A life without stigma : A SANE Report

7/28/2019 A life without stigma : A SANE Report

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B [BM@ X`part


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2Wobt da w` l`bm hy stjglb1

;[tjglb bmd paijky

8Wobt js stjglbs jlpbkt1

4Wobt js h`jmg dam`1

0Wobt wares1

3[ullbry + X`kall`mdbtjams

7X`c`r`mk`s


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Wobt js

stjglb1


5/36

2

B ijc` wjtoaut stjglb 2

Wobt js stjglb1

[tjglb wbs car l` to` last bgamjsjmg pbrt ac ly djsard`r. Jt kast crj`mdsojps,

kbr``r appartumjtj`s, bmd last jlpartbmtiy ly sìc-`st``l.

Wo`m to` ward stjglb js us`d, jt g`m`rbiiy cakus`s am

to` umjmcarl`d bmd m`gbtjv` bttjtud`s oìd hy lbmy jm to`

g`m`rbi kallumjty tawbrds pàpi` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss.Woji` krjtjkbiiy jlpartbmt, tojs tìis amiy pbrt ac to` stary.

[tjglb kal`s jm lbmy sobp`s bmd carls.

[tjglb obs h``m d`skrjh`d bs bm av`rbrkojmg kamk`pt tobt

kamtbjms tor`` ì`l`mts6 prahi`ls ac emawi`dg` (jgmarbmk`),

prahi`ls ac bttjtud`s (pr`fudjk`), bmd prahi`ls ac hòbvjaur

(djskrjljmbtjam) (Toarmjkract `t bi 8>>7).

B ijc` wjtoaut stjglbtbe`s b hrabd bpprabko, g`ttjmg ta to` o`brt

ac to` d`vbstbtjmg jlpbkt stjglb kbm obv` am to` ijv`s ac pàpi`

wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss bmd to`jr cbljij`s, crj`mds bmd ato`r kbr`rs.

Jt kobii`mg`s to` ourtcui bmd jmbkkurbt` vj`ws tobt pàpi` wjto

l`mtbi jiim`ss br` ac i`ss vbiu` ta sakj`ty ar ta to`lsìv`s.

Drbwjmg cral sakjbi toàry bmd puhijk o`bito, tojs d`flmjtjam

ac stjglb jmkarparbt`s to` jlpartbmk` ac to` `mvjraml mt jm

wojko pàpi` ijv`, bs wìi bs to` strukturbi, paijtjkbi bmd paw`r

jlhbibmk`s tobt br` sa jmt`grbi ta to` prak`ss ac stjglbtjsjmg.

[tjglb js to`r`car` b kalpi`x sakjbi prak`ss tobt obs b mulh`r

ac jmt`rkamm`kt`d bmd lutubiiy r`jmcarkjmg pbrts wojko ware

tag`to`r ta `xkiud` bmd tbe` bwby to` rjgots ac pàpi` wjto b

l`mtbi jiim`ss. To` p`rsam js tr`bt`d djcc`r`mtiy ar djskrjljmbt`d

bgbjmst saiìy h`kbus` to`y obv` b l`mtbi jiim`ss.

Ijme bmd ôìbm (8>>2), obv` kamk`ptubijs`d stjglb bs jmvaivjmgs`v`rbi jmt`rrìbt`d ì`l`mts6

c Jd`mtjflkbtjam bmd ibhìjmg ac djcc`r`mk`.

c Kuiturbi hìj`cs tobt ijme to` ibhì bmd to` ibhì`d p`rsam

ta m`gbtjv` st`ràtyp`s.

c Ibhì`d pàpi` br` to`m kbt`garjs`d jm b wby tobt

kr`bt`s b ki`br djstjmktjam h`tw``m us bmd to`l.

c [tjglbtjsbtjam js s``m bs kamtjmg`mt am sakjbi struktur`s

tobt pravjd` um`qubi bkk`ss ta sakjbi, `kamaljk bmd

paijtjkbi paw`r. Amiy paw`rcui sakjbi graups obv` to`

bhjijty ta kr`bt` bmd lbjmtbjm djskrjljmbtary prbktjk`s.

[uppartjmg tojs bpprabko, [BM@ Bustrbijb obs jd`mtjcj`d b rbmg`

ac i`vìs bt wojko stjglb ap`rbt`s ([BM@ Bustrbijb 8>>4).

2Pmd`rstbmdjmg bmd ljsumd`rstbmdjmg

Bm Bustrbijbm surv`y ac to` g`m`rbi kallumjty caumd tobt

bwbr`m`ss, emawi`dg` bmd bttjtud`s djcc`r`d d`p`mdjmg am to`

l`mtbi jiim`ss jm qu`stjam6

c D`pr`ssjam js wjdìy emawm bmd umd`rstaad, bmd

kallumjty bttjtud`s br` rìbtjvìy h`mjgm

c Bmxj`ty js r`kagmjs`d luko i`ss tobm d`pr`ssjam5

kallumjty bttjtud`s br` rìbtjvìy h`mjgm

c [kojzapor`mjb js wjdìy emawm hut paariy umd`rstaad.

Bttjtud`s tawbrd pàpi` wjto skojzapor`mjb br` i`ss

pasjtjv` tobm tawbrds ato`r kamdjtjams, pbrtjkuibriy jm

to` warepibk` bmd jm prjvbt` spbk`s

c Hjpaibr djsard`r js m`jto`r wìi emawm mar umd`rstaad.

Bttjtud`s tawbrds toas` wjto hjpaibr djsard`r br` i`ss

pasjtjv` tobm toas` tawbrds pàpi` wjto d`pr`ssjam ar

bmxj`ty.

Tojs r`s`brko (W`si`y Ljssjam 8>>7) ojgoijgot`d b krukjbi

m``d ta rbjs` kallumjty bwbr`m`ss bhaut bmxj`ty bmd hjpaibr

djsard`r, bs wìi bs ta d`hume lytos surraumdjmg skojzapor`mjb

bmd hjpaibr djsard`r.

îbmmjmg bmd s`rvjk` dìjv`ry

âijtjkbi

Cumdjmg biiakbtjam

O`bito prac`ssjambis

L`djb

[ìc-stjglb

I`gjsibtjv`

Kallumjty


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[tjglb da`s mat bcc`kt `v`ryam` wjto b l`mtbi jiim`ss jm to`

sbl` wby to`r`car . Jt kbm vbry cral p`rsam ta p`rsam bmd

sal` graups bpp`br bcc`kt`d lar` tobm ato`rs. To`r` br`, car

`xblpi`, d`gr``s ac stjglb bmd djskrjljmbtjam `xp`rj`mk`d hy

pàpi` wjto djcc`r`mt djbgmas`s bmd car pàpi` wjtojm djcc`r`mt

sakjbi, bg`, kuiturbi, ar rìjgjaus graups.

To` last r`k`mt ibrg`-skbi` Bustrbijbm kallumjty surv`yjmv`stjgbt`d vj`ws am d`pr`ssjam, skojzapor`mjb, sakjbi

poahjb bmd past-trbulbtjk str`ss djsard`r (^T[D). ^`rk`ptjams

ac djskrjljmbtjam, sakjbi djstbmk`, dbmg`rausm`ss bmd

umpr`djktbhjijty w`r` g`m`rbiiy ojgo`st car skojzapor`mjb, woji`

hìj`cs jm to` kamdjtjam bs b sjgm ac p`rsambi w`bem`ss ar mat b

r`bi l`djkbi jiim`ss w`r` g`m`rbiiy ojgo`r car sakjbi poahjb tobm

car ato`r djsard`rs (X`bvi`y bmd Farl 8>22).

X`jmcarkjmg to` djcc`r`mk`s h`tw``m jiim`ss`s, bm jmt`rmbtjambi

study hy Jmdjbmb Pmjv`rsjty, wojko jmvaiv`d 23kaumtrj`s, caumd

tobt wo`m kalpbr`d ta d`pr`ssjam, stjglb bgbjmst skojzapor`mjb

js sjgmjflkbmtiy ojgo`r bkrass to` warid. Tojs study bisa iaae`dbt kuiturbi hbrrj`rs bmd kallumjty hìj`cs, wojko pravjd` bm

jlpartbmt kamt`xt. Car `xblpi`, jc pàpi` hìj`v` tobt l`mtbi

jiim`ss js kbus`d hy hbd d``ds jm am`s bmk`stry ar hy `vji spjrjts,

ar tobt sjlpiy tbiejmg bhaut l`mtbi jiim`ss kbm lbe` jt wars`,

to`m bmy stjglb r`duktjam bktjvjty obs ta stbrt to`r` (Xaam`y `t

bi 2::75^`skaijda `t bi 8>2;).


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8/36

Wobt js stjglbs

jlpbkt1


9/36

0


Wobt js stjglbs jlpbkt1

Ly l`mtbi jiim`ss js ma iamg`r to` prahi`l car l`. Jts oaw ato`r pàpi` vj`w l` tobts to`

djccjkuity. Wjtoaut emawjmg jt, ar `v`m l`bmjmg ta, J g`t b c`ìjmg tobt salòaw Jl ac i`ss vbiu`

tobm to`y br`, tobt ly jiim`ss js ly cbuit ar tobt J kbmmat h` trust`d, wojko js wobt r`biiy kbus`s

l` pbjm bmd `lhbrrbssl`mt.

[tjglb bgbjmst l`mtbi jiim`ss js kallam.

Jts jlpbkt js s`rjaus.

[tudj`s jm Bustrbijb bmd av`rs`bs soaw tobt stjglb js b v`ry

kallam `xp`rj`mk`. B [BM@ Bustrbijb surv`y (8>>3) caumd

tobt bilast tor``-qubrt`rs ac r`spamd`mts ijvjmg wjto b l`mtbi

jiim`ss (74%) obd `xp`rj`mk`d stjglb. To`y sbjd b r`duktjam

jm stjglb wauid oìp to`l ta6 c`ì h`tt`r bhaut to`lsìv`s5

lbmbg` to`jr jiim`ss h`tt`r5 g`t hbke ta ware ar study, bmd, fajm

jm sakjbi bktjvjtj`s.

Bustrbijbm r`s`brko blamg pàpi` ijvjmg wjto b psykoatjk

jiim`ss, suko bs skojzapor`mjb, caumd tobt bilast 4>% r`part`d

`xp`rj`mkjmg stjglb ar djskrjljmbtjam jm to` pbst y`br biam`.

To` prapartjam wbs ojgo`r jm c`lbi`s, wjto bilast b obic

r`partjmg stjglb ar djskrjljmbtjam jm to` pbst y`br kalpbr`d

wjto b tojrd ac lbi`s. Lbmy r`part`d tobt to` c`br ac stjglb

ar djskrjljmbtjam obd stapp`d to`l dajmg sal` ac to` tojmgs

to`y obd wbmt`d ta da, bmd av`rbii stjglb bmd djskrjljmbtjam

wbs am` ac to` lbjm kobii`mg`s r`part`d car to` kaljmg y`br.

(Largbm `t bi 8>22).

[tjglb kbm h` `xp`rj`mk`d djr`ktiy, bs wo`m salàm` js

bvajd`d du` ta b djbgmasjs ac skojzapor`mjb, ar js pbss`d av`r

car pralatjam saiìy h`kbus` b lbmbg`r emaws to`y obv` obd

d`pr`ssjam. Jt kbm bisa h` s``m jm puhijk p`rk`ptjams car

`xblpi`, jm to` kallam bssakjbtjam ac skojzapor`mjb wjto

vjai`mk`. Jt js stjglb tawbrds am`sìc, oaw`v`r, wojko kbm da to`

last obrl.

^àpi` ijvjmg wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss wbmt to` sbl` hbsjk tojmgs bs

`v`ryam` ìs`6

c B oal` sal`wo`r` d`k`mt ta ijv`

c B fah ar sal`tojmg l`bmjmgcui ta da b r`bsam ta g`t

up jm to` larmjmg

c B ijc` warto ijvjmg crj`mds ta sobr` yaur ijc` wjto bmd

gjv` yau oap`.

[tjglb kbm stap pàpi` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss cral bkoj`vjmg to`s`hbsjk m``ds bmd lbmjc`sts jtsìc jm lbmy wbys, jm lbmy djcc`r`mt

s`ttjmgs. To` autkal` js tobt pàpi` lby ijv` i`ss sbtjscyjmg bmd

kamtrjhutjmg ijv`s tobm to`y wauid ije`, bmd br` bhi` ta lbe`.

To` kallumjty js luko paar`r bs b r`suit taa.

B W`si`y Ljssjam study (8>>7) caumd tobt to`jr kij`mts cìt

to`y w`r` stjglbtjs`d bmd djskrjljmbt`d bgbjmst jm b mulh`r ac

djcc`r`mt br`bs, jmkiudjmg6

c Jmsurbmk` kalpbmj`s lbejmg jt djcflkuit car pàpi` wjto

b l`mtbi jiim`ss ta g`t o`bito ar ijc` jmsurbmk`

c @lpiay`rs/pat`mtjbi `lpiay`rs mat h`jmg acc`r`d

`lpiayl`mt ar tbe`m bdvbmtbg` ac jm to` warepibk`

c [koaai d`mj`d appartumjtj`s ar ibhìi`d bs ejds wjto

prahi`l hòbvjaurs

c âijk` h`jmg p`rk`jv`d bs trauhi`-lbe`rs

c Oaspjtbis h`jmg p`rk`jv`d bs b mujsbmk` bct`r r`p`btbdljssjams

c L`djb ljsr`pr`s`mt`d jm to` l`djb, car `xblpi`,

l`mtbi jiim`ss js act`m bssakjbt`d wjto vjai`mk`

c Kallumjty h`jmg soumm`d, `xp`rj`mkjmg v`rhbi bmd

poysjkbi bhus`

c L`mtbi o`bito prac`ssjambis stbcc kbm hurm aut bmd

hibl` to` kij`mts car to`jr hòbvjaurbi prahi`ls

c Cbljij`s r`f`ktjmg bmd hibljmg to`l car to`jr kamdjtjam

c Djskrjljmbtjam hy d`kjsjam-lbe`rs jm g`m`rbi.

B M`w V`bibmd surv`y kamdukt`d bs pbrt ac to` Ije` Ljmds, Ije`

Ljm`bmtj-djskrjljmbtjam kblpbjgm r`part`d tobt6

c ^àpi` r`part djskrjljmbtjam jm bii bsp`kts ac to`jr ijv`s

cral lpiayl`mt bmd oausjmg ta djskrjljmbtjam cral

crj`mds bmd cbljiy bmd to` kallumjty. Tojs r`suits jm

pàpi` c`ìjmg `xkiud`d cral lbmy bktjvjtj`s. C`w carlbi

kalpibjmts bhaut djskrjljmbtjam br` lbd`.

c Djskrjljmbtjam, `v`m wo`m jt akkurr`d s`v`rbi y`brs bga,

lbe`s b ibstjmg jlpr`ssjam bmd stjii bcc`kts pàpi`s ijv`s

tadby. Du` ta pbst `xp`rj`mk`s, lbmy pàpi` bttrjhut`

bmy paar s`rvjk` to`y r`k`jv` bs djskrjljmbtjam h`kbus`

to`y obv` b l`mtbi jiim`ss.


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c To` c`br ac djskrjljmbtjam (act`m hbs`d am pbst

`xp`rj`mk`) js bs krjppijmg bs djskrjljmbtjam jtsìc.

C`br ac djskrjljmbtjam jmojhjts pàpi` cral umd`rtbejmg

lbmy bktjvjtj`s jm to`jr ijv`s suko bs `lpiayl`mt bmd

jmt`rbktjmg wjto ato`rs.

c Djskiasur` js bm jssu` bkrass bii to` br`bs ac

djskrjljmbtjam. Wo`m pàpi` djskias` tobt to`y obv`

`xp`rj`mk` ac l`mtbi jiim`ss to`y br` tr`bt`d djcc`r`mtiy

(act`m m`gbtjvìy) ta wo`m to`y da mat.

c ^àpi` t`md ta hìj`v` bmd bkt am to` kallam

st`ràtyp`s ac pàpi` wjto `xp`rj`mk` ac l`mtbi jiim`ss

bs h`jmg jmkalp`t`mt ar dbmg`raus.

Karrjgbm (8>>8) jd`mtjfl`s to` kalpaumdjmg bmd r`jmcarkjmg

jlpbkts ac puhijk bmd sìc-stjglb am to` `v`rydby ijv`s ac pàpi`

wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss.

