A Look Back … The National Security Act of 1947

• This landmark legislation reorganized & modernized the …

US armed forces Foreign Policy Intelligence Community

… apparatus.

National Security Act of 1947• Signed by President Truman on July 26, 1947, and

realigned and reorganized the U.S. Armed Forces, foreign policy, and Intelligence Community apparatus in the aftermath of WWII

• The act established:1. The National Security Council, a central place of

coordination for national security policy in the executive branch, and

2. The Central Intelligence Agency, the States' first peacetime intelligence agency.

3. The Joint Chiefs of Staff was officially established

Central Intelligence Agency• authorize a Central Intelligence Agency (but leave the powers

and duties of the Agency's head for a separate bill to enumerate);• that CIA would be an independent agency under the

supervision of the National Security Council (NSC);• that CIA would conduct both analysis and clandestine

activities, but would have no policymaking role and no law enforcement powers;

• and, finally, that the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) – would be confirmed by the Senate and – could be either a civilian or an officer on detail from his home

service.

Separation Between Foreign & Domestic Intelligence• a crucial concession to those concerned of threats to civil liberties:

It drew a bright line between foreign and domestic intelligence and assigning these realms, in effect, to the CIA and the Federal Bureau of Investigation, respectively.

The CIA, furthermore, would have no "police, subpoena, or law enforcement powers," according to the act.

• Importance of the National Security Act cannot be overstated ! It was a central document in U.S. Cold War policy & reflected

the nation’s acceptance of its position as a world leader.• It remained the charter of the U.S. national security establishment

until significantly altered with the passage of the National Security Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of December 2004, which created the Office of the Director of National

Intelligence…

PFIAB - President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory BoardIOB - Intelligence Oversight BoardSSCI - Senate Select Committee on IntelligenceHPSCI - House Permanent Select Committee on IntelligenceTFI - U.S. Treasury - Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence

2004-present

Organizations at the top:

1. National Security Council (NSC)2. Office of the Director National Intelligence (ODNI)3. The CIA4. The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JSC)

1. National Security Council (NSC)• The White House National Security Council (NSC) in the

United States is the principal forum used by the President for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and Cabinet officials and is part of the Executive Office of the President of the United States.

• Since its inception under President Harry S. Truman, the function of the Council has been to advise and assist the President on national security and foreign policies.

• The Council also serves as the President's principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government agencies.

• The U.S. Council has counterparts in the national security councils of many other nations.

NSCs by countryChina: People's Republic: Central Military Commission (People's Republic of China)

Georgia: National Security Council of Georgia

India: National Security Council (India)

Iran, Islamic Republic of: Supreme National Security Council

Israel: Security Cabinet of Israel

Japan: Security Council

Malaysia: National Security Council (Malaysia)

Korea, North: National Defense Commission (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)

Pakistan: National Security Council of Pakistan

Romania: Supreme Council of National Defense (Romania)

Russian Federation: Security Council of the Russian Federation

Sri Lanka: National Security Council of Sri Lanka

Turkey: National Security Council (Turkey)

1. National Security Council (NSC)

• Its regular attendees are the:

1. President & Vice President, 2. Secretary of State3. Secretary of the Treasury4. Secretary of Defense, 5. Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (or

National Security Advisor).6. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is the statutory military

advisor to the Council, and7. The Director of National Intelligence is the intelligence advisor

1. National Security Council (NSC)• Those invited to attend any NSC meeting:

8. Chief of Staff to the President,9. Counsel to the President, and the 10. Assistant to the President for Economic Policy

• Those invited to attend meetings pertaining to their responsibilities:

11. The Attorney General, and the 12. Director of the Office of Management and Budget.

1. National Security Council (NSC)• The heads of other departments and agencies are invited to

attend meetings of the NSC when appropriate.• The day-to-day affairs of the NSC are overseen by the

National Security Advisor, currently Susan Rice• The NSC's somewhat ambiguous legal/administrative status

was exposed by the Iran-Contra Affair; – Marine Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North was a member of the NSC

staff. – The NSC staff runs the White House's Situation Room

National Security Councilpost-9/11 activities

High Value Detainee Interrogation Group (April 2010)• The High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group (HIG) is a U.S. intelligence-

gathering group created by President Barack Obama in August 2009.• It was established to question terrorism suspects soon after their arrests to

extract information to head off unfolding plots and track down accomplices The High Value Detainee Interrogation Group reports to the NSC.

