A irborne Internet to Support SATS Flight Data Link Applications AI Consortium Meeting January 22,...
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Transcript of A irborne Internet to Support SATS Flight Data Link Applications AI Consortium Meeting January 22,...
Computer Networks & Software Inc.
7405 Alban Station Court, Suite B225, Springfield, Virginia 22150-2318 (703) 644-2103
Accelerating CNS
www.CNSw.com
Airborne Internet to Support SATS
Flight Data Link Applications
AI Consortium Meeting
January 22, 2003
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Agenda
AI Concept Review of GRC SATS AI Project Results AI Testbed Conclusions DARTS AI Roadmap
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Airborne Internet History
Airborne Internet was conceived as an enabling technology for the air/ground and air/air exchange of digital data for the SATS Program.
May 01: CNS received task order from GRC to conduct research on the AI for SATS.
Dec 01: SATS AI Testbed demonstration marked end of GRC task order.
May 02: CNS awarded 6 month task order for SATS AI demonstrations.
Sep 02: DARTS contract for AI equipment and applications awarded to CNS.
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Airborne Internet Concept
Airborne Internet is a set of communication services and protocols that support consolidated one-way and two-way data exchange requirements of diverse applications. – Applications share bandwidth available from minimum
number of radios. Goal is one radio.– Media independent– Applications use only those communications services that
they need.
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AI Nodal Protocol Architecture
T C P (A I-P IC S )
IP (A I-P IC S )
P ee r -to -P ee r
A I A p p A I A p p
L A N
L in k L a y er P ro to co l
P h y sic a l L a y er P ro to c o l
A I-R o u ter
A r e a w id eC o llab o r a tion
P ro to c o l(A C P )
C e ll w id eC o llab o r a tion
P ro to c o l(C C P )
M o b ility
A I A p p A I A p p A I A p p A I A p p
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Generic AI Model
An Integrated CNS approach to interoperability - all services through a common communications method.
All the challenges that the ATN faced in the 1980’s, but using the standards of today.
Airborne InternetInfrastructure
Mod
e S
UA
T
SAT
CO
M
VD
L
A/C
LA
N(A
RIN
C 6
64)
WL-
LA
N80
2.11
/16
Applications
Subnetworks
LayeredProtocolServices
Data Transport Services
Broadcast, Multicast, Unicast
Mob
ility
Net
wor
k M
anag
emen
t
Secu
rity
Qua
lity
of S
ervi
ce
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Airborne Internet Environment
Non-AI Aircraft
SATCOM
AI VDLAI VDL
AI VDL
AI Aircraft
ATC Controller
GPS
Navigation
Line of sight
AI Airport Services
• TIS-B• LAAS
NAS Services• ATM System • HUB Airports• TIS-B
Internet • Weather Products • NOTAMS• Flight Service Stations• OtherVPN
Gateway
AI SATCOM
Gateway
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SATS AI Project Summary
Government Leaders:– FAA Technical Contact: Ralph Yost– NASA GRC Project Manager: Mike Zernic– NASA GRC Project Engineer: Jim Griner– NASA GRC Space Comm Office: Denise Ponchak
Project: – Develop the requirement, architecture, and system level
design baselines,– and establish the evaluation testbed for the Airborne
Internet.– FY 02 Sustain Testbed Demonstrations
AI Objective: – Consolidate and integrate the exchange of CNS data.– Minimize the number of radios and antennas on an
aircraft. Goal is to provide common access means for all wireless aircraft applications.
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AI Contractor Team
Computer Networks & Software, Inc. (CNS) - Prime– Mulkerin Associates Inc. (MAI)– Project Management Enterprises, Inc. (PMEI)– AvCS Research Ltd.– Microflight, Inc.– AvCom, Inc.– Comptel, Inc.
Architecture Technologies Corporation - Prime
Accomplished the first project cycle to define the SATS AI
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System Engineering Challenge
Flight Demonstrations
Operation Readiness
Research Horizon
Today 2005 2010 2015 2020
AI F
unct
iona
lity
Design for reaching horizon – max degrees of freedom Use an incremental approach – as Concept of Operations evolves Provide for early demonstrations of concepts Interoperate with the NAS Use an Integrated CNS approach Obtain low cost solutions
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What has been accomplished?
