A-LEVEL English Language Language A Level - PLC.pdf · Marie Clay and Yetta Goodman’s principles...
Transcript of A-LEVEL English Language Language A Level - PLC.pdf · Marie Clay and Yetta Goodman’s principles...
MONOUX PLC
A-LEVEL English
Language
Contents (click to go directly to section)
Child language:
Spoken
Written
Accent and Dialect:
Language and Region
Occupation
English around the world
Gender
Language change
Text analysis
Social groups
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Checklist for Child Language Spoken
Terms, theories & ideas Unsure
Nearly
Confident
Context: age of child, place, relationship between speakers etc.
Comprehension, production & productive vocabulary (by 18 months usually around 50 words)
Pre-verbal stages: vegetative, cooing, babbling & proto word
Nelson (1973) – early words into 4 categories: naming, action, social and modifying (naming biggest category)
Bloom (2004) – argues noun bias on relative frequency
Overextension & underextension
Hypernym & hyponym
Mismatch statement
Aitchison (1987) – 3 stages: labelling, packaging & network building (page 111)
Sounds & pronunciation problems: addition, deletion, reduplication, substitution, consonant cluster reduction, deletion of unstressed syllables, assimilation (page 111)
Utterance: how much they say = ‘mean length of utterance’ (MLU) – term used by linguists
Morphemes – free and bound
Typical stages: proto-word, one-word (holophrastic), two-word, telegraphic and post telegraphic (page 113)
Auxiliary verb – helping verb
Pivot schema – the use of certain words as a ‘pivot’ to generate many utterances
Aspect – progressive aspect = ing form - ongoing
Tenses, noun phrases – building more complex structures
Virtuous errors and logical mistakes: overgeneralisation
Unwritten rules & structures: turn-taking etc.
Diminutives – reduce the scale of an object by ‘addition’ – doggie, piggy, dolly
Jean Berko Gleason (1958) The ‘wug’ test (page 119)
B. F. Skinner (1957) - Behaviourism
Noam Chomsky (1959) - Nativism
Language acquisition device (LAD) – Chomsky’s idea
Tabula rasa – meaning ‘blank slate’ in Latin – at birth. Chomsky argued a programmed ability to learn language
Nature/Nurture
Child directed speech (CDS) – check on page 121 for features
Cognitive theories – Jean Piaget (1964) & Lev Vygotsky (1934) – zone of proximal development
Seriation – the idea of objects being in a series
Object permanence
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Politeness theory – link with work on pragmatics
Orthography – the spelling system
More knowledgeable other (MKO)/caregiver
Operant conditioning: the idea that a positive or negative response by a caregiver can influence the child’s speech
Positive/negative reinforcement
Scaffolding/modelling
Egocentric: children thinking only of themselves
Case study of Genie
Case study of Jim
Phonemic alphabet – will be given as glossary
Sentence moods: declarative, interrogative, imperative & exclamatory
IRF Structure –Initiation, response, feedback: what do we say to Granny? Thank you for the sweets Granny. Well done John.
Stretch
Read Paul Ibbotson’s chapter ‘Child Language Acquisition’ in Language: a student handbook (ask me)
Research the ideas of Michael Tomasello on language use theory; the idea that language develops according to how a child needs to use it: this is quite an academic document but you could skim read for interesting parts: https://www.princeton.edu/~adele/LIN_106:_UCB_files/Tomasello-BavinChapter09.pdf An interesting essay: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/english-language/language-acquisition-accounts-by-chomsky-and-tomasello-english-language-essay.php
Print off the booklet: Child Language Revision notes from the higher grade tookit on Teams – or ask me to direct you to this
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Checklist for Child Language Written
Terms, theories & ideas Unsure Nearly Confident
Context: where is the writing being done, is anyone assisting, if at school: what is the intention of the teacher, how does the marking show what is being practised. What is the influence of book reading or cognitive development/associations?
Development of handwriting: Emergent writing, tripod grip, fine motor skills, directionality, print and cursive script
Developmental model and Functional model of learning literacy
Attitudes – the creative model versus the rule-based model
The idea that a phoneme is represented by a grapheme – a sound is represented by a symbol (Grapho-phonemic)
An awareness of how language is all around us before we begin to read and write
The importance of storytelling, the use of familiar texts to facilitate writing
Scaffolding – and the various forms this can take
The importance of a key adult or knowledgeable other – environmental factors – writing at school and home
Lev Vygotsky – social constructivism – Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Shirley Brice Heath – 1970’s community literacy
The importance of books – repeated patterns, images, creativity and playfulness with language as well as the structure of the written mode
Sociocultural knowledge through narrative and representations
Multimodal literacies
Non linear – webpages for example, clicking around a page
Richard Gentry (1978) stages of spelling development
How spelling is taught
Aspects of misspelling
Punctuation and sentence construction
Phases in development – Barry Kroll’s research followed by Katherine Perera’s (1984) – Preparatory, Consolidation, Differentiation, Integration
Genre audience and purpose – Narratives, Recounts, Report, Observation – Joan Rothery 1980’s
Genre theorists – Jim Martin and Joan Rothery
Chronological and non-chronological ways of structuring writing
Cognitive awareness – Piaget, awareness of tenses, writing in character etc.