ûhijk stjglb

[t`ràtyp` M`gbtjv hìj`c bhaut b graup

(dbmg`rausm`ss, jmkalp`t`mk`, kobrbkt`rw`bem`ss)

^r`fudjk` Bgr``l`mt wjto hìj`c bmd/ar m`gbtjv`

`latjambi r`bktjam (bmg`r, c`br)

Djskrjljmbtjam Hòbvjar r`spams` ta pr`fudjk` (bvajdbmk`,

wjtooaidjmg `lpiayl`mt bmd oausjmg

appartumjtj`s, wjtooaid oìp)

[ìc-stjglb

[t`ràtyp` M`gbtjv` hìj`c bhaut to` sìc (kobrbkt`r

w`bem`ss, jmkalp`t`mk`)

^r`fudjk` Bgr``l`mt wjto ato`rs stjglb, m`gbtjv``latjambi r`bktjam (iaw sìc-`st``l, iaw

sìc-`cflkbky)

Djskrjljmbtjam Hòbvjar r`spams` ta pr`fudjk` cbjis ta

pursu` ware bmd oausjmg appartumjtj`s)

To` jlpbkt ac stjglb kbm h` argbmjs`d jmta s`v`m r`bi warid

dalbjms wojko bcc`kt pàpi` ijvjmg wjto b l`mtbi jiim`ss bmd

toas` woa br` kias` ta to`l6

2 G`m`rbi kallumjty

8 O`bito bmd ato`r s`rvjk`s

; @dukbtjam

4 Warepibk`

0 Lbss l`djb

3 Gav`rml`mt

7 [ìc-stjglb.

To` caiiawjmg s`ktjams iaae bt `bko ac to` s`v`m br`bs ac jlpbkt

jm lar` d`tbji.

2 G`m`rbi kallumjty

J obv` b dr`bl tobt am` dby J wamt oaid ly hr`bto `v`ry tjl` J tìi b

p`rsam tobt J succ`r cral hjpaibr djsard`r, tobt J wamt c`ì sobl`cui jm

kamc`ssjmg ly l`mtbi jiim`ss.

C`ìjmg tobt yau hìamg js bm jlpartbmt oulbm m``d. Obvjmg

crj`mds, iakbi kamm`ktjams bmd bktjvjtj`s yau `mfay, bs wìi bs

lbejmg b kamtrjhutjam ta yaur awm ar ta ato`rs wìih`jmg biioìp lbe` ijc` wartowoji`.

Woji` to`r` obv` h``m sal` jlprav`l`mts jm emawi`dg` bhaut

l`mtbi jiim`ss bmd umd`rstbmdjmg ac jts jlpbkt am dby-ta-dby

ijv`s, to`r` js stjii wjd`spr`bd ljsumd`rstbmdjmg bmd jgmarbmk`,

pbrtjkuibriy bhaut sal` djbgmas`s. Lytos suko bs tobt pàpi`

wjto d`pr`ssjam br` w`be bmd soauid fust puii to`jr sakes up,

ar tobt bii pàpi` wjto psykoatjk jiim`ss`s suko bs skojzapor`mjb

br` umpr`djktbhi bmd ta h` c`br`d br` ourtcui bmd obrlcui bs

wìi bs h`jmg jmbkkurbt`. Djspìijmg to`s` lytos js jlpartbmt jc

pàpi` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss br` ta h` cuiiy bkk`pt`d jmta cbljij`s,

warepibk`s bmd kallumjtj`s.

Bustrbijbm bmd av`rs`bs surv`ys suppart to` m``d car kallumjty

`dukbtjam bmd obv` jd`mtjfl`d b wjd` rbmg` ac pbrtjkuibr

ljsumd`rstbmdjmgs tobt m``d ta h` tbkei`d.

To` 8>2;Mbtjambi L`mtbi O`bito Kalljssjam r`part, Kbm

w` tbie . . . bhaut l`mtbi o`bito bmd sujkjd`, hbs`d am jmcarlbi

graup djskussjams braumd Bustrbijb, s`t aut ta r`kr`bt` to`

kamv`rsbtjams Bustrbijbms br` obvjmg bhaut l`mtbi o`bito bmd

sujkjd` bt oal`, bt ware bmd wjto to`jr crj`mds. Mbtjambi L`mtbi

O`bito Kalljssjam`r, Fbm`t L`bgo`r, sbys to` study r`jmcark`s

tobt w` br` stjii struggijmg ta lbe` s`ms` ac l`mtbi jiim`ss bmd

sujkjd`, bmd tobt to` stjglb bssakjbt`d wjto bkk`ssjmg to` l`mtbi

o`bito syst`l js am` ac to` hjgg`st hbrrj`rs ta tr`btl`mt.

To` W`si`y Ljssjam study (8>>7) caumd tobt am` jm tor`` (;8%)

wauid mat c`ì kalcartbhi` warejmg wjto b kaii`bgu` woa obs

l`mtbi jiim`ss. Twa-tojrds (33%) wauid mat h` kalcartbhi`

wjto to`jr kojid sobrjmg b umjt wjto salàm` woa obd b l`mtbi

jiim`ss, bmd 72% djd mat hìj`v` pàpi` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss kauid

h` trust`d jm pasjtjams ac ojgo r`spamsjhjijty.

M`gbtjv` bttjtud`s w`r` lar` kallam blamg r`spamd`mts

3>y`brs bmd aid`r, wjtoaut b umjv`rsjty `dukbtjam, ar cral b

oausòaid wjto bm jmkal` i`ss tobm $0>,>>>b y`br.To` Bustrbijbm Mbtjambi [urv`y ac L`mtbi O`bito Ijt`rbky bmd

[tjglbcaumd tobt stbt`l`mts wjto wojko r`spamd`mts w`r`

last ijeìy ta bgr`` ar stramgiy bgr`` jmvaiv`d b p`rk`ptjam

ac ato`r pàpi`s hìj`cs6 tobt pàpi` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss w`r`

umpr`djktbhi`, tobt toas` bcc`kt`d wauid mat tìi bmyam` bhaut

to`jr djbgmasjs, bmd tobt last ato`r pàpi` wauid mat `lpiay

salàm` wjto to` prahi`l (X`bvi`y bmd Farl 8>22).

Jm rìbtjam ta d`pr`ssjam, to` flmdjmgs ac b s`rj`s ac h`yamdhiu`

kallumjty surv`ys jmdjkbt` tobt kobmg` js obpp`mjmg bitoaugo

to`r` js stjii b iamg wby ta ga. To` p`rk`mtbg` ac pàpi` woa

bgr``d tobt pàpi` wjto s`v`r` d`pr`ssjam br` umrìjbhi`r`duk`d cral 33% jm 8>>8ta 08% jm 8>>?. Toas` woa

bgr``d wjto to` stbt`l`mt tobt pàpi` wjto s`v`r` d`pr`ssjam


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br` umpr`djktbhi` r`duk`d cral 7?% ta 3?%. Bgr``l`mt tobt

pàpi` wjto s`v`r` d`pr`ssjam soauid puii to`lsìv`s tag`to`r

r`duk`d cral ;3% ta 84% jm 8>>?(h`yamdhiu` 8>22).

To`s` flmdjmgs br` `koa`d jm av`rs`bs studj`s, suko bs b r`k`mt

surv`y ac bttjtud`s ta l`mtbi jiim`ss jm to` PE wojko r`part`d

tobt djr`kt sakjbi kamtbkt wjto pàpi` wjto l`mtbi o`bito

prahi`ls js to` last `cc`ktjv` wby ta kobii`mg` stjglb bmdkobmg` puhijk bttjtud`s (D`pt ac O`bito 8>2>).

8 O`bito bmd ato`r s`rvjk`s

[al`tjl`s murs`s . . . damt `mkaurbg` yau ta da sal`tojmg m`w ar tìi

yau mat ta ga car b fah. To`y saw to` s``ds ac dauht.

Wo`m w` br` umwìi, w` `xp`kt ta h` tr`bt`d wjto

umd`rstbmdjmg bmd r`sp`kt hy pàpi` warejmg jm o`bito bmd

kallumjty s`rvjk`s. Pmcartumbtìy tojs js mat biwbys to` kbs`

car pàpi` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss, woa cr`qu`mtiy r`part tobt to`y

c`ì stjglbtjs`d.

O`bito bmd l`mtbi o`bito s`rvjk`s

B L`mtbi O`bito Kaumkji ac Bustrbijb study (8>22) caumd tobt

pàpi` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss r`part`d sjljibr i`vìs ac stjglb cral

o`bito prac`ssjambis bs cral to` g`m`rbi kallumjty.

[al` ac to` studys e`y flmdjmgs br` tobt6

c Bilast 8:% r`part`d tobt b o`bito prac`ssjambi obd

soumm`d to`l. To`s` flgur`s ras` ta av`r 0>%

car pàpi` wjto past-trbulbtjk str`ss djsard`r bmd

hard`rijm` p`rsambijty djsard`r.

c Av`r ;4% obd h``m bdvjs`d hy b o`bito prac`ssjambi taiaw`r to`jr `xp`ktbtjams car bkkalpijsol`mt jm ijc`.

c Av`r 44% bgr``d tobt o`bito prac`ssjambis tr`btjmg

to`l car b poysjkbi djsard`r hòbv`d djcc`r`mtiy wo`m

to`y djskav`r`d to`jr ojstary ac b l`mtbi jiim`ss.

Bs Ebtoi``m Grjcfltos ac to` BMP K`mtr` car L`mtbi O`bito

X`s`brko wrjt`s jm to` studys car`ward6

Jt js umtojmebhi` tobt o`bito prac`ssjambis wauid stjglbtjs` Bustrbijbms

wjto b poysjkbi kamdjtjam suko bs kbmk`r ar b o`brt kamdjtjam. Oaw`v`r,

to`r` js b wjd`spr`bd hìj`c tobt l`mtbi o`bito kamsul`rs mkaumt`r

stjglbtjsjmg bttjtud`s cral o`bito prac`ssjambis. [uko stjglb pas`s b

suhstbmtjbi rjse ta to` wìih`jmg ac kamsul`rs wjto b l`mtbi jiim`ss. Jt js

b pat`mtjbi hbrrj`r ta vjtbi oìp-s`èjmg cral o`bito prac`ssjambis, jt kbm

curto`r `xbk`rhbt` b kamsul`rs psykoaiagjkbi djstr`ss, bmd jt lby r`duk`

kbr``r appartumjtj`s.

Ato`r o`bito s`rvjk`s br` mat biwbys h`tt`r. [al` pàpi` r`part

djsljssjv` bttjtud`s cral g`m`rbi prbktjtjam`rs, car `xblpi`,

wo`r`hy pr`s`mtbtjams ac poysjkbi sylptals w`r` bssul`d ta

h` bii jm to` ljmd bs am` PE study r`parts (Iyams `t bi, 8>>:).

Tojs js `sp`kjbiiy kamk`rmjmg, bs `vjd`mk` sugg`sts pàpi` wjto

l`mtbi jiim`ss br` bt gr`bt`r rjse cral poysjkbi o`bito prahi`ls,

jmkiudjmg kbrdjavbskuibr djs`bs`, djbh`t`s, ah`sjty bmd

r`spjrbtary djs`bs`5 to`y bisa obv` b ojgo`r rjse ac pr`lbtur`

d`bto (Kagoibm `t bi 8>>2).

To` apjmjams ac suppart ware`rs bhaut tr`btl`mt bmd r`kav`ry

w`r` caumd sjljibr ta toas` oìd hy to` g`m`rbi puhijk jm bmato`r

PE study (Krjsp `t bi 8>>>). Oaw`v`r, to`jr apjmjams bhaut

dbmg`rausm`ss w`r` djcc`r`mt c`w`r hìj`v`d tobt pàpi` wjto

l`mtbi jiim`ss w`r` vjai`mt. Lbmy suppart ware`rs (?3.0%) obd

prjar p`rsambi emawi`dg` ac l`mtbi jiim`ss. Woji` sp`mdjmg tjl`

wjto pàpi` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss kbm ware ta kobmg` bttjtud`s,

to` butoars bisa mat` tobt sal` suppart ware`rs da mat biwbysflmd jt `bsy ta tbie ta pàpi` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss, bmd tobt ibke ac

bkemawi`dg`l`mt ac to`s` djcflkuitj`s kauid i`bd ta c`ìjmgs ac

p`rsambi jmbd`qubky, p`robps r`suitjmg jm bvajdbmk`.

Jt js jlpartbmt ta bkemawi`dg` tobt o`bito bmd kallumjty

suppart ware`rs lby bisa `xp`rj`mk` stjglbtjsjmg bttjtud`s bmd

djskrjljmbtary hòbvjaur. Tojs lby r`suit jm iaw`r r`krujtl`mt

bmd r`t`mtjam rbt`s jm to`s` fahs. Bs wìi bs h`jmg tbrg`ts car

stjglb-r`duktjam ware to`r`car , to`s` graups bmd s`ttjmgs wjii

bisa h` h`m`flkjbrj`s ac jt.

Oausjmg

^àpi` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss lby h` stjglbtjs`d bmd djskrjljmbt`d

bgbjmst hy m`jgohaurs6 to`y lby . . . bt h`st h` gjv`m to` kaid

soauid`r bmd bt warst h` vjktjljs`d hy ato`r t`mbmts (L`mtbi

O`bito Kallumjty Kabijtjam BKT 8>>0).

D`k`mt, s`kur` bmd bccardbhi` oausjmg, wjto suppart bs m``d`d,

js cumdbl`mtbi ta r`kav`ry cral l`mtbi jiim`ss, y`t tojs js jm

soart suppiy bmd act`m mat biwbys bvbjibhi` ta pàpi` wjto

l`mtbi jiim`ss.

To` Bustrbijbm Hur`bu ac [tbtjstjks r`parts tobt pàpi` woa

br` ijvjmg wjto b l`mtbi o`bito prahi`l flmd jt obrd`r ta g`tbmd e``p to`jr awm oal` kalpbr`d ta to` g`m`rbi papuibtjam5

c`w r awm to`jr awm oal` ar br` pbyjmg acc b lartgbg`, lar`

r`mt to`jr oal`s bmd to`jr m``d car oausjmg suppart js grawjmg.

(Bustrbijbm Hur`bu ac [tbtjstjks, 8>>:).

B 8>>?surv`y ac pàpi` ijvjmg wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss caumd tobt

m`briy :>% hìj`v`d to`y obd h``m djskrjljmbt`d bgbjmst bt

sal` tjl` jm r`gbrd ta oausjmg, pbrtjkuibriy prjvbt` r`mtbi

bkkalladbtjam, carkjmg to`l ta bkk`pt umsbc` ar suhstbmdbrd

oausjmg aptjams. Braumd b tojrd (;4%) obd kamk`rms bhaut

h`kaljmg oalì`ss jm to` cutur`, bmd 47% w`r` iaaejmg car

sal`wo`r` ìs` ta ijv`. Djcflkuity flmdjmg sujtbhi` oausjmg wbsbm amgajmg kamk`rm ([BM@ Bustrbijb 8>>?).

Bttjtud`s ac ibmdiards, bg`mts bmd bkkalladbtjam ware`rs

umdauht`diy jmu`mk` oausjmg autkal`s. B study jm to` P[

`xbljm`d wobt `cc`kt o`brjmg tobt salàm` obs b l`mtbi jiim`ss

obs am ahtbjmjmg kallumjty bkkalladbtjam. Jm b sblpi`

ac 23>pàpi` bdv`rtjsjmg r`mtbi prap`rty, tì`poam` kbiis

car obic to` sblpi` lbd` sjlpi` `mqujrj`s bs ta bvbjibhjijty5

car to` ato`r obic, sjljibr `mqujrj`s w`r` lbd` hy salàm`

ast`msjhiy r`k`jvjmg psykojbtrjk tr`btl`mt hut saam ta r`qujr`

bkkalladbtjam. Car pàpi` toaugot ta obv` b l`mtbi jiim`ss,

raals w`r` sjgmjflkbmtiy lar` ijeìy ta h` d`skrjh`d bsumbvbjibhi` (^bg` 2::;).


12/36

?

; @dukbtjam

J wbs djbgmas`d wjto AKD wo`m J wbs 2;bmd obv` cbk`d bii typ`s ac

stjglb av`r to` y`brs. Lbjmiy kibsslbt`s lbejmg cum ac l` bmd to`

sylptals ac ly jiim`ss. Jt obd b oug` cc`kt am ly kamfld`mk` bmd kbm h`

am` ac to` obrd`st pbrts ac d`bijmg wjto b l`mtbi o`bito prahi`l.

Tor``-qubrt`rs ac pàpi` woa d`vìap l`mtbi jiim`ss da sa

h`tw``m to` bg`s ac 23bmd 80y`brs. X`dukjmg stjglb jmskoaais, TBC@ bmd ato`r kaii`g`s, bmd umjv`rsjtj`s js bm jmt`grbi

pbrt ac stjglb r`duktjam ware jc w` br` ta `mkaurbg` lar`

yaumg pàpi` ta c`ì AE bhaut bsejmg car oìp bmd, wo`m

m`k`ssbry, bkk`ptjmg amgajmg tr`btl`mt. Jt js bisa krjtjkbi jc w`

wbmt crj`mds, cìiaw stud`mts, t`bko`rs bmd ato`rs ta pravjd`

to`l wjto umd`rstbmdjmg bmd suppart. Tojs js b grawjmg

jssu`. Jm Zaumg Bustrbijbms6 To`jr O`bito bmd Wìih`jmg, to`

Bustrbijbm Jmstjtut` ac O`bito bmd Wìcbr` (8>>7) r`part`d tobt

psykoaiagjkbi djstr`ss wbs jmkr`bsjmg, wjto av`r 80% ac pàpi`

bg`d 2?-84obvjmg b l`mtbi djsard`r. Ac sp`kjbi kamk`rm js tobt

amiy braumd am` jm caur (88%) ac yaumg pàpi` `xp`rj`mkjmg bl`mtbi o`bito prahi`l saugot prac`ssjambi oìp.