Preliminary Concept of Operations (using SATS concept)
AI Requirements Definition CNS Technology evaluation/tradeoff NAS/SATS infrastructure assessment Defined three candidate architectural approaches:
– Ground Centric ( M3 and UMTS - Cellular)– Space Centric (Immarsat)– Air Centric (Mode SATS)
Performed Architecture Assessment Set-up a Testbed for the AI Mode SATS Approach Installation of AI equipment in DARTS started
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Services allocated to system entities
Information Exchange Data Objects allocated by service/ functional processes (data flows)
Entity and services relationships Reference Model
Information Exchange Needs (communications requirements )
Operational Services (based on Operational Concepts)
+ Loading
NWSNWS Aircraft 2Aircraft 2Aircraft 2
ATM SysATM Sys
NAVNAV
Aircraft 1Aircraft 1
H
FSSFSS
InternetInternet
SurveillanceSurveillance
AirportAirport
A
B
DE
F
CG
State Purpose Functions FPU WX AS MC NAV ASI PE PIE 20
05
Provide data for tracking aircraft on the ground.
Provide data for tracking an aircraft enroute
Support safe separation between participating traffic and airspace.
Provide data to ensure proper separation to avoid potential hazards and collisions.
Provide data to support VFR and IFR traffic separation.
Provide data to monitor flight progress.
X
State Purpose Functions A/C 1 A/C 2 Int Surv NAV FSS NWS ATM Sys Airport
2005
Provide data for tracking aircraft on the ground.
Provide data for tracking an aircraft enroute
Support safe separation between participating traffic and airspace.
Provide data to ensure proper separation to avoid potential hazards and collisions.
Provide data to support VFR and IFR traffic separation.
Provide data to monitor flight progress.
X X
Ref#
SATS UserServices Functional Capability
1 Flight Service
File flight plans and amendments.
Process flight plans and amendments.
Provide information for flight plans.
Obtain in-flight or pre-flight weather and NAS status (NOTAMs) advisories.(Near real time and forecast, tactical and strategic)
Obtain in-flight or pre-flight traffic advisories. (Existing tactical and strategic)
Obtain in-flight NAS status advisories – current and scheduled.
2 Air Traffic Service
Provide separation of aircraft during ground operations.
Provide separation of in-flight IFR aircraft.
Avoid potential hazards and collisions.
Maintain minimum distance from Special Use Airspace (SUA).
Monitor flight progress.
Enable in-flight sequencing, spacing, and flow management for SATS aircraft.
Obtain pre-flight runway, taxi sequence, and movement restrictions.
Project aircraft in-flight position and identify potential conflicts.
Provide data to support managing use of SUA.
3 Emergency andAlerting Service
Provide emergency assistance and alerts. (For downed or troubled aircraft)
Support search and rescue.
4 Self-Separation andSequencing Service
Provide data to ensure proper separation to avoid potential hazards andcollisions.
Provide data to support VFR and IFR traffic separation.
Provide data to monitor flight progress.
Provide self-separation in NAS.
5 Navigation Service Provide airborne navigation guidance.
6 Pilot/AircraftInformation Service
Provide information concerning the flight.
Enable separation of in-flight IFR aircraft.
Enable in-flight sequencing and spacing for SATS aircraft.
Provide aircraft in-flight position and identify potential conflicts.
7 Aircraft and TravelService
Provide information about airport services.
Notification to owner/operator about change in aircraft availability.
Notification to owner/operator about aircraft maintenance issues.
Provide other travel related information.
8 Public InformationExchange Service
Provide in-flight entertainment
Provide public communications including email and web browsing.