National Security Councilpost-9/11 activities

Kill authorizations A secret NSC panel may pursue the killing of an individual who has been called a suspected terrorist.

• In this case, no public record of this decision or any operation to kill the suspect will be made available.

• No laws govern criteria for killing such suspects. Disposition Matrix database,

• a "next-generation capture/kill list". • Developed by the Obama Administration beginning in 2010, creates a

blueprint for tracking, capturing, rendering, or killing suspected enemies of the US government.

PFIAB - President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory BoardIOB - Intelligence Oversight BoardSSCI - Senate Select Committee on IntelligenceHPSCI - House Permanent Select Committee on IntelligenceTFI - U.S. Treasury - Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence

2004-present

2. Office of Director of National Intelligence (ODNI)Subject to the authority, direction, and control of the President – required by the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 to:

a. Serve as principal advisor to the President, the National Security Council, and the Homeland Security Council about intelligence matters related to national security;

b. Serve as head of the sixteen-member Intelligence Community; • Direct and oversee the National Intelligence Program.

c. Further, by Presidential policy directive signed in October 2012, the DNI was given overall responsibility for Intelligence Community whistleblowing and source protection through Presidential Policy Directive 19.

The Director of National Intelligence exerts leadership of the IC primarily through statutory authorities under which he or she:

1. controls the "National Intelligence Program" budget;2. establishes “objectives, priorities, and guidance” for the IC; and3. manages and directs the tasking of, collection, analysis,

production, and dissemination of national intelligence by elements of the IC…

However ! the DNI has no authority to direct and control any element of the

IC except his own staff — the Office of the DNI — the DNI has no authority to hire or fire personnel in the IC except

those on his own staff. The member elements in the executive branch are directed and

controlled by their respective department heads

The six ODNI centers include:1. Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Agency (IARPA)

• to fund high-risk, high-payoff research that could potentially provide the United States with an overwhelming intelligence advantage over future adversaries

2. Information Sharing Environment (ISE)3. National Counterproliferation Center (NCPC)

• is the primary organization within the United States Intelligence Community for combating the spread of weapons of mass destruction and their delivery systems.

4. National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC)• analyzes terrorism intelligence (except purely domestic terrorism); stores terrorism

information; supports U.S. counterterrorism activities using information technology (IT); and plans counter-terrorism activities

5. National Intelligence Council (NIC)• goal is to provide policymakers with the best information: unvarnished, unbiased and without

regard to whether the analytic judgments conform to current U.S. policy• Produces NIE

6. Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive (ONCIX)• "Exploit and defeat adversarial intelligence activities directed against American interests;

Protect the integrity of the US intelligence system; Provide incisive, actionable intelligence to decisionmakers at all levels; Protect vital national assets from adversarial intelligence activities;

3. Central Intelligence Agency• Is a civilian intelligence agency• It is an independent agency responsible for providing

national security intelligence to senior United States policymakers.

• It also engages in covert activities at the request of the President of the United States

• It is the successor of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) formed during World War II to coordinate espionage activities between the branches of the United States military.

• The 1947 National Security Act established the CIA, affording it "no police or law enforcement functions, either at home or abroad".

3. Central Intelligence AgencyIts mandate was expanded to include: 1. "sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition and evacuation

measures...subversion [&] 2. assistance to underground resistance movements, guerrillas &

refugee liberation movements, & 3. support of indigenous anti-communist elements

in threatened countries of the free world" The CIA's primary function is:1. to collect information about foreign governments, corporations,

and individuals, and 2. to advise public policymakers. • The agency conducts covert operations and paramilitary actions,

and exerts foreign political influence through its Special Activities Division

3. Central Intelligence Agency 1947-2004: it coordinated and oversaw not only

its own activities but also the activities of the US Intelligence Community (IC) as a whole.

• The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 created the office of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), which took over some of the government and IC-wide functions.