Jts `bsy ta s`` woy stjglb lby h` bssakjbt`d wjto tojs iaw rbt`

ac oìp-s`èjmg. X`s`brko kbrrj`d aut jm to` PE caumd tobt m`briy

am` jm 2>yaumg pàpi` tojme tobt kibsslbt`s wjto b l`mtbi

o`bito prahi`l soauid mat h` bt to`jr skoaai, woji` to` sbl`

prapartjam sbjd to`y wauid stap h`jmg crj`mds wjto b p``r woa

obd b l`mtbi o`bito prahi`l (Tjl` ta kobmg` 8>>?).

To` r`s`brko caumd tobt mjm` aut ac 2>yaumg pàpi` woa

obv` b l`mtbi o`bito prahi`l r`part`d `xp`rj`mkjmg m`gbtjv`

tr`btl`mt bs b r`suit ac to`jr l`mtbi jiim`ss. Act`m, luko ac to`

djskrjljmbtjam to`y cbk` kal`s cral toas` to`y ljgot m``dta turm ta flrst jmkiudjmg crj`mds (33%), pbr`mts (04%) bmd,

soakejmgiy, t`bko`rs bmd i`ktur`rs (4:%). Jt js ki`br, to`r`car`

tobt to` bttjtud`s ac pbr`mts, p``rs bmd t`bko`rs act`m m``d ta h`

bddr`ss`d. [jljibr rbt`s w`r` r`part`d jm to` P[.

Jm Bustrbijb, skoaais obv` iamg h``m b s`ttjmg car bttjtud` bmd

hòbvjaur kobmg` tawbrds l`mtbi jiim`ss jm stud`mts. To`

Ljmd Lbtt`rs pragrbl obs h``m jm ap`rbtjam car av`r 2>y`brs

bmd, bs pbrt ac jts woai`-ac-skoaai bpprabko ta l`mtbi o`bito

pralatjam, iaaes bt stjglb r`duktjam jm b vbrj`ty ac wbys,

jmkiudjmg kurrjkuiul lbt`rjbis bs wìi bs t`bko`r `dukbtjam bmd

r`saurk`s. B sjljibr pragrbl, Ejdslbtt`r, ap`rbt`s car prjlbryskoaais.

To` `dukbtjam warecark` js bisa vuim`rbhi` ta stjglb. Am`

study caumd tobt fust 4:>prac`ssjambi bmd suppart stbcc aut

ac 8>>,3>0 `dukbtjam `lpiay``s (>.>>8%) obd r`part`d b

l`mtbi jiim`ss jm to` PE. Bs am` jm sjx Hrjtams ( 27%) `xp`rj`mk`s

sal` carl ac d`pr`ssjam ar bmxj`ty bt bmy am` tjl`, bkkardjmg

ta D`pbrtl`mt ac O`bito flgur`s, to` djskiasur` rbt`s sugg`st b

ki`br kbs` ac umd`r-r`partjmg (@qubijty Kobii`mg` Pmjt 8>28).

J susp`kt jmdjvjdubis da mat wbmt ta soaw w`bem`ss ar vuim`rbhjijty.

To`r` br` v`ry c`w akkupbtjams wo`r` pàpi` c`ì sbc` maugo ta r`partsal`tojmg h`kbus` to`r` js b stjglb bssakjbt`d wjto l`mtbi o`bito

bmd jt js ki`briy sal`tojmg w` obv` mat av`rkal` jm bkbd`ljb. ^àpi`

c`ì jt ljgot bcc`kt to`jr pralatjam kobmk`s ar to` kr`djhjijty ac to`

skj`mtjflk ware to`y da. Kbry Kaap`r, ^rac`ssar ac Argbmjsbtjambi

^sykoaiagy bmd O`bito, Ibmkbst`r Pmjv`rsjty.

4 Warepibk`

Jc salàm` bt b fah jmt`rvj`w xpibjms b twa y`br gbp jm to`jr r`sul` hy

l`mtjamjmg ko`lato`rbpy, to`y wjii ijeìy h` o`rbid`d bs b survjvar bmd

to`jr kobmk`s bt to` fah typjkbiiy wauid mat h` bcc`kt`d. Hut jc to` sbl`

p`rsam, wjto to` `xbkt sbl` qubijflkbtjams bmd lbmm`r ac jmt`rbktjmg

`xpibjms b gbp bmd l`mtjams b psykojbtrjk oaspjtbijzbtjam, tojmgs lby h`

b ijtti` djcc`r`mt.

Obvjmg b fah js lar` tobm b saurk` ac r`v`mu`. Jt oìps d`flm`

woa yau br` bs b p`rsam, pravjd`s crj`mdsojps bmd gjv`s yau

stbtus jm to` kallumjty. Bustrbijb, biamg wjto lbmy ato`r

kaumtrj`s, maw obs `lpiayl`mt `qujty i`gjsibtjam jm pibk` ta

prat`kt to` rjgots ac pàpi` wjto djsbhjijtj`s bmd ta r`lav`

hbrrj`rs ta to`jr `kamaljk pbrtjkjpbtjam. Z`t d`spjt` tojsi`gjsibtjam, djsbhi`d `lpiay``s jm g`m`rbi br` lar` ijeìy ta

h` pbjd hy to` oaur, i`ss ijeìy ta h` b l`lh`r ac b umjam,

i`ss ijeìy ta r`k`jv` h`m`flts suko bs `lpiay`r pravjd`d

o`bito jmsurbmk` bmd p`msjam pibms, bmd i`ss ijeìy ta h` jm

prac`ssjambi, t`komjkbi, ar lbmbg`rjbi fahs ([kour `t bi 8>>:).

D`spjt` to` `ccarts ac Djsbhjijty @lpiayl`mt [`rvjk`s bmd ato`r

sp`kjbijs`d bg`mkj`s, um`lpiayl`mt rbt`s r`lbjm v`ry ojgo

blamg pàpi` s`rjausiy bcc`kt`d hy l`mtbi jiim`ss.

Ibrg`-skbi` papuibtjam surv`ys obv` kamsjst`mtiy `stjlbt`d to`

um`lpiayl`mt rbt` blamg pàpi` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss ta h`

tor`` ta flv` tjl`s ojgo`r tobm to`jr mam-djsbhi`d kaumt rpbrts.To` PE Mbtjambi Ibhaur Cark` [urv`y caumd tobt to` prapartjam

ac to` bduit papuibtjam woa w`r` `lpiay`d wbs bhaut 70%5

car pàpi` wjto poysjkbi o`bito prahi`ls to` flgur` wbs bhaut

30%, y`t car pàpi` wjto lar` s`v`r` l`mtbi o`bito prahi`ls

amiy bhaut 8>% w`r` `lpiay`d. @v`m car pàpi` wjto lar`

kallam carls ac l`mtbi jiim`ss, suko bs d`pr`ssjam, amiy bhaut

obic br` kalp`tjtjvìy `lpiay`d (Acflk` car Mbtjambi [tbtjstjks

8>28). Wo`m jm `lpiayl`mt, obvjmg b l`mtbi jiim`ss lby bisa

ijljt kbr``r bdvbmk`l`mt bs `lpiay`rs br` i`ss ijeìy ta acc`r

pralatjam ([tubrt 8>>3). Jm to` P[, am` jm tor`` pàpi` wjto

l`mtbi jiim`ss r`part`d h`jmg turm`d dawm car b fah amk` to`jr

psykojbtrjk stbtus h`kbl` emawm. Jm sal` kbs`s, fah acc`rsw`r` wjtodrbwm wo`m b psykojbtrjk ojstary wbs r`v`bi`d

(Wboi 2:::).

Z`t `lpiayjmg b p`rsam woa obs b l`mtbi jiim`ss kbm h`m`flt

hato to` fah s`è`r bmd `lpiay`r. Wjto bppraprjbt` tr`btl`mt

bmd suppart, pàpi` woa obv` b l`mtbi jiim`ss kbm h` iaybi

bmd praduktjv` stbcc l`lh`rs, acc`r luko-m``d`d sejiis bmd

vbiubhi` kamtrjhutjams jm to` warepibk`. @lpiay`r bttjtud`s piby

bm jlpartbmt rai` bmd to`s` s``l ta h` jlpravjmg lad`stiy jm

Bustrbijb. X`s`brko kalljssjam`d hy WJ[@ @lpiayl`mt (8>28),

caumd tobt ac to` 804slbii bmd l`djul-sjz`d `mt`rprjs`s ([L@s)

surv`y`d6


13/36

:

c ;8% ac `lpiay`rs wauid kamsjd`r ojrjmg b p`rsam woa

obs b l`mtbi jiim`ss.

c 3?% ac `lpiay`rs woa obd `lpiay`d salàm` woa obs

b l`mtbi jiim`ss stjii da.

c 74% ac `lpiay`rs d`skrjh`d to`jr `xp`rj`mk` bs pasjtjv`.

c 40% ac bii ojrjmg lbmbg`rs obd b crj`md, cbljiy l`lh`r

ar salàm` kias` ta to`l woa obs b l`mtbi jiim`ss.

D`kjdjmg wo`to`r ar mat ta tìi `lpiay`rs bhaut b l`mtbi

jiim`ss js bisa b lbfar jssu`. Bm Bustrbijbm surv`y caumd tobt

av`r b tojrd (;?%) obd mat dam` sa. Lar` tobm obic (0;%) ac

bii r`spamd`mts obd bisa `xp`rj`mk`d stjglb bt sal` tjl` bt

ware ([BM@ Bustrbijb 8>22). To` lbjm r`bsams gjv`m car mam-

djskiasur` w`r` `lhbrrbssl`mt bmd c`br ac djskrjljmbtjam hy

`lpiay`rs ar ato`rs bt ware mat wbmtjmg ta rjse iasjmg to`jr

fah ar ta h` tr`bt`d djcc r`mtiy sjlpiy h`kbus` to`y taid salàm`

to`y obd b l`mtbi jiim`ss.

To` jmtraduktjam ac b mulh`r ac warepibk` l`mtbi o`bito

pragrbls jm Bustrbijb js mkaurbgjmg bs am` ac to`jr lbjm

ahf`ktjv`s js ta jlprav` umd`rstbmdjmg bmd r`duk` stjglb

bssakjbt`d wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss blamg `lpiay`rs, lbmbg`rs bmd

ka-ware`rs (h`yamdhiu` 8>2;5 Ljmdcui @lpiay`r 8>2;).

@lpiay``s wjto l`mtbi o`bito prahi`ls lby bisa `xp`rj`mk`

stjglb bmd djskrjljmbtjam cral ka-ware`rs amk` to`jr l`mtbi

jiim`ss h`kal`s emawm. [al` r`part h`jmg tbrg`ts car

umpi`bsbmt ar m`gbtjv` kall`mts cral warelbt`s woa obd

pr`vjausiy h``m suppartjv` bmd crj`mdiy. Obic ac to` kalp`tjtjv`

fahs bkqujr d hy pàpi` wjto b s`rjaus l`mtbi jiim ss wjii `md

umsbtjscbktarjiy bs b r`suit ac prahi`ls tobt akkur amk` to` fah js

jm pragr`ss, ibrgìy bs b r`suit ac jmt`rp`rsambi djcflkuitj`s (Kurr

8>>3).

@qubi appartumjty i`gjsibtjam jm Bustrbijb js rbrìy us`d hy pàpi`

wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss jm rìbtjam ta `lpiayl`mt, bmd wo`m jt js

us`d, to`r` br` ljx`d r`suits. [al` r`bsams woy c`w pàpi`

lbe` b kalpibjmt ac warepibk` djskrjljmbtjam jm Bustrbijb

obv` h``m jd`mtjfl`d hy [BM@ Bustrbijb (8>22). To` lbfarjty

ac r`spamd`mts ta to` surv`y am sakjbi jmkiusjam r`part`d

`xp`rj`mkjmg djskrjljmbtjam bt sal` tjl` h`kbus` to`y obv` b

l`mtbi jiim`ss (3:%). D`spjt` tojs, b sjljibr prapartjam (72%)

djd mat emaw wo`r` ta lbe` b kalpibjmt, bmd w`r` umbhi`

ta mbl` b sjmgi` oulbm rjgots bg`mky. Ac to` c`w (3%) woa

djd bpprabko b hady suko bs to` Bustrbijbm Oulbm Xjgots

Kalljssjam (BOXK), to` lbfarjty (?2%) djd mat prak``d wjto b

kalpibjmt bs to` prak`ss wbs taa kalpi`x bmd str`sscui, ar to`y

djd mat flmd to` bg`mky oìpcui.

[al` kalpibjmts obv` oaw`v`r h``m upoìd bmd, `mkaurbgjmgiy,

b kamkjijbtjam prak`ss js maw hrjmgjmg bhaut sal` pasjtjv`

autkal`s. Am` BOXK kbs` r`part kamk`rms b walbm wjto

bmxj`ty djsard`r woa kalpibjm`d tobt bppijkbtjams car

puhijk s`rvjk` pralatjam obd h``m r`f`kt`d h`kbus` so` obd

`xp`rj`mk`d bmxj`ty bttbkes. To` lbtt`r wbs r`saiv`d wo`m

to` `lpiay`r bgr``d ta bssjst o`r jm drbctjmg b m`w bppijkbtjam

car bdvbmk`l`mt5 ta pravjd` o`r wjto praf`kt ware wojko

wauid str`mgto`m o`r bppijkbtjam5 brrbmg` car bm jmd`p`md`mt

kalljtt`` ta kamsjd`r o`r bppijkbtjam5 bkk`pt to` bppijkbtjam

jc tojs wbs r`kall`md`d hy to` jmd`p`md`mt kalljtt``5 bmd

brrbmg` trbjmjmg car rì`vbmt stbcc am l`mtbi o`bito jssu`s jm to`

warepibk` (Bustrbijbm Oulbm Xjgots Kalljssjam 8>>3).

Lbmy lar` pàpi` iadg` kalpibjmts jm to` P[B5 l`mtbi

djsard`rs br` to` s`kamd last kallam hbsjs car kobrg`s ac

djskrjljmbtjam bmd warepibk` obrbssl`mt umd`r to` Bl`rjkbmswjto Djsbhjijtj`s Bkt. To` sukk`ss rbt`, oaw`v`r, js iaw. Ac 83;

djsbhjijty kbs`s hraugot ta trjbi jm 8>>4, amiy 8% ac to`

d`kjsjams cbvaur`d to` `lpiay``, 74% cbvaur`d to` `lpiay`r,

bmd 84% w`r` umr`saiv`d ([ko`jd 2:::).

0 Lbss l`djb

J wbs djbgmas`d wjto skojzapor`mjb b d`kbd` bga bmd jm ly s`brko

ta umd`rstbmd ly m`w jiim`ss, to` l`djb acc`r`d l` b se`w`d vbmtbg`

pajmt wo`r` jt bpp`br`d skojzapor`mjb wbs sjlpiy b ijk mk` car hbd

hòbvjaur. Maw, am to` jmsjd` iaaejmg aut, J r`kagmjs` wobt bm jmbkkurbt`

partrbybi tojs js, to` xk`ptjam rbto`r tobm to` rui`. Ije` lbmy ijvjmg

wjto skojzapor`mjb, J wbs b vjktjl ac vjai`mk` bmd bhus` rbto`r tobm to`

p`rp`trbtar.

Bustrbijbms br` bvjd l`djb us`rs vjb to` Jmt`rm`t bs wìi bs

tì`vjsjam, kjm`lb, vjdà, bmd prjmt. L`djb prac`ssjambis br`

jlpartbmt biij`s jm oìpjmg ta r`duk` stjglb. Kallumjty

bttjtud`s bmd apjmjams br` sobp`d hy wobt pàpi` kamsul` jm

to` l`djb (jmkiudjmg bdv`rtjsjmg). To` l`djb js bisa b prjlbry

saurk` ac emawi`dg` bhaut l`mtbi jiim`ss.

To` ibmgubg` us`d bmd jlbg`s trbdjtjambiiy pr`s`mt`d, oaw`v`r,

br` act`m jmbkkurbt`, s`msbtjambi, umhbibmk`d bmd st`ràtypjkbi.To`s` stjglbtjsjmg r`pr`s`mtbtjams obv` b r`bi bmd pracaumd

`cc`kt am pàpi` ijvjmg wjto b l`mtbi jiim`ss, kbusjmg gr`bt

djstr`ss bmd djstartjmg kallumjty bttjtud`s. Sjai`mt ar djsturh`d

hòbvjaurs br` taa act`m ijme`d `xkiusjvìy ta l`mtbi jiim`ss.