Information Exchange – (IE Object) Type: G/AAirspace Situation (AS) Integrity (Error Rate): High
Information Unit Size (Min, Max, Avg): 0.2 Kb, 13 Kb, 11 KbFrequency of Occurrence: 5 seconds
Applicable Interface: (Entity-to-Entity) Acceptable Delay: 5 secondsE Authentication: No
Priority: MediumRetransmission Required: NoSuitable for Addressed Communications: NoSuitable for Broadcast: YesSuitable for Multicast: Yes
Macro-Level Object Oriented Analysis Process
AI Requirements Methodology
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Entity Reference Model
NWS Aircraft 2
ATM Sys
NAV
Aircraft 1
H
FSS
Ops/Sup
Surveillance
Airport
A
B
DE
F
CG
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NAS Services/Systems
Ref # GA User Services NAS Systems
1 Flight Service FIS-B, DUATS, OASIS, AFSS, TWIP, D-ATIS, TAMDAR
2 Air Traffic Service TIS, TIS-B, CPDLC
3 Emergency and Alerting Service TIS-B, CPDLC
4 Self-Separation and Sequencing Service TIS, TIS-B
5 Navigation Service LAAS
6 Pilot/Aircraft Information Service Voice
7 Aircraft and Travel Service Internet
8 Public Information Exchange Service Internet
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Common Framework - Wx
N W SN W SF S SF S S
I n t e r n e t G a t e w a yG a t e w a y
S A T S S U B N E T
L e g e n d
F P U : F l i g h t P l a n n i n g a n d U s e ( F P U )
W x : W e a t h e r
A S : A i r s p a c e S i t u a t i o n
M C : M a n e u v e r & C o n t r o l
N A V : N a v i g a t i o n
A S I : A v i a t i o n S y s t e m I n f o r m a t i o n
P A E : P i l o t / A i r c r a f t I n f o r m a t i o n E x c h a n g e
A T : A i r c r a f t & T r a v e l
P I E : P u b l i c I n f o r m a t i o n E x c h a n g e
F S S : F l i g h t S e r v i c e S t a t i o n
N W S : N a t i o n a l W e a t h e r S e r v i c e
N W I S ; N A S W i d e I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m
F B O : F i x e d B a s e O p e r a t o r
L A A S : L o c a l A r e a A u g m e n t a t i o n S e r v i c e: I n f o r m a t i o n f l o w
S u r v e i l l a n c e ( T I S )
S u r v e i l l a n c e ( T I S )A T C
C o n t r o l l e r
N W I SN W I S
A I - R o u t e r
D R
S A T S I E O B J E C T SF P U W x A S M C N A V A S I P A E A T P I E
S A T S A i r c r a f t - 2 O n - b o a r d G P S R X
O n - b o a r d G P S R X
S u b n e t
A I - R o u t e r
D R
S A T S I E O B J E C T SF P U W x A S M C N A V A S I P A E A T P I E
S A T S A i r c r a f t - 1 O n - b o a r d G P S R X
O n - b o a r d G P S R X
S u b n e t
F B O ( L o c a l A i r p o r t )
L A A SL A A SG l o b a l I n t e r n e t
G l o b a l I n t e r n e t
O p e r a t o r s / S u p p l i e r sO p e r a t o r s / S u p p l i e r s
S e n s o r T A M D R
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SATS Flight Profile – Comm Load
GND
TransitionAirspace
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Low Altitude Free Flight Airspace
High Altitude Free Flight Airspace
High Altitude SectorEn Route
Low Altitude Sector
GND
TransitionAirspace
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Low Altitude Free Flight Airspace
High Altitude Free Flight Airspace
High Altitude SectorEn Route
Low Altitude Sector
All Messages FPU MC ASI AT PAE AS WX NAV Total
Message Load - Flight (Kb) 3,250 10,000 900 3,300 18,000 15,984 13,192 20,304 84,930
Average Message Load (Kbps) 0.45 1.39 0.13 0.46 2.50 2.22 1.83 2.82 11.80
Addressed Messages FPU MC ASI AT PAE AS WX NAV Total
Message Load - Flight (Kb) 3,250 10,000 900 3,300 18,000 35,450
Average Message Load (Kbps) 0.45 1.39 0.13 0.46 2.50 4.92
Broadcast Messages FPU MC ASI AT PAE AS WX NAV Total
Message Load - Flight (Kb) 15,984 13,192 20,304 49,480
Average Message Load (Kbps) 2.22 1.83 2.82 6.87
250 aircraft within a 50 mile radius of a SATS airfield = Traffic load: 11.8 Kbps
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Technology Evaluation
Near-term Technologies Technologies to be Researched
CNS Related Technologies
Architectural Toolkit
70 Technologies
Multiple Solution Technologies• General Wireless• SATCOM• Cellular• LAN
Single Solution Technologies• Protocol Related• Navigation• Surveillance
CNS RelatedTechnologiesCNS RelatedTechnologies
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SATS Technology & Architecture Relationship
2005
NDI/N2DI
Today
Dev.
