snaprevise.co.uk

BIOLOGY SUMMARY

FOUNDATIONS IN BIOLOGYSUMMARY

MODULE 2

DISCLAIMERThe information presented is no way produced or endorsed by any exam board.

Concise & exam board specific videos

Visit snaprevise.co.uk to find out more

High quality notes and summaries Created by A* students

I have designed and compiled this beautiful summary to provide a detailed but concise summary of this module. I have spent a lot of time perfecting the content as well as the presentation to make learning more fun and less daunting.

A-LEVEL REVISION & EXAM PREP IN A SNAP

MODULE 2Foundations in Biology

Super concise & exam board specific videos, notes & summaries by A* students at snaprevise.co.uk

TOPIC 1Cell Structure • 1mm = 1000ųm; 1ųm = 1000nm • Light vs electron microscopy • • Magnification vs resolution • Eukaryotic cells: 20-100ųm diameter & structure

• Structure/function of: ○ Nucleus and nucleolus ○ Nuclear envelope ○ Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticula ○ Golgi apparatus ○ Ribosomes ○ Mitochondria ○ Lysosomes ○ Chloroplasts ○ Cell surface membrane ○ Centrioles ○ Flagella vs cilia ○ Prokaryotic cells: 0.5-1ųm diameter ○ Features of prokaryotes

– Only one membrane (cell surface) – Peptidoglycan cell wall – Smaller ribosomes – DNA free in cytoplasm; plasmids – ATP production in cell surface membrane – Capable of anaerobic respiration

○ Protein synthesis ○ Transcription and translation ○ mRNA and tRNA ○ Ribosomal attachment ○ Triplets, codons, anticodons ○ Amino acid chain -> polypeptide ○ Golgi apparatus: modify and package ○ Exocytosis

• Structure & function of cytoskeleton ○ Actin filaments and microtubules

TOPIC 2Biological Molecules • Hydrogen bonding, e.g. in water • Properties of water in relation to its roles in biology

○ Solvent ○ Liquidity ○ Cohesion/adhesion ○ Properties when frozen ○ Thermal stability ○ Metabolic

○ Habitat • Monomers and polymers definitions • Starch, cellulose and glycogen as examples • Condensation = bonding and release of water • Hydrolysis = splitting using 1 water molecule • C, H, O, P, N in:

○ Carbohydrates ○ Lipids ○ Nucleic acids ○ Proteins ○ Water

– Disaccharide = 2 sugar molecules joined by glycosidic bond

– Polysaccharide = >2 sugar molecules joined ○ Structure of glucose (incl. 2 variants)

• Glycosidic bonds ○ Between monosaccharides ○ Formed by condensation, broken by hydrolysis ○ Usually 1,4-glycosidic bond (1,4 carbon atoms)

• Structures of maltose, lactose, fructose • Starch

○ Amylose and amylopectin ○ Main carbohydrate in plants

• Glycogen ○ Multibranched a-glucose polymer ○ Main energy store in animals

• Cellulose ○ B-glucose polymer ○ Several parallel chains

This summary is intentionally blurred, to view more click the button below!

This summary is intentionally blurred, to view more click the button below!

This summary is intentionally blurred, to view more click the button below!