B r`k`mt study caumd tobt m`w starj`s bhaut lbss soaatjmgs

jmvaivjmg b soaat`r wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss o`jgot`m r`bd`rs m`gbtjv`

bttjtud`s tawbrd p`rsams wjto s`rjaus l`mtbi jiim`ss jm g`m`rbi

(LkGjmty t bi 8>2;).

Wo`m`v`r J s`` b lbss lurd`r r`part`d jm to` l`djb ly flrst toaugot js

ta lbe` b sji`mt prby`r6 pi`bs` damt i`t to` p`rsam obv` b l`mtbi jiim`ss.

Jl sjke bmd tjr`d ac ijvjmg wjto to` sobl` ac to` ibhì J kbrry wjto lìje` to` lbre ac Kbjm am ly carò`bd.

Kojidr`m br` pbrtjkuibriy `xpas`d ta to`s` l`ssbg`s. Car

`xblpi`, b PE study wojko sblpi`d am` w`è ac kojidr`ms

tì`vjsjam, caumd tobt bilast obic (43%) ac 28?pragrbls

kamtbjm`d am` ar lar` r`c`r`mk`s ta l`mtbi jiim`ss. T`rls suko

bs krbzy, lbd bmd iasjmg yaur ljmd w`r` kallamiy us`d ta

d`mat` iasjmg kamtrai. [jx kobrbkt`rs w`r` jd`mtjfl`d bs h`jmg

kamsjst`mtiy partrby`d bs l`mtbiiy jii. To`s` w`r` bilast tatbiiy

d`vajd ac pasjtjv` kobrbkt`rjstjks. Wjisam `t bi 8>>>).

^àpi` ijvjmg wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss br` bkutìy bwbr` ac to`

jmu`mk` ac to` l`djb am kallumjty bttjtud`s bs b woai`.

B surv`y ac ;07Bustrbijbms wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss caumd tobt


14/36

2>

r`spamd`mts w`r` aptjljstjk tobt stjglb kauid h` r`duk`d bmd

r`gbrd`d tbkeijmg stjglb jm to` l`djb bs bm urg`mt m``d ([BM@

Bustrbijb 8>>7).

Jm r`k`mt y`brs to`r` obv` h``m jlprav`l`mts jm Bustrbijbm

l`djb r`pr`s`mtbtjam ac l`mtbi jiim`ss. W` stjii obv` b iamg wby

ta ga, oaw`v`r. B Pmjv`rsjty ac Lìhaurm` study pr`pbr`d car to`

Ljmdcrbl` L`djb Jmjtjbtjv`, kamkiud`d tobt to`r` js b t`md`mkycar m`ws l`djb ta pr`s`mt l`mtbi jiim`ss`s jm b wby tobt

pralat`s stjglb (car `xblpi`, hy kambtjmg jt wjto vjai`mk` bmd

krjl`) ar p`rp`tubt`s lytos bhaut l`mtbi jiim`ss (car `xblpi`,

hy pr`s`mtjmg jmcarlbtjam tobt js jmbkkurbt` bhaut tr`btl`mt bmd

pragmasjs). Tojs study bisa caumd djcc`r`mk`s d`p`mdjmg am to`

typ` ac djsard`r pr`s`mt`d.

Pmdjcc`r`mtjbt`d l`mtbi djsard`rs (wo`r` to` jiim`ss ar

jiim`ss`s js mat sp`kjfl`d) bmd skojzapor`mjb bpp`br`d ta

r`k`jv` to` paar`st tr`btl`mt jm to` l`djb. M`ws starj`s

kjtjmg skojzapor`mjb av`r b 28-lamto p`rjad w`r` kad`d car

to` pr`s`mk` ac stjglbtjsjmg kav`rbg` bmd car stary bttrjhut`stobt ljgot kamtrjhut` ta jt. Sjai`mk` c`btur`d jm 47% ac starj`s

bmd 43% w`r` fudg`d ta h` stjglbtjsjmg. ^àpi` jd`mtjfl`d bs

skojzapor`mjk w`r` av`rwoìljmgiy r`part`d bs lbi` bmd bs

p`rp`trbtars rbto`r tobm vjktjls ac vjai`mk`. Bmbiysjs jmdjkbt`d

tobt lar` stjglbtjsjmg starj`s t`md`d ta bpp`br jm tbhiajd

saurk`s, ta r`c`r ta car`jgm `v`mts bmd suhstbmk` us`, bmd ta

r`pr`s`mt pàpi` djbgmas`d wjto skojzapor`mjb bs yaumg bmd

lbi`. To`r` js, m`v`rtoì`ss, sal` `vjd`mk` tobt r`partjmg

prbktjk`s obv` jlprav`d av`r tjl`. (^jrejs bmd Crbmkjs 8>28).

Bmbiysjs ac r`parts ta [BM@ Bustrbijbs [tjglbWbtko pragrbl

suppart to`s` flmdjmgs, wjto skojzapor`mjb act`m r`pr`s`mt`djm bm jmbkkurbt`, s`msbtjambijs`d wby, bmd bssakjbt`d wjto

vjai`mk`. D`pr`ssjam js cbr lar` ijeìy ta h` r`part`d r`spamsjhiy

bmd pasjtjvìy, woji` ato`r kamdjtjams r`k`jv` ijtti` kav`rbg`

([BM@ Bustrbijb 8>2>).

B study kamdukt`d car to` [kattjso bmtj-stjglb kblpbjgm,

[ojct, caumd tobt l`djb r`pr`s`mtbtjams ac l`mtbi jiim`ss w`r`

stramgiy bssakjbt`d wjto vjai`mk` bmd dbmg`r ([ojct 8>2>). Ac

74pragrbls wjto staryijm`s am l`mtbi o`bito jssu`s, to`r` w`r`

jmstbmk`s ac6

c vjai`mk` ta ato`rs ;;

c ato`r typ`s ac obrl 4?

c sìc-obrl 0;

c sylpbto tjk partrbybi ;;

Jt js bisa h`jmg r`kagmjs`d tobt to` l`djb kbm piby b pasjtjv`

rai` jm r`bkojmg aut ta lbmy djcc`r`mt budj`mk`s ta jlprav`

bttjtud`s bmd pralat` l`mtbi o`bito ijt`rbky. Lbss l`djb

stjglb r`duktjam kblpbjgms, w`h-hbs`d l`mtbi o`bito ijt`rbky

pragrbls bmd dakul`mtbry flils obv` bii kamtrjhut`d ta oìpjmg

r`duk` stjglb bmd djskrjljmbtjam, bmd pralat` kallumjty

umd`rstbmdjmg bmd bkk`ptbmk`. Tojs js pbrtjkuibriy to` kbs`

jc to`y jmkiud` p`rsambijs`d starj`s (bs appas`d ta `dukbtjambiam`).

Jrr`spamsjhi` l`djb r`partjmg ac sujkjd` obs h``m soawm

ta trjgg`r sujkjdbi hòbvjaur, hut to` jmu`mk` ac sujkjd`

r`partjmg lby mat h` r`strjkt`d ta obrlcui `cc`kts5 kav`rbg` ac

pasjtjv` kapjmg jm bdv`rs` kjrkulstbmk`s, suko bs jt`ls bhaut

kapjmg wjto sujkjdbi jd`btjam, lby obv` prat`ktjv` `cc`kts.

(Mj`d`rerat`mtobi`r, T `t bi 8>2>).

3 Gav`rml`mt

Cumdjmg

To` i`vì ac cumdjmg pravjd`d car l`mtbi o`bito djr`ktiy bcc`kts

to` bvbjibhjijty bmd qubijty ac s`rvjk`s tobt br` bvbjibhi` ta

pravjd` tr`btl`mt bmd suppart car pàpi` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss.

Bs wìi bs jlpravjmg autkal`s bmd qubijty ac ijc`, `cc`ktjv`

tr`btl`mt car l`mtbi jiim`ss js bisa jlpartbmt ta r`duk` stjglb

bssakjbt`d wjto sylptals ac jiim`ss.

âijky-lbe`rs obv` um`mvjbhi` d`kjsjams ta lbe` bhaut wo`r`

ijljt`d r`saurk`s br` biiakbt`d. To`jr bttjtud`s br` ijeìy tabcc`kt to`s` d`kjsjams, biamg wjto gav`rml`mt prjarjtj`s bmd

p`rk`ptjams ac wobt vat`rs wbmt. Jmt`rmbtjambiiy, l`mtbi jiim`ss

js rbrìy s``m bs b ojgo prjarjty, sa jt js wìkal` tobt r`k`mt

gav`rml`mts jm Bustrbijb obv` biiakbt`d sal` bddjtjambi cumdjmg

jm tojs br`b. To` H`tt`r Bkk`ss bmd ^`rsambi Oìp`rs bmd

L`mtars pragrbls, o`bdspbk`, bmd `briy jmt`rv`mtjam k`mtr`s br`

bii wìkal` jmjtjbtjv`s.

To` 8>28X`part Kbrdcral to` Mbtjambi L`mtbi O`bito

Kalljssjam kamkiud`s to`r` js ijtti` ar ma bkkaumtbhjijty car

to` $3.;hjiijam Bustrbijb sp`mds am l`mtbi o`bito bmmubiiy.

To` r`part bisa mat`s tobt l`mtbi o`bito sp`mdjmg obs jmkr`bs`dhy 4.0% p`r bmmul h`tw``m 8>>0->3bmd 8>>:-2>. Jm b

r`spams` ta to` X`part Kbrd, oaw`v`r, jt wbs mat`d tobt av`rbii

o`bito `xp`mdjtur` obs jmkr`bs`d hy braumd ?.0% p`r bmmul

av`r to` sbl` p`rjad, l`bmjmg tobt l`mtbi o`bitos sobr` ac to`

o`bito hudg`t js sorjmejmg mat grawjmg (Xas`mh`rg 8>28).

Cumdjmg jm`qujtj`s h`tw``m poysjkbi bmd l`mtbi jiim`ss`s br`

jmt`rmbtjambi. B PE r`part, Oaw L`mtbi Jiim ss Ias`s Aut jm to`

MO[, caumd tobt b djsprapartjambt iy slbii blaumt ac cumdjmg

wbs biiakbt`d ta tr`btl`mt ac l`mtbi jiim`ss kalpbr`d wjto

poysjkbi jiim`ss. D`spjt` bkkaumtjmg car 8;% ac to` tatbi hurd`m

ac djs`bs` bmd to` `xjst`mk` ac kast-`cc`ktjv` tr`btl`mts, l`mtbijiim`ss r`k`jv`s amiy 2;% ac MO[ o`bito `xp`mdjtur` (I[@ 8>28).

To` umd`r-tr`btl`mt ac pàpi` s`v`rìy bcc`kt`d hy l`mtbi

jiim`ss`s js b gibrjmg kbs` ac o`bito jm`qubijty.

I`gjsibtjam

Jm last pbrts ac Bustrbijb jt js umibwcui umd`r bmtj-djskrjljmbtjam

i`gjsibtjam ta vjijcy pàpi` am to` graumds ac rbk`, rìjgjam,

s`xubijty ar g`md`r jd`mtjty. Oaw`v`r umd`r kurr`mt Bustrbijbm

i`gjsibtjam (bpbrt cral Tbslbmjb), pàpi` wjto b l`mtbi jiim`ss

ar ato`r djsbhjijty da mat `mfay tojs prat`ktjam.


15/36

22

Jmsurbmk` jmdustry

To` Djsbhjijty Djskrjljmbtjam Bkt 2::8pravjd`s bm `xk`ptjam

car jmsurbmk` kalpbmj`s ta djskrjljmbt` bgbjmst pàpi` wjto

l`mtbi jiim`ss ar ato`r djsbhjijty am to` graumds ac bktubrjbi

ar stbtjstjkbi dbtb ar wo`r` jt js r`bsambhi`, obvjmg r`gbrd ta

ato`r rì`vbmt cbktars. To`r` br` r`bsams ta hìj`v` tojs i`gbi

`xk`ptjam js h`jmg `xpiajt`d oaw`v`r. X`s`brko kamdukt`d hy

h`yamdhiu` bmd to` L`mtbi O`bito Kaumkji ac Bustrbijb (LOKB)bmd obs caumd tobt pàpi` wjto b l`mtbi jiim`ss br` r`guibriy

djskrjljmbt`d bgbjmst umr`bsambhiy wo`m to`y bppiy car

jmsurbmk`.

To`jr r`part (h`yamdhiu` bmd LOKB 8>22) d`skrjh`s lbmy

djsturhjmg kbs`s ac umcbjr tr`btl`mt hy jmsur`rs, woa act`m

r`f`kt pàpi` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss wo`m to`y try ta purkobs` ijc`

jmsurbmk`, jmkal` prat`ktjam jmsurbmk`, tatbi bmd p`rlbm`mt

djsbhjijty jmsurbmk`, ar trbvì jmsurbmk`. Kibjls bssakjbt`d wjto

l`mtbi jiim`ss br` act`m `xpijkjtiy `xkiud`d jm lbmy jmsurbmk`

paijkj`s.

Jmsur`rs damt s``l ta pass`ss `v`m b hbsjk emawi`dg` ac

l`mtbi o`bito jssu`s, kall`mts Crbme Rujmibm K@A ac to`

L`mtbi O`bito Kaumkji jm to` r`part. Fust s``jmg b kaumsìiar

js bppbr`mtiy r`gbrd`d hy jmsurbmk` kalpbmj`s bs b lbfar

rjse `v`m jc salàm` obs m`v`r h``m djbgmas`d wjto b l`mtbi

jiim`ss.

7 [ìc-stjglb

[ìc-stjglb js b hurd`m. Ly l`mtbi jiim`ss djbgmasjs bmd tr`btl`mt i`ct l`

wjto b v`ry djcflkuit c`ìjmg ac cbjiur`.Fust h`kbus` salàm` obs b l`mtbi jiim ss da`smt l`bm to y

damt sobr` kallam kallumjty bttjtud`s ta l`mtbi jiim`ss.

[ìc-stjglb kbm h` to` last obrlcui carl ac stjglb. Wo`m

salàm` sìc-stjglbtjs`s, to`y tbe` am m`gbtjv` bmd jmbkkurbt`

st`ràtyp`s bmd bkk`pt tobt pàpi` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss br` ac

i`ss vbiu` ta sakj`ty ar ta to`lsìv`s. To` c`br ac h`jmg r`f`kt`d

kbm to`m stap salàm` cral gajmg aut, sakjbijsjmg, iaaejmg car b

fah, ar tbejmg pbrt jm to`jr iakbi kallumjty.

^àpi` to`m stbrt ta s`` wobt to`y hìj`v` to`jr p`rk`ptjam

h`kal`s r`bijty jm b v`ry vjkjaus kyki`. Gacclbm kall`mts

tobt to` djcc`r`mk` h`tw``m b stjglbtjs`d p`rsam bmd salàm`woa jsmt js b qu`stjam ac p`rsp`ktjv`, mat r`bijty. [tjglb (ije`

h`buty) kbm h` jm to` `y` ac to` hòaid`r (Gacclbm, @ 2:3;).

[ìc-stjglb js kallam. Bm jmt`rmbtjambi study ac 7;8pàpi`

ijvjmg wjto skojzapor`mjb caumd tobt av`r am` tojrd bmtjkjpbt`d

djskrjljmbtjam jm fah-s`èjmg. Bmato`r 24-kaumtry study ac

pàpi` wjto skojzapor`mjb woa w`r` l`lh`rs ac l`mtbi o`bito

argbmjsbtjams caumd tobt bilast obic (48%) r`part`d lad`rbt`

ar ojgo i`vìs ac sìc-stjglb. Bilast 7>% r`part`d lad`rbt` ta

ojgo i`vìs ac p`rk`jv`d djskrjljmbtjam bmd tojs wbs sjgmjflkbmtiy

bssakjbt`d wjto ojgo`r r`part`d sìc-stjglb (Hraobm `t bi 8>2>).

[ìc-stjglb kbus`s obrl. Lbmy studj`s obv` soawm tobt pàpi`

wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss woa sìc-stjglbtjs` br` lar` jsaibt`d,

bij`mbt`d, bmd sakjbiiy wjtodrbwm tobm toas` woa br` mat sìc-

stjglbtjsjmg. [akjbi jsaibtjam act`m jmvaiv`s wjtodrbwbi cral,

bmd prahi`ls wjto, crj`mds bmd cbljiy. Jt bisa jmkiud`s bvajdjmg

`lpiayl`mt-s`èjmg car c`br ac r`f`ktjam bmd cbjiur`. Obvjmg

c`w`r sakjbi suppart m`twares to`m l`bms tobt pàpi` woa

sìc- stjglbtjs` br` i`ss ijeìy tobm ato`rs ta r`k`jv` suppart fustwo`m to`y m``d jt.