2025
Limited Solution Sets
•Protocol Related
•Navigation
•Surveillance
ArchToolkit Architecture
PrinciplesArchitectureDevelopment
Arch ASpace
Centric
Arch BAircraftCentric
Arch C Ground Centric
Arch DHybrid (s)
AI Requirements (Est.)
Technology EvaluationTask
Architecture DevelopmentTask
AI Testbed and DesignTasks
Multiple Solution Sets
•Wireless (General)
•Wireless (SATCOM)
•Wireless (Cellular)
•LAN
CandidateArchitectures
Technology DesignSpecifications
Legend
NDI = Non-Developmental Item
N2DI= Nearly Non-Developmental Item
Est. = Estimated
Technology (“+” = adds, “-” = deletes)
New TechnologyExample Only
(+)
(-)
(++)
(-)
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SATS AI Architectures
Space Centric Architecture
Internet(VPN)
LOS CoverageLOS Coverage
Enroute
MIS M&ECPUs
NOCC
LAAS Station
LAAS Monitor Airport
SurveillanceSource (TIS-B)
ATCController
Network OperationsControl Center (NOCC)
GPS
Gateway
GES
ATC Controller
SATS Services • PAE (air-to-air)•AS (ADS/TIS)
NAS Services• ATM System• HUB Airports• MC (CPDLC like)
LOS Coverage
LOS Coverage
Enroute Base Station
Enroute Base Station
Airborne router
AIRPORT SURVEILLANCE SOURCE (TIS-B)
LAAS MONITOR
LAAS STATIONVDL/S BASE STATION
VDL/S Network OperationsControl Center (NOCC)
INTERNET
FPUWXASIPIE
Gateway
GPS
Air Centric Architecture
NWSFSS
InternetGatewayGateway
Legend
FSS: Flight Service Station
NWS: National Weather Service
NWIS; NAS Wide Information System
FBO: Fixed Base Operator
LAAS: Local Area Augmentation Service
RNC: Radio Link Control
MSC: Mobile Switching CenterSGSN: Serving GPRS Support NodeGGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node
Surveillance(TIS)ATC
Controller
NWIS
FBO (Local Airport)
LAASGlobalInternet
RNC RNC
MSCSGSN
GGSN
MSCSGSN
GGSN
Node B
Core Network
Access Network
Ground Centric Architecture
Ref Principle
1 Provides the means to fully support the functional services.
2 The AI will be separable into platform specific systems defined asthe CMS and a system defined NMS. To this extent the architecturewill modular.
3 The mechanisms and techniques employed with the AI will be self-organizing.
4 All communication, to the extent practical, will be performedthrough a primary means of communication.
5 Within the AI there will be no single point of failure.
6 The system will be constructed using open system standards.
7 The interface to the NAS (enroute, terminal controllers) will bethrough a gateway facility.
8 Provide for interfaces to the entities shown in the Entity relationshipModel.
9 Provide for information and operational security.
Architecture Principles
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Cost– On-board and off-board cost components– Infrastructure requirements – Overlay on existing or new infrastructure
to support SATS AI– SATS dedicated infrastructure or shared
(and paid for) by other users– Use of airport area as cost model
Availability– Time horizon
Performance– Adherence to AI architectural principles– Functional requirements– Bandwidth sizing– Reliability – redundancy– Delay
Scalability Risk Assessment
Evaluation Factors
Evaluation Factors and Architecture Models
Candidate Architectures for Comparison
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AI Architectural Evaluation Results
Aircraft Centric Architecture– Meets SATS requirements– Low risk, low cost, near COTS option– ICAO standards based with multiple hardware vendors
Space Centric Architecture– Available as a service now– Existing aircraft can be upgraded to this service– Transition higher bandwidth with Inmarsat-4
constellation Ground Centric Architecture
– UMTS technology has no inherent show stoppers and meets SATS requirements
– High risk - dependence on commercial aviation for development, certification and deployment of technology
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Architectural Principles
AI Testbed Objectives - Build A
Tell me About the Testbed
Provide a ‘Hands-on” technical platform to assess the principles and design of the Airborne Internet concept.
Provide an affordable platform using COTS products.
Provide base for additional technology insertion.