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Marie Clay and Yetta Goodman’s principles of development page 130
Awareness of developments/current thinking – latest on SAT’s testing, news articles for example
Stretch
Be prepared for CMC (computer mediated communication) and the possibility that the sample may include the work of older children. https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/national-curriculum-assessments-practice-materials#key-stage-1-past-papers This link will take you to SATs sample papers for all age ranges; you can see what children are expected to know at various age ranges.
Log into emagazine (ask your teacher for login details) keep up to date with any recent articles on child literacy.
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Checklist for Accent and Dialect – Language and Region
Terms, theories & ideas Unsure Nearly Confident
Received Pronunciation (RP) Non regional Standard English Slang Linguistic variable Covert prestige Overt prestige Convergence & divergence Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) Giles Multicultural London English Estuary English Dialect levelling Matched guise technique Howard Giles William Labov New York department store study (1966) Martha’s Vineyard study (1963) Peter Trudgill Norwich study (1974) Cheshire’s Reading study (1982) Prescriptivism and Descriptivism Attitudes to regional accents i.e. Birmingham Ideas around regional pride and belonging Stretch International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) – look more closely at this and perhaps learn some of the sounds that you could use in an essay – choose a few linguistic variables that may be useful
Read the chapters on language variation in Language a Student Handbook on Key Topics & Theories: 1. Social Factors by Paul Kerswill and 2. Patterns of Accent Variation by Kevin Watson
Watch the clip of David Crystal speaking about regional variation: https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=youtube+david+crystal+regional+variation+accent+and+dialect&view=detail&mid=D6BA2A62160327656FD5D6BA2A62160327656FD5&FORM=VIRE
Check the Guardian online for any recent articles on accent and dialect or regional variation
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Checklist for Accent and Dialect – Occupation
Terms, theories & ideas Unsure Nearly Confident
John Swales – discourse community Almut Koester – the importance of phatic talk in the workplace Michael Nelson – Corpus of business language Drew and Heritage - Inferential framework Asymmetric language - unequal Restricted lexis – used only within a specific context Corpus – a collection of searchable language data stored on a computer The Plain English Campaign Syntactical arrangement of speech – example: police or legal declarations Howard Giles – convergence and divergence Code-switching Accommodation theory Phonology: accent, tone of voice, pitch, intonation etc. Graphology/orthography: changing the spelling of words Jargon/inferential frameworks as inclusive and positive or isolating and negative
Solidarity – a feeling of connection with others or mutual support Occupation and international English Growth of international workplaces – how this affects occupational language
Stretch Suzi Dent’s book ‘Modern Tribes’ see the YouTube talk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hrJpNj-LWw
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Checklist for English around the world
Terms, theories & ideas Unsure Nearly Confident
English as a lingua franca (ELF) Terms: Global English and International English Diaspora – The dispersal of people (and their languages) First language (L1), second language (L2) Pidgin – A trade language, not the language of either speaker Creole Braj Kachru (1992) 3 circles model McArthur’s circle of World English Schneider’s dynamic model Exonormative Endonormative Jennifer Jenkins – major theorist in this area Attitudes to English in the world Phonology – Retroflex, Schwa, Stress-timed, Syllable-based Page. 188 in text book
Post-colonial – the time since former colonies gained independence Stretch Jennifer Jenkins – theorist with current ideas on the use of English as a lingua franca. Research her ideas https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZvWCqvxK9Hg
Read the chapter: English around the world by Dr Jane Setter in: Language a Student Handbook on Key Topics & Theories – (ask me)
Watch the interview with David Crystal on world English: https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=youtube+world+english+david+crystal&view=detail&mid=9276A91086E9B634CE119276A91086E9B634CE11&FORM=VIRE
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Personal Learning Checklist (PLC) for Language and Gender
Terms/people Unsure Nearly Confident Generic form of reference (he) ‘mankind’ etc.
Marking Biological sex and gender as a social construction
Gender neutrality/pronouns Robin Lakoff – Deficit theory: ‘Language and Woman’s Place’ (1975)
Tag questions, empty adjectives, less taboo, apologising more, intensifiers etc.
The modal auxiliary verbs:
Dale Spender – Dominance theory Deborah Cameron – Diversity ‘The Myth of Mars and Venus 2007)
Deborah Tannen – Difference: ‘You Just Don’t understand’
Jennifer Coates – men competitive and women collaborative and co-operative
O’Barr and Atkins (1980) – courtroom cases
Arguments around miscommunication between men and women
Awareness of other factors other than language: age, social groups, employment, ethnicity, cultural background etc. Consider.