Bct`r h`jmg taid wobt yau obv`, yau h`gjm ta c`ì sobl`, c`br, kamcusjam.

Zau obv` b s`ms` ac iass. Zau damt emaw oaw tojs js gajmg ta jlpbkt am

yaur ijc`, bcrbjd ato`r pàpi ljgot flmd aut. Zau stbrt ta jsaibt` yaursìc

cral ato`rs bmd `v`mtubiiy cral sakj`ty.

Bmato`r kams`qu`mk` car pàpi` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss bmd sìc-

stjglb js tobt to`y br` i`ss ijeìy ta s`è tr`btl`mt car sylptals

tobm br` pàpi` wjtoaut sìc-stjglb, i`ss ijeìy ta kaap`rbt` wjto

tr`btl`mt, br` lar` ijeìy ta obv` wars`mjmg ac sylptals bmd

obv` prahi`ls wjto r`kav`ry (^`t`rsam `t bi 8>>?).X`s`brko am sìc-stjglb jm to` P[ caumd tobt stjglb braus`d

stramg `latjams, rbmgjmg cral ourt ta bmg`r, wojko pàpi`

sìdal vajk`d car c`br to`y wauid h` jgmar`d ar tobt jt wauid

h` tbe`m bs `vjd`mk` ac l`mtbi jmstbhjijty. To` lbfarjty (72%)

r`part`d mat djskiasjmg l`mtbi jiim`ss am fah bppijkbtjams car

c`br ac djskrjljmbtjam. Tojs act`m i`ct pàpi` c`ìjmg warrj`d jm

kbs` to`y w`r` caumd aut. Tojs bddjtjambi c`br bmd bmxj`ty kbm

to`m wars`m `xjstjmg jiim`ss bmd siaw r`kav`ry (Wboi 2:::).

Mat `v`ryam` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss `xp`rj`mk`s sìc-stjglb.

H`jmg lbi`, aid`r, obvjmg i`ss `dukbtjam, h`jmg harm av`rs`bs,

bmd paar`r emawi`dg` bhaut d`pr`ssjam br` bii jmd`p`md`mtiybssakjbt`d wjto gr`bt`r p`rsambi d`pr`ssjam stjglb (Grjcfltos `t

bi 8>>?).

To` ibmdlbre M`w V`bibmd r`part am sìc-stjglb,

Cjgotjmg [obdaws (^`t`rsam `t bi 8>>?), jd`mtjfl`d `jgot

r`kall`mdbtjams ta djsrupt to` kyki` ac stjglb bmd

djskrjljmbtjam bt b kallumjty bs wìi bs p`rsambi i`vì6

c r`kagmjs` to` kamtrjhutjam ac Upàpi` wjto\ l`mtbi

jiim`ss bmd cast`r i`bd`rsojp

c kì`hrbt` bmd bkk`pt djcc`r`mk`

c bcflrl oulbm rjgots

c `mkaurbg` djskiasur`

c `mkaurbg` r`kav`ry-arj`mt`d prbktjk`s

c `mkaurbg` lpaw`rl`mt

c suppart p``r suppart s`rvjk`s

c kobii`mg` bttjtud`s bmd hòbvjaur.


16/36

[tjglb bmd

paijky


17/36

2;

Bustrbijb

Bustrbijb obs iamg r`kagmjs`d to` jlpartbmk` ac stjglb

r`duktjam, bmd tojs js bkemawi`dg`d jm lbmy gav`rml`mt

pibms bmd strbt`gj`s. Kbrryjmg to`s` gaad jmt`mtjams toraugo

jmta prbktjk` obs h``m b kobii`mg` oaw`v`r.

Am` ac to` caur bjls ac to`Mbtjambi L`mtbi O`bito âijky js ta

r`duk` to` jlpbkt ac l`mtbi o`bito prahi`ls bmd l`mtbi

jiim`ss, jmkiudjmg to` `cc`kts ac stjglb am jmdjvjdubis, cbljij`s

bmd to` kallumjty (Kallamw`bito ac Bustrbijb 8>>?).

To` Caurto Mbtjambi L`mtbi O`bito îbmijsts [akjbi jmkiusjam bmd

r`kav`ry bs b prjarjty, wjto b lbjm bktjam br`b ta jlprav`

kallumjty bmd s`rvjk` umd`rstbmdjmg bmd bttjtud`s toraugo

b sustbjm`d bmd kalprò`msjv` mbtjambi stjglb r`duktjam

strbt`gy (Kallamw`bito ac Bustrbijb 8>>:).

To` m``d car amgajmg stjglb r`duktjam kblpbjgm ware wbscurto`r lpobsjs`d jm Ware Wbmt`d6 L`mtbi O`bito bmd Warecark`

^brtjkjpbtjam, b r`part ac to` Oaus` ac X`pr`s`mtbtjv`s [tbmdjmg

Kalljtt`` am @dukbtjam bmd @lpiayl`mt (Kallamw`bito ac

Bustrbijb, 8>28). B prjmkjpi` r`kall`mdbtjam ac to` r`part wbs

tobt to` Bustrbijbm gav`rml`mt kaardjmbt` b kalprò`msjv`

bmd luitj-cbk`t`d mbtjambi `dukbtjam kblpbjgm ta tbrg`t

stjglb bmd r`duk` djskrjljmbtjam bgbjmst pàpi` wjto b l`mtbi

jiim`ss jm Bustrbijbm skoaais, warepibk`s bmd kallumjtj`s.

Jt kamkiud`d tobt to` kblpbjgm soauid6

c jmkiud` jmvaiv`l`mt cral to` puhijk, prjvbt` bmd

kallumjty s`ktars, `dukbtjambi jmstjtutjams, `lpiay`rsbmd b rbmg` ac ato`r stbeòaid`rs, jmkiudjmg jmdjvjdubis

wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss`s, cbljij`s bmd kbr`rs, bmd

c kalpi`l`mt xjstjmg gav`rml`mt-cumd`d dukbtjam

bmd bwbr`m`ss kblpbjgms am d`pr`ssjam bmd laad

djsard`rs, wjto bm jmkiusjam ac psykoatjk jiim`ss`s.

Bustrbijbs flrst r`part kbrd am l`mtbi o`bito, B Kamtrjhutjmg

Ijc`, bisa mat`d stjglb r`duktjam bs b e`y prjarjty car bktjam

(Mbtjambi L`mtbi O`bito Kalljssjam 8>28)6

To` rai` ac stjglb ar djskrjljmbtjam `xp`rj`mk`d ar p`rk`jv`d hy pàpi`

ijvjmg wjto b l`mtbi o`bito djcflkuity jm tryjmg ta bkk`ss s`rvjk`s ar

wo`m usjmg s`rvjk`s, bisa obs bm jlpbkt upam oaw to`y kamm`kt wjto

to` s`rvjk`s to`y m``d bmd to`r`car` upam to` appartumjtj`s car to`jr

r`kav`ry.

To`r` js bisa b d`lamstrbhi` jlpbkt cral l`mtbi o`bito-hbs`d

djskrjljmbtjam. To`s` br` jssu`s ac sìc-stjglb bmd djskrjljmbtjam

`xp`rj`mk`d cral b p`rsams kallumjty bmd o`bito prac`ssjambis, wojko

bcc`kt b wjiijmgm`ss ta s`è o`bito suppart.

Jmkr`bsjmg bkk`ss ta suppart car d`pr`ssjam obs h``m soawm ta r`duk`

sujkjd`s bmd tojs lust h` b prjlbry cakus ac aur `ccarts hy `msurjmg kbr`

js bvbjibhi` hy h`tt`r umd`rstbmdjmg oaw ta r`lav` hbrrj`rs bmd r`duk`

to` stjglb bmd djskrjljmbtjam tobt pr`v`mts pàpi` cral s`èjmg oìp.

To` Kalljssjams carwbrd ware pragrbl jmkiud`s `xbljmjmg

oaw Bustrbijbms r`biiy tojme bmd c`ì bhaut l`mtbi o`bito,

l`mtbi jiim`ss bmd sujkjd`, jmkiudjmg stjglb bmd djskrjljmbtjam.

M`w V`bibmd

To`r` obs h``m stramg kalljtl`mt ta l`mtbi o`bito jm M`w

V`bibmd, jmkiudjmg cumdjmg ta r`dukjmg stjglb. T` Tbouou

Jlpravjmg L`mtbi O`bito8>>0-8>20(Ljmjstry ac O`bito 8>>0),

M`w V`bibmds l`mtbi o`bito bmd bddjktjam pibm, stbt`s tobt6

c l`mtbi o`bito bmd bddjktjam prahi`ls, suko bs

d`pr`ssjam, bmxj`ty djsard`rs, bmd suhstbmk` ljsus`

kbm r`duk` bm jmdjvjdubis s`ms` ac hìamgjmg bmd

pbrtjkjpbtjam jm sakj`ty5

c stjglb bmd djskrjljmbtjam kbm h` hato b kams`qu`mk`

bmd b kbus` ac sakjbi `xkiusjam, bmd b lbfar hbrrj`r ta

sukk`sscui pbrtjkjpbtjam jm sakj`ty car `xkiud`d graups

bmd jmdjvjdubis5 bmd tobt rjse cbktars bmd pralatjmg

prat`ktjv` cbktars tobt str`mgto`m kallumjtj`s suko

bs mobmk`d kuiturbi bwbr`m`ss, s`msjtjvjty, bmd

pralatjmg bkk`ss ta to` r`saurk`s ac lbjmstr`blsakj`ty ta `mkaurbg` cuii pbrtjkjpbtjam jm sakj`ty br`

jlpartbmt car l`mtbi o`bito.

B ijc` wjtoaut stjglb ;

[tjglb bmd paijky

L`mtbi o`bito paijkj`s jm Bustrbijb bmd kalpbrbhi` kaumtrj`s obv` bkemawi`dg`d to` m``d tatbkei` stjglb, hut to` kobii`mg` r`lbjms ta trbmsibt` to`s` paijkj`s jmta `cc`ktjv` bktjam.


18/36

24

Kbmbdb

Bs b kams`qu`mk` ac b ibmdlbre r`part cral to` Kbmbdjbm

[`mbt`, Aut ac to` [obdaws bt Ibst6 Trbmscarljmg L`mtbi O`bito,

L`mtbi Jiim`ss bmd Bddjktjam [`rvjk`s jm Kbmbdb(Gav`rml`mt ac

Kbmbdb 8>>?), to` c`d`rbi gav`rml`mt pravjd`d cumdjmg car

bm jmd`p`md`mt l`mtbi o`bito kalljssjam wjto b lbmdbt` ta

d`vìap b mbtjambi l`mtbi o`bito strbt`gy, b2>

-y`br bmtj-stjglb strbt`gy bmd b emawi`dg` `xkobmg` k`mtr`. I`bd`rs bmd

argbmjsbtjams cral bkrass to` kaumtry br` hraugot tag`to`r ta

bkkì`rbt` to`s` kobmg`s. Jm 8>>:to` Kalljssjam ibumko`d

Ap`mjmg Ljmds, to` ibrg`st syst`lbtjk `ccart ta r`duk` to` stjglb

ac l`mtbi jiim`ss jm Kbmbdjbm ojstary.

Pmjt`d Ejmgdal

To` Hrjtjso gav`rml`mt dakul`mt Ma O`bito wjtoaut L`mtbi

O`bito6 b krass-gav`rml`mt l`mtbi o`bito autkal`s strbt`gy car pàpi`

ac bii bg`s, obs sjx sobr`d ahf`ktjv`s ta jlprav` l`mtbi o`bito

autkal`s car jmdjvjdubis bmd to` papuibtjam bs b woai`.

Am` ahf`ktjv` js tobt c`w`r pàpi` wjii `xp`rj`mk` stjglb

bmd djskrjljmbtjam (D`pbrtl`mt ac O`bito 8>22). B ki`br

kalljtl`mt js lbd` ta kobii`mg` stjglb hy suppartjmg bmd

warejmg bktjvìy wjto to` Tjl` ta Kobmg`pragrbl bmd ato`rs.

To` Tjl` ta Kobmg`kblpbjgm js b kalprò`msjv` bmtj-stjglb

kblpbjgm rum hy l`mtbi o`bito kobrjtj`s, Ljmd bmd X`tojme

L`mtbi Jiim`ss. Tojs js to` hjgg`st btt`lpt y`t jm to` kaumtry

ta `md to` djskrjljmbtjam tobt surraumds l`mtbi o`bito. To`

flrst pobs` rbm cral 8>>7-8>22wjto cumdjmg cral to` Hjg

Iatt`ry Cumd bmd Kaljk Xìj`c. To` s`kamd pobs`, cumd`d hy

to` D`pbrtl`mt ac O`bito, wjii rum umtji Lbrko 8>20(Tjl` ta

Kobmg` 8>2;).

[katibmd i`d to` wby jm to` PE wo`m jt ibumko`d to` kblpbjgm

s`` l`jm 8>>8. @stbhijso`d ta `md stjglb bmd djskrjljmbtjam

bgbjmst pàpi` xp`rj`mkjmg l`mtbi o`bito prahi`ls, s`` l`

js cuiiy cumd`d hy to` [kattjso Gav`rml`mt bmd kamdukt`d hy

bm biijbmk` ac flv` l`mtbi o`bito argbmjsbtjams. To` L`mtbi

O`bito [trbt`gy car [katibmd 8>28-20 jmkiud`s bs am` ac jts s`v`m

to`l`s, @xt`mdjmg to` bmtj-stjglb bg`mdb ta jmkiud` curto`r

ware am djskrjljmbtjam. Jt lbe`s b kalljtl`mt ta ware wjto

to` lbmbg`l`mt graup ac s`` l`bmd to` [kattjso Bssakjbtjam

car L`mtbi O`bito . . . bmd ato`r pbrtm`rs ta d`vìap to`

strbt`gjk djr`ktjam car s`` l`car to` p`rjad cral 8>2;amwbrds.

([kattjso Gav`rml`mt 8>28)

Pmjt`d [tbt`s ac Bl`rjkb

Jm 8>>7b puhijk bwbr`m`ss bdv`rtjsjmg kblpbjgm, Wobt b

Djcc`r`mk` b Crj`md Lbe`swbs ibumko`d hy to` [uhstbmk` Bhus`

bmd L`mtbi O`bito [`rvjk`s Bdljmjstrbtjam jm pbrtm`rsojp

wjto to` Bd Kaumkji. Tojs wbs d`sjgm`d ta d`kr`bs` m`gbtjv`

bttjtud`s ta l`mtbi jiim`ss bmd `mkaurbg` yaumg pàpi`

ta suppart crj`mds woa obv` b l`mtbi o`bito prahi`l.Tojs kblpbjgm js ma iamg`r bktjv`, bmd to`r` js ma kurr`mt

kalprò`msjv` mbtjambi kblpbjgm jm to` P[.

Caiiawjmg r`k`mt trbgjk skoaai soaatjmgs, ^r`sjd`mt Ahblb

jssu`d b djr`ktjv` ta ibumko b mbtjambi kamv`rsbtjam ta

jmkr`bs` umd`rstbmdjmg bhaut l`mtbi o`bito. [tr`ssjmg tobt

to` vbst lbfarjty ac pàpi` wjto l`mtbi o`bito kamdjtjams

br` mat vjai`mt, to` ^r`sjd`mt kalljtt`d ojs Bdljmjstrbtjam

ta kaardjmbtjmg bktjam ta r`duk` stjglb bmd `mkaurbg`

`briy jmt`rv`mtjam. Bs pbrt ac tojs jmjtjbtjv`, b Wojt` Oaus`

kamc`r`mk` am l`mtbi o`bito wbs oìd jm Fum` 8>2;, ta wojko

[BM@ Bustrbijb K@A, Fbke O`bto, wbs jmvjt`d ta kamtrjhut`.


19/36

20


20/36

Wobt js h`jmg

dam`1


21/36

27

Bustrbijb

Ljmdcrbl` Mbtjambi L`djb Jmjtjbtjv

Ljmdcrbl` `mkaurbg`s r`spamsjhi`, bkkurbt` bmd s`msjtjv`

r`pr`s`mtbtjam ac l`mtbi jiim`ss bmd sujkjd` jm to` Bustrbijbm

lbss l`djb. To` jmjtjbtjv` jmvaiv`s hujidjmg b kaiibharbtjv`

rìbtjamsojp wjto to` l`djb bmd ato`r s`ktars tobt jmu`mk`

to` l`djb (suko bs e`y saurk`s car m`ws starj`s) bmd js cumd`d

hy to` Bustrbijbm Gav`rml`mt, Mbtjambi [ujkjd` ^r`v`mtjam

^ragrbl.

To` Ljmdcrbl` @dukbtjam bmd Trbjmjmg pragrbljs lbmbg`d hy to`

Oumt`r Jmstjtut` ac L`mtbi O`bito, bmd wares wjto to` caiiawjmg

s`ktars6

c M`ws l`djbc L`mtbi o`bito bmd sujkjd` pr`v`mtjam s`ktar

c Pmjv`rsjtj`s

c Bustrbijbm flil, tì`vjsjam, bmd to`btr`

c âijk`.

