft.com.