Anthropomorphism – imposing human qualities on the animals and objects around us Representation
Objectification Pejorative terms
Gendered pronouns and using ‘man’ for both
Otto Jesperson (1922) - Deficit Sapir and Whorf Hypothesis
Lexical priming Stretch
Janet Hyde (2005) – ‘gender similarities hypothesis’ – this is quite an academic article but
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you could skim read and pick out any parts that are interesting: https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/amp-606581.pdf Judith Butler – book ‘Gender Trouble’ suggests ‘performative’ – start your research with this link: www.openculture.com/2018/02/judith-butler-on-gender-
performativity.html
Podesva: The use of falsetto
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Checklist for Language Change
Terms, theories & ideas Unsure Nearly Confident Diachronic and synchronic variation
Awareness of timeline: Old, middle and early modern English
Functional theory Amelioration / Pejoration
Reflectionism / determinism Neologism
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Broadening / narrowing
Logical progression or random fluctuation
S curve and wave models of change Driving forces of language change: movement of people, technology, war/conflict, politics, youth culture, creativity
Change from above – Change from below Attitudes to language change: Prescriptivism/Descriptivism
Vocal fry, uptalk and inflections
Jean Aichison – damp spoon & crumbling castle Sticklerism
Political correctness
Who cares about language change? Borrowing
Euphemism & dysphemism Acronyms & initialisms
Coining & citations (first citation)
Internal & external factors Blending & compounding
Graphology & orthography (e.g. emojis) Changes in syntax and the ordering of words
Morphology – prefixes and suffixes contributing to the creation of new words
Key influences: invasion of 1066, the influence of Latin, printing press, Samuel Johnson’s dictionary, William Shakespeare, Geoffrey Chaucer etc.
Innovation – the creation of a neologism
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Diffusion – the spread of this, who first said Brexit?
Stretch
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVqcoB798Is Watch the David Crystal clip on language change and the effect of new technologies on language.
https://englishlangsfx.blogspot.com/ Take a look at the blog by Dan Clayton – there is lots of information on language change here
Read the chapter on language change in: A Student Handbook on Key Topics & Theories by The English and Media Centre (ask me)
Buy the Workbook from AQA with language change questions (£7.99)
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Checklist for textual analysis
Terms, theories & ideas Unsure Nearly Confident Age of text
Context of text Mode - written, spoken etc.
Intention Multimodal – uses more than one method
Archaic language or little used today
Text producer Intended text receiver
Audience positioning or construction Producer positioning themselves
Sentence types
Sentence moods Representations
Connotations Inverted syntax
Graphology Narratee – fictional receiver
Narrator – fictional/or real ‘teller’
Active and passive voice Computer mediated communication (CMC)
Limitations – prevented or restricted Critical discourse analysis – unpicking the way discourses work revealing power structures within society through language
Lexical and semantic aspects:
Formality and informality (register)
Colloquial
Taboo
Euphemism & dysphemism
Connotation
Collocation
Semantic field
Idiomatic language
Language device: metaphor, simile etc.
Pragmatic aspects:
Inference
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Politeness
Phonological aspects:
Sounds – alliteration, onomatopoeia etc.
Grammatical aspects:
Pronouns, modifiers, verbs, sentence types and functions, word and clause ordering etc.
Graphological aspects:
Design, colour, layout, logo, symbols, images etc.
Positive face theory – the need for positive reinforcement
Subject position – some aspects emphasised and some played down
Word, phrase or clause ordering or positioning – are clauses used first for example to gain attention
Rhetoric – the study or art of persuasive language
Stretch
Read the chapter: Textual Analysis & Stylistics by Peter Stockwell in: Language, A Student Handbook on Key Topics & Theories
Begin to collect your own examples of language and analyse these independently. Interesting articles, leaflets that come through your door, photograph advertisements etc. Remember every text has a text producer, an intended reader and a sense of audience/author positioning and intention
Buy or borrow from the LRC a book on grammar – check anything that you are unsure about. David Crystal is one of the best authors to look for.
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Personal Learning Checklist (PLC) for Social Groups
Terms/people Unsure Nearly Confident What is a social group – micro and macro levels
Convergence & Divergence Howard Giles 1970’s Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT)
William Labov – class studies (post-vocalic /r/)
Peter Trudgill’s 1974 study of Norwich speech Social networks and multiplexity
Dialect
Ethnolect
Familect
Genderlect Social practices – the ways in which people in groups habitually behave
Sociolect
Sociolinguistics
Jenny Cheshire (1982) – work on peer group culture
Community of practice Pragmatic rules
Language and age – Penelope Eckert Overt and covert prestige
Inclusion and exclusion Jargon, slang, neologisms, amelioration and pejoration
Ideas around ‘teenspeak’
Vocal fry and uptalk
Stretch
emagazine – ask me for login details, articles on language and social groups
Blog about vocal fry: Mark Liberman: https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=3626 Google: Mark Liberman vocal fry blog
Language and sexuality: Podesva’s 2007 study into the use of falsetto by a gay male in constructing his persona:
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