Ljmdcrbl` pravjd`s bkk`ss ta up-ta-dbt`, `vjd`mk`-hbs`d

jmcarlbtjam ta suppart to` r`partjmg, partrbybi bmd

kallumjkbtjam bhaut sujkjd` bmd l`mtbi jiim`ss.

To` [BM@ L`djb K`mtr`js lbmbg`d hy [BM@ Bustrbijb, bmd

pravjd`s to` l`djb bmd to` l`mtbi o`bito s`ktar wjto dby-ta-dby

gujdbmk` bhaut r`partjmg bmd partrbybi ac l`mtbi jiim`ss bmdsujkjd`-rìbt`d jssu`s. To` [BM@ L`djb K`mtr` bkoj`v`s tojs hy

pravjdjmg b am`-stap s`rvjk` ac jmcarlbtjam, `xp`rt kall`mt,

bdvjk` bmd r`c`rrbi.

To` [tjglbWbtko pragrbl, bm jmt`grbi pbrt ac to` [BM@ L`djb

K`mtr`, vajk`s kallumjty c``dhbke bhaut r`pr`s`mtbtjams wjtojm

to` l`djb tobt stjglbtjs` l`mtbi jiim`ss ar jmbdv`rt`mtiy pralat`

sìc-obrl bmd sujkjd`. [tjglbWbtko bisa pravjd`s pasjtjv`

c``dhbke ta to` l`djb bhaut bkkurbt` bmd r`spamsjhi` partrbybis

ac l`mtbi jiim`ss bmd sujkjd` wojko oìp hr`be dawm stjglb bmd

jmkr`bs` umd`rstbmdjmg ac l`mtbi jiim`ss.

To` L`djb Lamjtarjmg praf`ktjmvaiv`s twa ibrg`-skbi` l`djb

lamjtarjmg praf`kts kamdukt`d hy to` Pmjv`rsjty ac Lìhaurm`

bmd to` Pmjv`rsjty ac Kbmh`rrb. To`s` obv` soawm tobt wo`mkalpbr`d ta r`partjmg jm to` 8>>>-8>>2p`rjad, r`partjmg

jm 8>>3-8>>7soaw`d kamsjd`rbhi` jlprav`l`mt. Bkrass

bii l`djb, hato sujkjd` bmd l`mtbi o`bito jt`ls jmkr`bs`d jm

vaiul`, wjto bppraxjlbtìy b twa-bmd-b-obic-caid jmkr`bs` ac

r`spamsjhi` r`parts, jmkr`bsjmg cral 07%ta 70% (^jrejs `t bi

8>>?).

h`yamdhiu`

To` mbtjambi d`pr`ssjam bmd bmxj`ty jmjtjbtjv` h`yamdhiu`, js

bm jmd`p`md`mt, mat-car-praflt argbmjsbtjam warejmg ta jmkr`bs`

bwbr`m`ss bmd umd`rstbmdjmg ac to`s` kamdjtjams jm Bustrbijbbmd ta r`duk` to` bssakjbt`d stjglb. @stbhijso`d jm 8>>>,

h`yamdhiu` js bm jmjtjbtjv` ac to` C`d`rbi, [tbt` bmd T`rrjtary

gav`rml`mts, bisa suppart`d hy to` g`m`rasjty ac jmdjvjdubis,

karparbt` Bustrbijb bmd Lav`lh`r. X`dukjmg stjglb bmd

djskrjljmbtjam js b e`y bjl ac h`yamdhiu`. [p`kjflk ahf`ktjv`s

br` ta6

c r`duk` stjglbtjsjmg bttjtud`s surraumdjmg d`pr`ssjam

bmd bmxj`ty wjtojm to` kallumjty toraugo pralatjmg

p`rsambi `xp`rj`mk`s bmd `dukbtjam

c r`duk` to` i`vìs ac sìc-stjglb

c r`duk` to` djskrjljmbtjam `xp`rj`mk`d hy pàpi` wjtod`pr`ssjam bmd bmxj`ty toraugo i`bd`rsojp bmd suppart

car kobmg`s jm bttjtud`s, paijkj`s, prbktjk`s bmd syst`ls

c jmkr`bs` bwbr`m`ss ac djskrjljmbtjam bs b rjse-cbktar car

d`pr`ssjam bmd bmxj`ty toraugo kblpbjgms, pragrbls,

paijky bmd bdvakbky.

Car av`r 22y`brs, h`yamdhiu` obs kamdukt`d b D`pr`ssjam Lamjtar

surv`y `v`ry twa y`brs ta l`bsur` kobmg`s jm kallumjty

bwbr`m`ss, emawi`dg` bmd umd`rstbmdjmg ac d`pr`ssjam bmd

bmxj`ty jm to` kallumjty.


Wobt js h`jmg dam`1

B sì`ktjam ac pragrbls cral braumd to` warid pravjd` oap` car `cc`ktjv` bktjam ta kalhbt stjglb

bmd djskrjljmbtjam bgbjmst pàpi` bcc`kt`d hy l`mtbi jiim`ss.


22/36

2?

To` 8>28 h`yamdhiu` bmmubi r`part mat`s tobt woji` to`r`

obv` h``m sjgmjflkbmt jlprav`l`mts jm bwbr`m`ss, emawi`dg`

bmd bttjtud`s surraumdjmg d`pr`ssjam av`r tjl`, to`r` js stjii

raal car jlprav`l`mt am sal` jssu`s jmkiudjmg jmkr`bsjmg

bwbr`m`ss bmd umd`rstbmdjmg bhaut bmxj`ty djsard`rs bmd sal`

bttjtud`s jmkiudjmg stjglb (h`yamdhiu` 8>28).

To`r` js b rbmg` ac bktjvjtj`s car yaumg pàpi` jm Bustrbijb.

Ljmd Lbtt`rs(s`kamdbry skoaais)

Ejds Lbtt`r(prjlbry skoaais)

To`s` skoaai-hbs`d pragrbls br` d`sjgm`d ta pralat`

jmkiusjam, l`mtbi o`bito, bmd rbjs` bwbr`m`ss ac wo`m bmd oaw

ta s`è oìp car l`mtbi o`bito djcflkuitj`s. Woji` mat sp`kjflkbiiy

ijstjmg stjglb r`duktjam bs b lbfar cakus ac to`jr pragrbls,

to`s` br` bii jlpartbmt pr`-r`qujsjt s ta stjglb r`duktjam.

Ljmd Lbtt`rs bmd EjdsLbtt`r br` cumd`d hy to` Bustrbijbm

Gav`rml`mt, D`pbrtl`mt ac O`bito bmd Bg`jmg.

Jmspjr` CaumdbtjamJmspjr`s r`bkoaut.kal bgsojp s`rvjk`, jmkr`bs`s yaumg pàpi`s

emawi`dg` ac l`mtbi o`bito bmd wìih`jmg, jmkr`bs`s to`jr oìp-

s`èjmg sejiis bmd `msur`s tobt to`y c`ì i`ss biam`. X`bkoaut

kbm h` bkk`ss`d bmamylausy, acc`rs oìp bmd suppart 84oaurs

b dby, bmd js bkk`ssjhi` ta yaumg Bustrbijbms jm r`lat` r`gjams,

biiawjmg toausbmdjmg ac yaumg pàpi` ta h` oìp`d bt bmy am`

tjl`.

L`mtbi O`bito Cjrst Bjd (LOCB)

LOCB js to` oìp pravjd`d ta salàm` woa js d`vìapjmg b

l`mtbi o`bito prahi`l, ar woa js jm b l`mtbi o`bito krjsjs,

umtji bppraprjbt` prac`ssjambi tr`btl`mt js r`k`jv`d ar to` krjsjs

r`saiv`s. To` LOCB kaurs` t`bko`s l`lh`rs ac to` kallumjty

oaw ta bssjst wo`m salàm` m``ds oìp jm tojs wby. L`mtbi

o`bito flrst bjd strbt`gj`s br` tbugot jm `vjd`mk`-hbs`d trbjmjmg

pragrbls bmd kamdukt`d hy LOCB Jmstruktars bkrass Bustrbijb.

To` LOCB trbjmjmg bmd r`s`brko pragrbl js grawjmg jm

papuibrjty jm Bustrbijb bmd obs maw h``m bdbpt`d car us`

wjto sp`kjflk kallumjtj`s bmd jm lbmy kaumtrj`s av`rs`bs.

^brtm`rsojps br` vjtbi ta LOCB bmd kaurs`s br` dìjv`r`d hy

b wjd` vbrj`ty ac argbmjsbtjams. Jt obs h``m wìi `vbiubt`d jm

s`v`rbi trjbis cral to` pragrbls jmk`ptjam jm 8>>2. To`s` obv`

soawm kamsjst`mtiy tobt pbrtjkjpbmts br`6

c h`tt`r bhi` ta jd`mtjcy l`mtbi jiim`ss

c lar` kamfld`mt jm acc`rjmg oìp

c lar` ijeìy ta r`kall`md prac`ssjambi oìp

c lar` emawi`dg`bhi` bhaut to` `vjd`mk`-hbs`d

tr`btl`mts car l`mtbi jiim`ss

c lar` r`bijstjk bmd i`ss stjglbtjsjmg bttjtud`s tawbrds

pàpi` wjto l`mtbi o`bito prahi`ls

c sustbjmjmg to` h`m`flts ac to` pragrbl av`r tjl`.

Twa [tbt`s jm Bustrbijb, Ru``msibmd bmd [auto Bustrbijb, obv`

`stbhijso`d l`djb kblpbjgms sp`kjflkbiiy ta r`duk` stjglb

bssakjbt`d wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss. Ibumko`d jm b hibz` ac puhijkjty,

hato obv` sjmk` k`bs`d du` ta cumdjmg kamstrbjmts bmd kobmg` jm

gav`rml`mt prjarjtj`s.

Kobmg` Aur Ljmds

Kobmg` Aur Ljmdswbs b 8>22Ru``msibmd Gav`rml`mt jmjtjbtjv`ta bddr`ss to` stjglb bmd djskrjljmbtjam bssakjbt`d wjto

l`mtbi jiim`ss. Jt bjl`d ta lbe` to` kallumjty bwbr` ac oaw

m`gbtjv` bttjtud`s bmd hòbvjaurs bcc`kt to` ijv`s ac pàpi` ijvjmg

wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss, jmkiudjmg to`jr cbljij`s bmd kbr`rs. Jt bisa

pralat`d pasjtjv` bttjtud`s, bkk`ptbmk` bmd sakjbi jmkiusjam ac

pàpi` ijvjmg wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss (Ru``msibmd Gav`rml`mt 8>22).

I`ts Tojme âsjtjv`

To` ibmdlbre r`part, [t`ppjmg Pp6 B [akjbi Jmkiusjam Bktjam îbm

car L`mtbi O`bito X`carl([auto Bustrbijbm Gav`rml`mt, 8>>7),

r`kall`md`d b l`djb kblpbjgm sp`kjflkbiiy ta bddr`ss to` jssu`

ac stjglb wjtojm to` kallumjty. Ibumko`d jm C`hrubry 8>28, to`

[auto Bustrbijbm I`ts Tojme âsjtjv`kblpbjgm kalprjs`d b s`rj`s

ac toaugot-pravaejmg tì`vjsjam bmd rbdja kall`rkjbis, bs wìi

bs amijm` bmd autdaar bds bmd hrakour`s.

M`w V`bibmd

Ije` Ljmd, Ije` Ljm`

To` Ije` Ljmds, Ije` Ljm`puhijk `dukbtjam pragrbl bjls ta

r`duk` to` stjglb bmd djskrjljmbtjam cbk`d hy pàpi` wjto

`xp`rj`mk` ac l`mtbi jiim`ss jm M`w V`bibmd. To` pragrbl

stbrt`d jm 2::7bs b flv`-y`br puhijk o`bito praf`kt car hatombtjambi bmd kallumjty-i`vì bktjvjtj`s, cumd`d hy to` Ljmjstry

ac O`bito bmd gujd`d hy to` Ije` Ljmds Mbtjambi îbm. [jmk`

8>>2, to` Gav`rml`mt obs cumd`d to` praf`kt bs b kar` puhijk

o`bito bktjvjty.

To` kblpbjgm kalhjm`s mbtjambi l`djb l`ssbgjmg wjto iakbi

bktjvjtj`s ta kobmg` djskrjljmbtary bttjtud`s bmd hòbvjaurs.

To` bjl js ta obv` b kallumjty wojko vbiu`s bmd jmkiud`s

pàpi` ijvjmg wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss5 car bii argbmjsbtjams ta obv`

paijkj`s bmd prbktjk`s ta `msur` tobt pàpi` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss

da mat `xp`rj`mk` djskrjljmbtjam5 bmd car jmdjvjdubis ta obv` to`

sbl` appartumjtj`s jm `v`rydby ijc` bs pàpi` woa da mat obv`b l`mtbi jiim`ss. Ije` Ljmds, Ije` Ljm`pravjd`s appartumjtj`s

car kamtbkt bmd djr`kt jmt`rbktjams wjto pàpi` ijvjmg wjto

l`mtbi jiim`ss, bmd dìjv`rs `dukbtjam bmd trbjmjmg pragrbls ta

kobii`mg` bmd kobmg` stjglbtjsjmg bmd djskrjljmbtary bttjtud`s

bmd hòbvjaurs.

Bs emawi`dg` bhaut wobt js m``d`d bmd wobt wares obs

d``p`m`d, to` cakus obs kobmg`d cral rbjsjmg bwbr`m`ss

bmd pralatjmg bttjtud` kobmg` ta hrjmgjmg bhaut kobmg s jm

hòbvjaur, prbktjk`s bmd paijkj`s.


23/36

2:

Pmjt`d Ejmgdal

Tjl` ta Kobmg`

Ibumko`d jm 8>>7, Tjl` ta Kobmg`js b kalprò`msjv` jmjtjbtjv`

ta mgbg` pàpi` jm bii s`ktars bmd kallumjtj`s ta r`duk` to`

stjglb bmd djskrjljmbtjam `xp`rj`mk`d hy pàpi` wjto l`mtbi

o`bito prahi`ls.

Tjl` ta Kobmg`js ap`rbt`d hy tor`` l`mtbi o`bito argbmjsbtjamsbmd obs bm bkbd`ljk `vbiubtjam pbrtm`r cral to` Jmstjtut` ac

^sykojbtry bt Ejmgs Kaii`g` Iamdam. To` mbtjambi kblpbjgm us`s

hursts ac lbss l`djb bdv`rtjsjmg bmd puhijk rìbtjams `x`rkjs`s

ta kamv`y to` l`ssbg` tobt l`mtbi jiim`ss`s br` kallam, tobt

pàpi` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss kbm i`bd b l`bmjmgcui ijc`, tobt

djskrjljmbtjam `xp`rj`mk`d js act`m wars` tobm l`mtbi jiim`ss

jtsìc, bmd tobt w` kbm bii da sal`tojmg ta oìp. L`djb bktjvjtj`s

br` suppart`d hy iakbi praf`kts.

@vbiubtjam obs caumd ma ibrg`-skbi` sojct jm bttjtud`s bs y`t,

oaw`v`r to`r` obv` h``m sal` sjgmflkbmt jlpbkts, pbrtjkuibriy

wo`r` to`r` obs h``m p`rsambi kamtbkt wjto salàm` wjtol`mtbi jiim`ss6 emawjmg salàm` woa js ap`m bhaut obvjmg

b l`mtbi o`bito prahi`l obs b ki`br bmd pasjtjv` jlpbkt

am bttjtud` bmd hòbvjaur. To` `vjd`mk` sugg`sts b lad`st

r`duktjam jm djskrjljmbtjam tawbrds pàpi` wjto l`mtbi o`bito

prahi`ls, bs wìi bs sal` jlprav`l`mt jm puhijk bttjtud`s bs

caiiaws6

Kobmgjmg hòbvjaur bmd r`dukjmg djskrjljmbtjam

B ;% jmkr`bs` jm to` mulh`rs ac pàpi` r`partjmg ma

djskrjljmbtjam jm to`jr ijv`s wbs mat`d, bmd b sjgmjflkbmt 22.0%

r`duktjam jm to` bv`rbg` i`vìs ac djskrjljmbtjam r`part`d jm 8>22

kalpbr`d ta 8>>?.

Jlpravjmg puhijk bttjtud`s

[jmk` to` ibumko ac Tjl` ta Kobmg`, to`r` obs h``m b 8.4%

jlprav`l`mt jm puhijk bttjtud`s tawbrds pàpi` wjto l`mtbi

o`bito prahi`ls

To` ijme h`tw``m to` kblpbjgm bmd jlprav`d bttjtud`s bmd hòbvjaur

@vbiubtjam sugg`sts b b ki`br bmd kamsjst`mt ijme h`tw``m

bwbr`m`ss ac to` Tjl` ta Kobmg`kblpbjgm bmd jlprav`d

emawi`dg`, bttjtud`s bmd hòbvjaur braumd l`mtbi o`bito.