Installed Technology
VHF Data Link (air-centric Mode SATS)
TCP/IP
Peer-to-Peer (connectivity)
Emulated SATS Applications ADS-B, ATN CPDLC, FIS-B graphical
weather, Pilot/Aircraft information exchange,and email
Scalable
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Testbed – Build A with Mode SATS
Aircraft N382
AIRouter
Mode SATS Radio
P-P/CPDLC
ADS-B, Chat, Weather, NOTAMS
N382
Aircraft N384 Ground Facility
Remoteemail
Servers
RemoteEquipmentMonitoring
ModeSATS Radio
P-P/CPDLC
N384
AIRouter
ADS-B, Chat, Weather, NOTAMS
Mode SATS Radio
P-PPAE
GroundStation
CPDLCAI
Router
ADS-B
Aircraft N372,374 & 376
Web EnabledStatus Monitor
NetworkControlCenter,
Bethesda,MD
DNS
Firewall
E-mail,PAE
ADS-B, ChatWeather, NOTAMS
Internet
ModeSATS
Network
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Demonstration Applications
ADS-B Air-Air Chat FIS-B Textual Weather FIS-B Graphical Weather NOTAMS CPDLC Email Remote Monitoring Equipment Status Internet access using Browsers Video Frames/ Net Meeting Peer to Peer Tool
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FIS-B Weather Data Flow
N382 Air AIRouter
Radio
Radio
Ground AIRouter
Collector
ViewerBrowser
Sequencer
N382 Air AIRouterCollector
ViewerBrowser
Remotee-mail
Servers
Radio
Internet
weather.noaa.govwww.awc-kc.noaa.gov
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FIS-B Graphical Weather
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FIS-B Textual Weather Report
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NOTAMS
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Configuration and integration work represented a “one of a kind” rapid prototype of the airborne internet.
Airborne Internet Testbed Summary
VDL Mode SATS point-to-point and broadcast communication capability:
– Air-to-air, self organizing, peer-to-peer communication
– Functionality/interoperability Demonstrated “all-in-one” AI
connectivity. Internet connectivity. Integrated hardware/software
components from many suppliers. Successfully implemented and tested the
software based router for SATS AI. Demonstrated at ICNS 2002 and to more
than 100 government and industry representatives
Integrated Components
Mode SATS VHF Radio
EFR 300 Ground Station
VDL Mode Subnet Emulation using RF Attenuator
ADS-B Position Reporting System
FIS-B Graphical Weather Products
FIS-B Textual Weather
ATN CPDLC
Aircraft/Aircraft Chat
Netscape
E-mail Application
Web-enabled Remote Equipment Status Monitor
Aircraft Mobility Based on DNS
Intel-based Workstations and Sun Workstations (Ultra 10)
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Proposed Testbed B+ Enhancements
Perform test & measurement activities Add applications Add SATCOM Configure for VDL M2, M3 and 802.11
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Conclusions
Strong reason to employ the AI is to minimize the number of radios and antennae needed for data communications on GA/SATS aircraft.
Analysis and demonstrations indicate that the technology is available to implement the AI. – Bandwidth analysis for existing and near term NAS
related systems indicates that the traffic load generated by the diverse applications can be supported using a single 25 KHz VHF frequency.
– Analysis did not consider the issues associated with combining and transmitting traffic control, surveillance and navigation data on a single radio.
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Conclusions
Testbed demonstration showed that a single AI VHF radio per aircraft could provide weather and NOTAMS plus traffic control and surveillance data to the pilot. – Demonstrations focused on the feasibility of combining
data from diverse applications. – Performance of the AI in terms of delay was not
measured.– Once the AI equipment is installed in the DARTS,
experiments can be undertaken to measure performance and confirm that the AI is a preferred data link solution for GA aircraft.
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DARTS Project Summary - 1
Project: – Deliver equipment, software, documentation and technical
support necessary for the installation (by Government personnel) of the AI capability into existing Digital Infrastructure Facility (DIF) and two aircraft platforms.
– Develop additional specification documentation of the AI architecture and system design.