• The functions that moved to the DNI included:– the preparation of estimates of the consolidated

opinion of the 16 IC agencies, and – the preparation of briefings for the President of the

United States

3. Central Intelligence Agency• In its present form, the CIA has an executive office

and several agency-wide functions, and four major directorates:

a. The Directorate of Intelligence, responsible for all-source intelligence research and analysis

b. The National Clandestine Service, formerly the Directorate of Operations, which does clandestine intelligence collection and covert action

c. The Directorate of Science and Technology d. The Directorate of Support

a. CIA Directorate of Intelligence• produces all-source intelligence analysis on key foreign

issues. It has 4 regional analytic groups, 6 groups for transnational issues, and 2 support units

Regional groups• There is an Office dedicated to Iraq, and regional analytical

offices covering:1. The Office of Middle East and North Africa Analysis (MENA) 2. The Office of South Asia Analysis (OSA) 3. The Office of Russian and European Observation (OREO) 4. The Office of East Asian, Pacific, Latin American and African

Analysis (APLAA)

a. CIA Directorate of IntelligenceTransnational groups• The Office of Terrorism Analysis supports the National Counterterrorism Center• The Office of Transnational Issues assesses perceived existing and emerging threats to

US national security and provides the most senior policymakers, military planners, and law enforcement with analysis, warning, and crisis support.

• The CIA Crime and Narcotics Center researches information on international crime for policymakers and the law enforcement community. As the CIA has no legal domestic police authority, it usually sends its analyses to the FBI and other law enforcement organizations, such as the Drug Enforcement Administration of the United States Department of Justice

• The Weapons Intelligence, Nonproliferation & Arms Control Center provides intelligence support related to national and non-national threats, as well as supporting threat reduction and arms control. It receives the output of national technical means of verification

• The Counterintelligence Center Analysis Group identifies, monitors, and analyzes the efforts of foreign intelligence entities, both national and non-national, against US government interests. It works with FBI personnel in the National Counterintelligence Executive of the Director of National Intelligence.

• The Information Operations Center Analysis Group deals with threats to US computer systems. This unit supports DNI activities.

a. CIA Directorate of IntelligenceSupport Units

1. The Office of Collection Strategies and Analysis provides comprehensive intelligence collection expertise to the Directorate of Intelligence, to senior Agency and Intelligence Community officials, and to key national policymakers.

2. The Office of Policy Support customizes Directorate of Intelligence analysis and presents it to a wide variety of policy, law enforcement, military, and foreign liaison recipients.

b. CIA National Clandestine Service In 2004, the CIA was given charge of all US human

intelligence, which many consider the core of the agency• formerly the Directorate of Operations is responsible for

collecting foreign intelligence, mainly from clandestine HUMINT sources, and covert action.

• The new name reflects its having absorbed some Department of Defense HUMINT assets.

• created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy and budget between the U S Department of Defense and the CIA.

The precise present organization of the NCS is classified

c. CIA Directorate of Science and Technology• established to research, create, and manage technical

collection disciplines and equipment– For example, the development of the U-2 high-altitude

reconnaissance aircraft was done in cooperation with the United States Air Force

• The CIA has always shown a strong interest in how to use advances in technology to enhance its effectiveness. This interest has historically had two primary goals:1. harnessing techniques for its own use 2. countering any new intelligence technologies the Soviets might

develop• In 1999, the CIA created the venture capital firm In-Q-Tel to

help fund and develop technologies of interest to the agency.

1. The U-2 came to public attention when CIA pilot Francis Gary Powers was shot down over Soviet territory on 1 May 1960.

2. On 14 October 1962, a U-2 from the 4080th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing, based at Laughlin Air Force Base near Del Rio, Texas and piloted by Major Richard S. Heyser, photographed the Soviet military installing nuclear warhead missiles in Cuba, precipitating the Cuban Missile Crisis

d. Directorate of Supportincludes• The Office of Security • The Office of Communications • The Office of Information Technology

3. Joint Chiefs of Staff

• group of military leaders in the United States armed forces who advise the civilian government of the United States.

• The JCS is defined by statute and consists of a Chairman and Vice Chairman appointed by the President, and the Chiefs of service from the four branches of the armed services

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Jcs_orgchart.png

Directorates of the Joint Staff• The Joint Staff includes the following departments where

all the planning, policies, intelligence, manpower, communications and logistics functions are translated into action:

J1 – Personnel and ManpowerJ2 – Intelligence –– jointly with Defense Intelligence AgencyJ3 – OperationsJ4 – Logistics – Lieutenant General Brooks L. BashJ5 – Strategic Plans and PolicyJ6 – Command, Control, Communications and Computers/CyberJ7 – Operational Plans and Joint Force DevelopmentJ8 – Force Structure, Resources, and Assessment