[tbrtjmg kamv`rsbtjams bhaut l`mtbi o`bito

B e`y prjmkjpi` ac Tjl` ta Kobmg`js sakjbi kamtbkt. Tojs l`bmsemawjmg salàm` wjto b l`mtbi o`bito prahi`l. X`s`brko

soaws tobt tojs js am` ac to` last paw`rcui jmdjkbtars ac

jlprav`d bttjtud`s bmd hòbvjaurs, sa b iat ac Tjl` ta Kobmg`js

bhaut kr`btjmg appartumjtj`s car lar` l`lh`rs ac to` puhijk ta

kal` jmta kamtbkt wjto pàpi` woa br` ap`m bhaut to`jr l`mtbi

o`bito prahi`ls. [jmk` Tjl` ta Kobmgìbumko`d to`r` obs h``m b

sjgmjflkbmt jmkr`bs` jm to` mulh`r ac pàpi` woa sby to`y emaw

salàm` wjto b l`mtbi o`bito prahi`l.

[katibmd

s`` l`

[katibmds mbtjambi kblpbjgm ta `md to` stjglb bmd

djskrjljmbtjam ac l`mtbi jii-o`bito, s`` l`, js ap`rbt`d hy bm

biijbmk` ac flv` [kattjso l`mtbi o`bito argbmjsbtjams.

Cuiiy cumd`d hy to` [kattjso Gav`rml`mt, s`` l`wbs ibumko`d jm

8>>8bs b r`spams` ta iamg-stbmdjmg kamk`rms wjtojm to` l`mtbio`bito kallumjty tobt bktjam wbs m``d`d ta bddr`ss pr`fudjk`

bmd djskrjljmbtjam.

Wjto stramg jmvaiv`l`mt ac pàpi` wjto djr`kt `xp`rj`mk`

ac stjglb, to` `lpobsjs js am puhijkjty kblpbjgms ta rbjs`

puhijk bwbr`m`ss ac to` jlpbkt ac stjglb am pàpi` wjto

l`mtbi jiim`ss bmd ta jlprav` umd`rstbmdjmg ac l`mtbi jiim`ss.

To`s` kblpbjgms tbrg`t sp`kjflk graups, suko bs yauto, bmd

`mvjraml`mts suko bs warepibk`s, bs wìi bs to` g`m`rbi puhijk.

Iakbi bktjvjty js mkaurbg d bmd pbrtm`rs br` suppart`d ta

kamdukt bktjvjtj`s pravjdjmg r`saurk`s, bdvjk` bmd gujdbmk`.

To` kblpbjgm bisa wares kiasìy wjto to` l`djb jm kobii`mgjmgm`gbtjv` partrbybis ac pàpi` wjto l`mtbi o`bito prahi`ls.

Jt js bkk`pt`d hy to` s`` l`pbrtm`rs tobt `mdjmg stjglb bmd

djskrjljmbtjam tawbrds pàpi` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss lby tbe`

lbmy y`brs ta bkoj`v`. To`jr Mbtjambi Bktjam îbm car y`brs ?-22

ac to` kblpbjgm hujids am to` brij`r ware, tbkeijmg sal` ac

to` lar` kalpi`x br`bs ac stjglb bmd djskrjljmbtjam, jmkiudjmg

b cakus am o`bito bmd sakjbi kbr` s`ttjmgs. Hujit am to` `xjstjmg

`vjd`mk` hbs`, kblpbjgm bktjvjtj`s br` t`st`d bmd `vbiubt`d ta

lbe` sur` to`y br` bppraprjbt` bmd `cc`ktjv`.

Kbmbdb

Ap`mjmg Ljmds

To` Ap`mjmg Ljmdsjmjtjbtjv` wbs `stbhijso`d hy to` L`mtbi

O`bito Kalljssjam ac Kbmbdb jm 8>>:wjto to` bjl ac kobmgjmg

Kbmbdjbms hòbvjaurs bmd bttjtud`s tawbrd pàpi` ijvjmg wjto

l`mtbi jiim`ss, ta `msur` to`y br` tr`bt`d cbjriy bmd bs cuii

kjtjz`ms wjto appartumjtj`s ta kamtrjhut` ta sakj`ty.

Ap`mjmg Ljmdsjs bddr`ssjmg stjglb wjtojm caur lbjm tbrg`t

graups6 o`bitokbr` pravjd`rs, yauto, to` warecark` bmd to`

l`djb. Bs suko, to` jmjtjbtjv` obs luitjpi` gabis, rbmgjmg cral

jlpravjmg o`bitokbr` pravjd`rs umd`rstbmdjmg ac to` m``ds ac

pàpi` wjto l`mtbi o`bito prahi`ls ta `mkaurbgjmg yauto ta tbie

ap`miy bmd pasjtjvìy bhaut l`mtbi jiim`ss.

To` uitjlbt` gabi ac Ap`mjmg Ljmdsjs ta kuitjvbt` bm `mvjraml`mt

jm wojko pàpi` ijvjmg wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss c`ì kalcartbhi`

s`èjmg oìp, tr`btl`mt bmd suppart am to`jr faurm`y tawbrd

r`kav`ry.


24/36

8>

B mulh`r ac pragrbls bkrass Kbmbdb br` maw warejmg am

r`dukjmg stjglb. Ap`mjmg Ljmdsobs h``m `vbiubtjmg lar` tobm

7>ac to`s` praf`kts ta jd`mtjcy toas` wojko br` last `cc`ktjv`,

sa to`y kbm h` r`pijkbt`d bkrass Kbmbdb. @vjd`mk` gbto`r`d

toraugo to`s` `vbiubtjams wjii r`v`bi h`st prbktjk`s wojko wjii

kamtrjhut` ta to` d`vìapl`mt ac bmtj-stjglb taaiejts bmd ato`r

r`saurk`s.

Bt to` sbl` tjl`, to` Ap`mjmg Ljmds`vbiubtjam prak`ss js cargjmg

tj`s toraugoaut Kbmbdbs l`mtbi o`bito flìd, kr`btjmg b vbiubhi`

m`tware car sobrjmg h`st prbktjk`s bmd pragrbls d`sjgm`d ta

r`duk` stjglb.

To` Bustrbijbm Mbtjambi L`mtbi O`bito Kalljssjam bmd to`

L`mtbi O`bito Kalljssjam ac Kbmbdb obv` sjgm`d b carlbi

L`larbmdul ac Pmd`rstbmdjmg ta sobr` emawi`dg` bmd

sukk`sscui prbktjk`s jm l`mtbi o`bito r`s`brko. Tojs autijm`s oaw

to` twa Kalljssjams wjii s`è appartumjtj`s ta ware tag`to`r

jm br`bs suko bs l`mtbi o`bito bmd to` warepibk`, jmt`rmbtjambi

emawi`dg` `xkobmg` bmd stjglb, wjto krass-pralatjam ac warejmcarl`d hy to` ijv`d `xp`rj`mk` ac toas` `xp`rj`mkjmg l`mtbi

o`bito jssu`s, to`jr cbljij`s bmd suppart pàpi`, bmd to` l`mtbi

o`bito s`ktar.


25/36

82


26/36

Wobt

wares1


27/36

8;


Wobt wares1

@vjd`mk` sugg`sts to`r` br` strbt`gj`s wojko br` `cc`ktjv` jm r`dukjmg stjglb bmd djskrjljmbtjam ta

jlprav` to` ijv`s ac pàpi` bcc`kt`d hy l`mtbi jiim`ss.

To`r` obv` h``m lbmy stjglb-r`duktjam pragrbls bmd

kblpbjgms jm Bustrbijb bmd jmt`rmbtjambiiy av`r to` pbst

t`m y`brs. To`s` obv` mat biwbys h``m rjgarausiy `vbiubt`doaw`v`r.

To`r` js b g`m`rbi kams`msus tobt `cc`ktjv` stjglb-r`duktjam

strbt`gj`s bkemawi`dg` djcc`r`mt carls ac stjglb, bmd tobt

bktjams m``d ta h` wìi kaardjmbt`d, kalprò`msjv`, iamg-t`rl,

bt mbtjambi bmd iakbi i`vìs, wjto b rbmg` ac graups bmd, last

jlpartbmtiy, jmvaivjmg pàpi` wjto ijv`d `xp`rj`mk` ac l`mtbi

jiim`ss.

To`r` js bisa ki`br r`kagmjtjam tobt hòbvjaur kobmg` lust h`

l`bsur`d bs wìi bs bttjtud`s bmd hìj`cs. Jt js mat gaad `maugo

ta obv` wìi-jmcarl`d kallumjty l`lh`rs, `lpiay`rs, paijky

lbe`rs bmd o`bito ware`rs car `xblpi`, jc to`y kamtjmu` ta tr`bt

pàpi` umcbjriy fust h`kbus` to`y obv` b l`mtbi jiim`ss.

@xp`rts obv` jd`mtjfl`d br`bs wo`r` to`r` obv` h``m kobmg`s jm

stjglb av`r tjl` (Kbrt`r K`mtr` 8>>:).

âsjtjv` M`gbtjv`

Jmkr`bs` jm wjiijmgm`ss ta

djskuss l`mtbi jiim`ss

Jmkr`bs` jm bssakjbtjam

wjto vjai`mk`

Jmkr`bs` jm wjiijmgm`ss ta

s`è oìp cral mam-l`djkbil`mtbi o`bito prac`ssjambis

^`rlbm`mk` jlpij`d wjto

g`m`tjk `xpibmbtjam

Hìj`c tobt marlbi ijv`s br`

passjhi`

Hìj`c tobt to` g`m`rbi

puhijk js umkbrjmg bmd

umsylpbto`tjk.

[yst`lbtjk bkbd`ljk r`vj`ws soaw tobt to`r` br` twa `vjd`mk`-

hbs`d bpprabko`s d`lamstrbt`d ta r`duk` stjglb.

Kamtbkt wjto pàpi`bcc`kt`d hy l`mtbi jiim`ss

[p`mdjmg tjl` wjto pàpi` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss js b paw`rcui

taai car kobmgjmg bttjtud`s, jmu`mkjmg c`br, sakjbi djstbmk`, bmd

o`mk` stjglb.

^àpi` kbm bisa g`t ta emaw salàm` bcc`kt`d hy l`mtbi

jiim`ss toraugo tì`vjsjam ar flil partrbybis, wo`m to`s` br`

bkkurbt` bmd r`spamsjhi` partrbybis. Tojs kbm bisa oìp r`duk`

sìc-stjglb.

To` r`k`mt `vbiubtjam ac to` flrst pobs` ac to` Tjl` ta Kobmg`

kblpbjgm jm to` PE obs bisa d`lamstrbt`d tobt emawjmg

salàm` woa js ap`m bhaut obvjmg b l`mtbi o`bito prahi`l obs

b ki`br bmd pasjtjv` jlpbkt am bttjtud` bmd hòbvjaur. (Tjl` taKobmg`, 8>2;).

@dukbtjam

@dukbtjambi jmt`rv`mtjams kbm r`duk` stjglb hy pravjdjmg

jmcarlbtjam bhaut l`mtbi jiim`ss bmd jlpravjmg l`mtbi o`bito

ijt`rbky emawi`dg` bmd hìj`cs bhaut l`mtbi jiim`ss`s, wojko

bjd to`jr r`kagmjtjam, lbmbg`l`mt ar pr`v`mtjam. To`s` obv`

h``m soawm ta h` `cc`ktjv` wjto lbmy tbrg`t budj`mk`s bmd

`xt`md ta amijm` jmt`rv`mtjams, wjto `vjd`mk` tobt Jmt`rm`t-hbs`d

`dukbtjambi pragrbls kbm r`duk` to` stjglb bssakjbt`d wjtod`pr`ssjam, jmkiudjmg pàpi` wjto ojgo psykoaiagjkbi djstr`ss

(Grjcfltos `t bi 8>>4), bmd jm aid`r pàpi` cral Gr`è bmd

Jtbijbm hbkegraumds (Ejrrapauiaus t bi 8>22).

X`s`brko soaws tobt jmt`rv`mtjams ta jlprav` puhijk emawi`dg`

bhaut d`pr`ssjam obv` h``m sukk`sscui jm r`dukjmg to` `cc`kts ac

stjglb. B h`yamdhiu` kblpbjgm ta jmkr`bs` emawi`dg` bhaut

d`pr`ssjam bmd jts tr`btl`mt rbm bm jmt`msjv`, kaardjmbt`d

pragrbl jm sal` [tbt`s bmd T`rrjtarj`s bmd mat jm ato`rs. ^àpi`

`xpas`d ta to` pragrbl lar` act`m r`kagmjs`d to` c`btur`s

ac d`pr`ssjam, bmd w`r` lar` ijeìy ta suppart oìp-s`èjmg

car d`pr`ssjam ar ta bkk`pt tr`btl`mt wjto kaumsìijmg bmd

l`djkbtjam (Farl `t bi 8>>0).


28/36

84

Bm `dukbtjambi bpprabko ta r`duk` to` stjglb bssakjbt`d wjto

skojzapor`mjb obs bisa h``m soawm ta h` `cc`ktjv` wjto yaumg

pàpi` jm b study kamdukt`d jm Gr``k`. B rbmdaljs`d kamtrai

trjbi soaw`d tobt caiiawjmg jmt`rv`mtjam, pasjtjv` kobmg`s jm

stud`mts hìj`cs, bttjtud`s bmd d`sjr`d sakjbi djstbmk` w`r`

r`kard`d, bitoaugo amiy kobmg`s jm bttjtud`s bmd hìj`cs w`r`

lbjmtbjm`d bct`r am` y`br. To` butoars r`kall`mdbtjams

br` car bmtj-stjglb jmt`rv`mtjams ta h` dìjv`r`d kamtjmuausiytoraugoaut to` skoaai y`brs bmd ta biiaw car jmt`rbktjams wjto

pàpi` woa ijv` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss (@kamalau `t bi 8>28).

Cjv` `ss`mtjbi prjmkjpi`s ac strbt`gjk stjglb kobmg` br` d`skrjh`d

hy Karrjgbm (8>22) usjmg to`TIK;bkramyl. To`s` br` k`mtr`d

am kamtbkt wjto pàpi` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss bs b cumdbl`mtbi pbrt

ac to` kblpbjgm, r`qujrjmg tobt l`ssbg`s h`6

c tbrg`t`d

L`ssbg`s lust sp`be ta pàpi` jm pasjtjams ac paw`r

suko bs `lpiay`rs, ibmdiards, o`bitokbr` prac`ssjambis,

t`bko`rs bmd l`djb jm ard`r ta kobmg` hòbvjaur.c iakbi

D`sjgm`d car bmd bkemawi`dg` djcc`r`mk`s jm

gàgrbpojk, sakja`kamaljk, rìjgjaus ar kuiturbi graups.

c kr`djhi`, kamtjmuaus kamtbkt

To` kamtbkt p`rsam m``ds ta h` kr`djhi` bmd h`

jd`mtjflbhi` hy to` tbrg`t graup. Car `xblpi`, b o`bito

ware`r ar `lpiay`r wjto b l`mtbi jiim`ss woa js jm

r`kav`ry tbiejmg ta ato`r o`bito ware`rs ar `lpiay`rs.

^àpi` woa br` bkutìy umwìi ar woa obv` mat stbrt`d

to`jr r`kav`ry lby obv` ma pasjtjv` jmu`mk` bmd

lby `v`m lbe` tojmgs wars`. Kamtbkt soauid bisa h`kamtjmuaus5 am` kamtbkt lby h` pasjtjv` hut to` `cc`kt js

usubiiy soart-t`rl.

Woji` `xjstjmg r`s`brko da`s mat y`t pravjd` l`bmjmgcui

`vjd`mk` bhaut to` jlpbkt ac bdv`rtjsjmg kblpbjgms, suko

bs kobmg` jm stjglb, pr`fudjkjbi bttjtud`s bmd djskrjljmbtary

hòbvjaurs, `vbiubtjam ac to`s` js maw bm jmt`grbi pbrt ac

kurr`mt mbtjambi kblpbjgms jm @mgibmd, [katibmd bmd Kbmbdb car

`xblpi`.

Jm Bustrbijb, bs pbrt ac to` Mbtjambi L`mtbi O`bito [trbt`gy, b

caur-y`br Bustrbijbm Mbtjambi Kallumjty Bwbr`m`ss ^ragrbl

(KB^) kalprjsjmg mbtjambi puhijk bdv`rtjsjmg bmd `dukbtjamr`saurk`s stbrt`d jm 2::0. Woji` to`r` wbs stramg suppart car

to` kblpbjgm bmd d`lbmd car jts `dukbtjam lbt`rjbis, autkal`

`cc`kts w`r` slbii wjto ijtti` `vjd`mk` ac hòbvjaur kobmg`,

ac wo`to`r pàpi` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss w`r` bktubiiy tr`bt`d

djcc`r`mtiy. Tojs ojgoijgots to` jlpartbmk` ac b luitj-cbk`t`d

kblpbjgm jmkarparbtjmg iakbi bmd tbrg`t`d bktjvjtj`s, bmd wjto

jmvaiv`l`mt ac pàpi` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss bs bm jmt`grbi pbrt ac

to` kblpbjgm.