Work Plan:– 7 Tasks (6 CLINs)– Equipment Delivery – 119 days ARO– Documents (ASI and AI FDD)– Support – NTE 240 hours
Contractor Team:– Computer Networks & Software, Inc. (CNS) - Prime– Project Management Enterprises, Inc. (PMEI)– Mulkerin Associates Inc. (MAI)– Microflight
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SATS/DARTS AI System Components
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Proposed DARTS Facility
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Current AI Status
SATS AI Demonstrations– Testbed “Build A” Demonstrations (ended 9/30/02)– Delivered Subnetwork Interface Document– Conducted demonstrations for more than 100
government and industry representatives. DARTS AI Upgrade
– AI Subsystem for LaRC and 2 aircraft pallets– Configuration Review Complete– Final Applications Interface Reviewed and Delivered– Draft AI Functional Description Submitted for Review – Delivery (Jan 03)
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AI Roadmap
Mission/OperationalConcept
Future (NAS/SATS)
Surveillance Vision
AI System Design
ICNS Requirements
Architecture Candidates &Trades
AI Functional Description
SATS AI Requirements (FY01)
SATS AI Tech Eval & Architecture (FY01)
FY02
IP Technology:• Data Transport (UDP/TCP)• Mobility• Security• QoS• Network Management
SID
NASID
AI Test Platform Development
VD
Ls
SATS
802.
11/1
6
Test Evaluation
Validation/Reporting
Flight Tests & Demonstrations
Flight Tests
• Performance• Availability• Design to Cost• Hybrid
Test Plan
AI Design & Use VDL,SAT, 802.11/16
Industry Standards RTCA,AEEC
Incr
emen
tal C
ycles
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Summary
2002 Insights– AI really means integrated CNS vision– Initial work supporting a switch in context from
a SATS-centric vision to: » A generic approach having data link independence » A vision that includes an AI concept that is a NAS-wide tool
Issue:– Use of IP-based protocols in aviation systems
» Consensus on acceptability of functionally and performance
– Change in regulatory framework 2003
– Objective: Build a consensus framework for evaluation
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Contacts
Computer Networks & Software, Inc.
7405 Alban Station Ct.Suite B-225
Springfield, VA 22150-2318
Chris Wargo orChris Dhas 703-644-2103
[email protected], [email protected] http://www.CNSw.com
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What is Mode SATS
Based upon Self-Organizing VHF Data Link using GFSK modulation (peer-to peer technique).
Builds upon the core ICAO navigation-surveillance standards for VHF datalink.
Allows aircraft-to-aircraft switching (ad hoc networks) for AI communications.
Single channel data burst rate is 19.2 Kbps.– Significant data throughput improvements through
wide-band or multichannel techniques. Frequency tuning range:
– Today: 108 - 137 MHz– Researching 330 MHz or higher usage
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Freq (MHz)
Time
137
118
108
ADS-B/ reservation channel
LAAS
DOS, Location-ID discovery, short message and info transfer reservations.
FIS-B
Variable lengthinfo transferchannels
BROADCAST CHANNELS
Note: Minimum equipage required is frequency agile avionics with 2 receivers + 1 transmitter
TIS-B
Test mode: Development and testing by use of multiple-mode VHF 25 KHz hardware.Operational mode: One wide-band with priority based TDMA channelization or multiple narrow band
channels dynamically assignable to meet requirement.
Information (Data) Transfer Scheme
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Systems Engineering/Architecture Project
GA Operational Concept for Year 20XX – Prepare Operational/System Requirements
Update Architecture Requirements– Update/revise Traffic Loading Metrics– Update Architectures Models– Add Hybrid Approach Analysis
Update AI Functional Description Document
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GA AI Laboratory/Flight Project
Objective: Provides facility for test and measurement of AI Technology– IPOv4 and IPv6, Mobile Networking IPv4 – IPv6,
Network Management, Addressing Schemes, Security, QoS, and Software MANET or Equivalent
Tasks:– Establish WHJTC AI Testbed– Prepare a System Design Document– Conduct Testbed/Flight Experiments
» Level of detail subject to funding» Measurement of performance
– Development of additional applications
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VDL M2 and VDL M3 Approaches
Objective: Determine the approach for using IP over VDL M2 or M3.
Tasks:– Configuration and Design Development– Development & Acquisition– Test Facility Set-up– Analysis & Test– Report and Dissemination of Results
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Integrated CNS Standardization
Determine Regulatory approach– Multiple applications on single channel– Use of IP for ATC
Preliminary Safety and Certification Study– Links operational tasks and technical performance