Wobt wares h`st

B ijt`rbtur` r`vj`w kamdukt`d hy to` Ru``msibmd Biijbmk`

(Ru``msibmd Biijbmk` 8>>:) sullbrjs`d r`kall`mdbtjams car

wobt wares h`st jm stjglb r`duktjam. Drbwjmg am to` r`s`brko,

jmt`rmbtjambi bmtj-stjglb pragrbls, bmd bdvjk` cral r`s`brko

bmd pragrbl `xp`rts, to` caiiawjmg prjmkjpi`s car h`st prbktjk`

w`r` jd`mtjfl`d6c Djr`kt p`rsambi kamtbkt wjto pàpi` woa `xp`rj`mk`

l`mtbi jiim`ss js to` h`st bpprabko.

Djr`kt kamtbkt js to` h`st bpprabko ta kobmgjmg

bttjtud`s bmd hòbvjaurs, pbrtjkuibriy wo`m to`r` js6 b

rìbtjamsojp ac `qubi stbtus5 b kamt`xt ac kaap`rbtjam, bm

appartumjty car djskussjam5 bmd kr`djhi` pr`s`mt`rs woa

djsbhus` lytos ac dbmg`rausm`ss, jmkalp`t`mk`, bmd

jmkbpbkjty.

c Jmcarlbtjam biam` da`s mat kobmg` bttjtud`s.

To` gabi ac `dukbtjam js ta jmkr`bs` umd`rstbmdjmg ac to`

kobii`mg`s r`bi pàpi` cbk` (jmkiudjmg djskrjljmbtjam),oaw djcflkuitj`s br` av`rkal`, wobt oìps, oaw ato`rs

kbm h` suppartjv` bmd jmkiud` l`ssbg`s ac `qubijty,

oap` bmd r`kav`ry. Ps` ac kr`btjv` brts bmd luitj-l`djb

jmkr`bs`s jlpbkt.

c L`mtbi o`bito prahi`ls br` h`st crbl`d

bs pbrt ac aur sobr`d oulbmjty.

L`mtbi o`bito prahi`ls br` bm umd`rstbmdbhi` r`spams`

ta b umjqu` s`t ac kjrkulstbmk`s bmd mat purìy bs

hjal`djkbi, g`m`tjkbiiy hbs`d, jiim`ss`s, ar b djs`bs`d

stbt` ac hrbjm.

c Kr`bt` b sjlpi` bmd mdurjmg mbtjambi vjsjam.B vjsjam tobt pralat`s oulbm rjgots, sakjbi jmkiusjam,

cuii kjtjz`msojp, bmd b sobr`d r`spamsjhjijty car kobmg`

wjii h` last `cc`ktjv`, usjmg luitj-l`djb, bmd sakjbi

lbre`tjmg taais ta kr`bt` ki`br pragrbl autkal`s bmd

h`mkolbres.

c [uppart grbss-raats, iakbi pragrblljmg.

B mbtjambi kblpbjgm tobt stjii jmkr`bs`s kamtbkt,

`dukbtjam, bmd hujids kamsul`r i`bd`rsojp cral to`

grbss-raats up js jlpartbmt. Kobmg` obpp`ms bt to`

iakbi i`vì. @mkaurbg` haid, kr`btjv` pragrblljmg bmd

`vbiubt` kbr`cuiiy.c îbm strbt`gjkbiiy bt to` mbtjambi i`vì.

D`vìap b mbtjambi strbt`gjk pibm tobt wares jm

pbrtm`rsojp wjto gav`rml`mt bmd stbeòaid`rs ta

d`vìap bmd dìjv`r b luitj-i`vì mbtjambi pibm tbrg`tjmg

trbmscarlbtjv` syst`ljk kobmg` bt b s`rvjk` syst`l,

i`gjsibtjv`, paijky bmd prbktjk` i`vì.

c [uppart pàpi` ijvjmg wjto l`mtbi o`bito jssu`s

jm bktjv` i`bd`rsojp.

Kamsul`r i`bd`rsojp soauid h` `mkaurbg`d ta d`flm`

jssu`s, d`sjgm pragrbls, umd`rtbe` r`s`brko, bmd

`vbiubt` pragrbl sukk`ss. ^rat`st, djskiasur` bmdgraup jd`mtjflkbtjam br` karm`rstam`s ac `lpaw`rl`mt.

[uppart kamsul`r i`bd`rsojp bmd `lpaw`rl`mt toraugo

to` mbtjambi pragrbl.


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c X`dukjmg vjai`mt hòbvjaur blamg jmdjvjdubis wjto

l`mtbi jiim`ss`s wjii r`duk` stjglb. Jc vjai`mt hòbvjaur

hy l`mtbiiy jii p`rsams js bm jlpartbmt kbus` ac stjglb,

to`m r`dukjmg vjai`mt hòbvjaur soauid iagjkbiiy r`duk`

to` stjglb.

To` m``d car jlprav`d bkk`ss ta tr`btl`mt jm ard`r ta hrjmg

bhaut b r`duktjam jm stjglb js bisa bkemawi`dg`d jm Ma O`bitowjtoaut L`mtbi O`bito, to` Hrjtjso gav`rml`mts l`mtbi o`bito

strbt`gy dakul`mt (D`pt ac O`bito 8>22)6

Bitoaugo s`rjaus jmkjd`mts jmvaivjmg b p`rsam wjto s`v`r` l`mtbi

jiim`ss br` `xtr`lìy rbr`, w` r`kagmjs` to` puhijks kamk`rms bhaut

sbc`ty. Oaw`v`r, w` bisa r`kagmjs` tobt suko s`rjaus jmkjd`mts kbm bdd

sjgmjflkbmtiy ta to` stjglb surraumdjmg l`mtbi o`bito. L`mtbi o`bito

s`rvjk`s lust piby to`jr pbrt jm r`dukjmg bmd lbmbgjmg rjses ac obrl,

toraugo to`jr awm jmt`rv`mtjams wo`r` to`y br` h`st pibk`d ta jmt`rv`m`,

ar hy oìpjmg ato`r bg`mkj`s ta da wobt to`y br` h`st pibk d ta da.

c Tbrg t pragrbls bt jmu`mtjbi graups.

Jmu`mtjbi graups kauid jmkiud` `l`rg`mky r`spams`,

paijkjmg bmd karr`ktjams, sakjbi s`rvjk` pravjd`rs,

`lpiay`rs, `dukbtars, crj`mds, cbljiy, rìjgjaus i`bd`rs.

c Bssjst l`djb ta piby b sjgmjflkbmt rai`.

X`qujr` l`djb ta obv` b sp`kjbi cakus am jmkr`bsjmg

d`pjktjams ac pàpi` bs kalp`t`mt, kbpbhi` bmdpraduktjv` kjtjz`ms bmd utjijs` flrst p`rsam mbrrbtjv`s.

Kobii`mg` jmbkkurbt` ar djskrjljmbtary partrbybis ac

pàpi` wjto l`mtbi o`bito jssu`s.

c Ptjijs` `vjd`mk`.

^ragrbls lust us` vjd`mk`-jmcarl`d bpprabko`s.

Jmcarl`d pragrblljmg soauid bisa h` `vbiubt`d ta biiaw

car kaurs` karr`ktjam. Hujid emawi`dg` toraugo r`s`brko

bmd flmdjmgs sobr`d toraugo pragrbl m`twares.

Jlprav`l`mt ac bkk`ss ta cc`ktjv` tr`btl`mt suppart

car pàpi` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss js bisa bm jmt`grbi bsp`kt

ac r`dukjmg stjglb.

To`r` js ma dauht tobt umtr`bt`d l`mtbi jiim`ss kamtrjhut`s

ta stjglbtjsjmg bttjtud`s. To`r` kbm h` b kr`djhjijty gbp

h`tw``m wobt js sbjd hy pàpi` warejmg jm stjglb r`duktjam

bmd wobt to` g`m`rbi puhijk lby s`` braumd to`l `v`ry dby.

Ljsumd`rstbmdjmg bmd c`br ac salàm` wjto psykoatjk sylptals

ar wjto to` umwbmt`d sjd`-`cc`kts ac tr`btl`mt, pravjd` c`rtji`

graumd car stjglb bmd djskrjljmbtjam.

Car `xblpi`, s``jmg salàm` jm b soappjmg lbii woa js

djrty bmd ume`pt, tbiejmg ta to`jr vajk`s, bmd gajmg toraugoruhhjso hjms wjii kr`bt` umd`rstbmdbhi` bmxj`ty bmd bvajdbmk`

jm pbss`rs-hy woa obv` ma umd`rstbmdjmg ac to` `cc`kts ac

kamdjtjams suko bs skojzapor`mjb bmd sylptals suko bs budjtary

obiiukjmbtjams. M`ws r`parts ac bggr`ssjv` ar vjai`mt hòbvjaur

hy salàm` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss taa act`m ljss to` kamt`xtubi

jmcarlbtjam bhaut to` p`rsam ma r`k`jvjmg tr`btl`mt, sa to`

`xbgg`rbt`d bssakjbtjam ac l`mtbi jiim`ss wjto vjai`mk` p`rsjsts.

Dr Cuii`r-Tarr`y, b P[ psykojbtrjst bmd iamg-t`rl bdvakbt` car

pàpi` wjto s`v`r` bmd `mdurjmg l`mtbi jiim`ss, obs autijm`d to`

bssakjbtjam h`tw``m vjai`mk` r`suitjmg cral umtr`bt`d jiim`ss bmd

stjglb (Cuii`r-Tarr`y 8>22)6

c To` p`rk`ptjam ac vjai`mt hòbvjaur hy l`mtbiiy jii

p`rsams js bm jlpartbmt kbus` ac stjglb. Jt js ki`briy

`stbhijso`d tobt vj`wjmg l`mtbiiy jii p`rsams bs

dbmg`raus i`bds ta stjglbtjsbtjam.

c Last `pjsad`s ac vjai`mk` kalljtt`d hy l`mtbiiy jii

p`rsams br` bssakjbt`d wjto b cbjiur` ta tr`bt to`l. Tojs

obs h``m d`lamstrbt`d jm lbmy studj`s.

c Tr`btjmg pàpi` wjto s`rjaus l`mtbi jiim`ss`s

sjgmjflkbmtiy d`kr`bs`s `pjsad`s ac vjai`mk`. Luitjpi`

studj`s obv` d`lamstrbt`d tobt to` tr`btl`mt

ac jmdjvjdubis wjto s`rjaus l`mtbi jiim`ss`s wjto

bmtjpsykoatjk l`djkbtjam . . . js `cc`ktjv` jm r`dukjmg

brr`sts rbt`s bmd vjai`mt hòbvjaur.


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[ullbry bmd

r`kall`mdbtjams


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87

[tjglb js b lbfar jssu` car pàpi` bcc`kt`d hy l`mtbi

jiim`ss, jmu`mkjmg oaw to`y br` vj`w`d, bmd oaw to`y vj`w

to`lsìv s. Jt kbm bpp`br bt oal`, bt skoaai, bt ware, jmoaspjtbis, kijmjks, kiuhs, jm to` l`djb, bmd jm to` acflk`s ac

d`kjsjam-lbe rs. Jt js d`struktjv`, ourtcui bmd `xkiudjmg.

Jc w` br` ta ware tawbrds b sakj`ty wo`r` `v`ry p`rsam js

vbiu`d, r`sp`kt`d, bmd hìamgs, w` lust bddr`ss stjglb.

Last ac us wjii h` bcc`kt`d hy l`mtbi jiim`ss salòaw bt

sal` tjl` jm aur ijv`s, sa jt js jlpartbmt car `v`ryam` jm aur

kallumjty ta c`ì kalcartbhi` tbiejmg bhaut l`mtbi jiim`ss, bmd

mat ta c`br djskiasjmg to`jr awm `xp`rj`mk`.

B strbt`gy ta tbkei` stjglb bmd djskrjljmbtjam bssakjbt`d

wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss js vjtbi, bmd soauid h` b mam-m`gatjbhi`

kalpam`mt ac l`mtbi o`bito paijkj`s bmd pibms. Jt soauid h`

bs mam-m`gatjbhi` bs tr`btl`mt bmd suppart pragrbls. Jt js

`ss`mtjbi jc w` br` ta oìp pàpi` wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss ijv` b

kamtrjhutjmg ijc`. Tojs strbt`gy wjii bisa h`m`flt r`krujtl`mt ac

pàpi` ta ware jm l`mtbi o`bito s`rvjk`s jm hato kijmjkbi bmd

mam-kijmjkbi rai`s.

[jgmjflkbmt pragr`ss obs h``m lbd` jm to` ibst t`m y`brs

ta r`duk` to` stjglb bssakjbt`d wjto d`pr`ssjam. Amgajmg

gav`rml mt bmd kallumjty suppart car argbmjsbtjams suko bs

h`yamdhiu` bmd to` Hibke Dag Jmstjtut` wjii oìp `msur` pragr`ss

kamtjmu`s bmd `xt`mds ta bmxj`ty.

Bustrbijb maw m``ds b mbtjambi, iamg-t`rl strbt`gy bmd

kblpbjgm ta r`duk` to` stjglb bmd djskrjljmbtjam bssakjbt`d

wjto l`mtbi jiim`ss, wjto b pbrtjkuibr cakus am psykoatjk jiim`ss.

To` strbt`gy lust h` kamsjst`mt wjto mbtjambi bmd stbt` l`mtbi

o`bito pibms bmd strbt`gj`s, to` sakjbi jmkiusjam bg`mdb bmd to`

carwbrd warepibm ac to` Mbtjambi L`mtbi O`bito Kalljssjam.

X`kall`mdbtjams

Bustrbijb m``ds b mbtjambi strbt`gy ta bddr`ss stjglb wojko6

c js kalprò`msjv`, tbrg`t`d, wìi-kaardjmbt`d bmd

rahustiy cumd`d

c jmkiud`s pàpi` wjto ijv`d `xp`rj`mk` ac l`mtbi jiim`ss

bs jmt`grbi ta to` kblpbjgm jmkiudjmg bt b i`bd`rsojp

i`vì

c obs b ki`br djgjtbi bmd sakjbi lbre`tjmg strbt`gy wojko

jmkarparbt`s b rbmg` ac lbss l`djb jmjtjbtjv`s

c i`brms cral to` h`st bvbjibhi` `vjd`mk` cral sjljibr

kblpbjgms jm ato`r pbrts ac to` warid

cwares kiasìy wjto bmd supparts kallumjtystbeòaid`rs ta `msur` iakbi jmjtjbtjv`s r`jmcark`

kblpbjgm l`ssbg`s

c wares wjto bmd hujids upam kurr`mt `cc`ktjv` stjglb

r`duktjam strbt`gj`s jm Bustrbijb, suko bs Ljmdcrbl`s

ware wjto lbss l`djb prac`ssjambis ta jlprav` to`

partrbybi ac l`mtbi jiim`ss bmd sujkjd`

c wares wjto b rbmg` ac gav`rml`mt d`pbrtl`mts suko

bs `lpiayl`mt, oausjmg, `dukbtjam, bmd fustjk` car

`xblpi`, ta `msur` to`jr pragrbls bmd l`ssbg`s br`

suppartjv` ac to` kblpbjgm

c wares wjto b rbmg` ac stbeòaid`r prac`ssjambi hadj`sjm to` kijmjkbi, `dukbtjam bmd `lpiayl`mt br`bs car

`xblpi`, woa br` hato tbrg`ts bmd h`m`flkjbrj`s ac

kblpbjgm l`ssbg`s

c obs amgajmg lamjtarjmg bmd `vbiubtjam ac to` kblpbjgm

bmd jts kalpam`mts ta gbto`r `vjd`mk` ac `cc`ktjv`m`ss,

bdd ta puhijk emawi`dg` bhaut to` jssu`s, bmd car

bkkaumtbhjijty. @vbiubtjam l`bsur`s ta jmkiud` l`bsur`s

ac djskrjljmbtary hòbvjaur

c kalpi`l mts bmd supparts `xjstjmg stjglb-r`duktjam

kblpbjgm strbt`gj`s car d`pr`ssjam bmd bmxj`ty djsard`rs

c wares wjto l`djb prac`ssjambis

c `msur`s tobt bmy lbss l`djb kblpbjgm ware, suko bs

tì`vjsjam bmd kjm`lb bdv`rtjsjmg js `lh`dd`d jm bmd

jmt`grbi ta to` av`rbii kblpbjgm, rbto`r tobm h`jmg jts

lbjm cakus.


[ullbry bmd

r`kall`mdbtjams


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