A History of India_maps

8/11/2019 A History of India_maps

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MAPS

1 History and the Environment 362

2 Indus Civilisation 3633 Early Cultures of the Gangetic Valley (c.1000500 BC) 3634 Maurya Empire under Ashoka (268233 BC) 3645 India c.0AD 300 3656 The Gupta Empire (320500) 3667 Regional Kingdoms in the Early Seventh Century 3678 Regional Kingdoms of the Early Middle Ages (c.9001200) 3679 Territorial Development of Orissa (c.6001400) 368

10 Temple Donations and Ritual Policy in Vijayanagara

(15059) 36811 Late Middle Ages (12061526): Delhi Sultanate and

Late Regional Empires 36912 The Mughal Empire 37013 The British Penetration of India (17501860) 37114 The Republic of India 372


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354

CHRONOLOGY

BC

c. 6000 Neolithic settlements in Baluchistan4th millennium Settlements in the Indus valley28002600 Beginning of Indus civilisation26001700 Civilisation of the great cities in the Indus valley (Mohenjo

Daro, Harappa), in the Panjab (Kalibangan) and Gujarat(Lothal)

2nd millennium Immigration of the Indo-Aryansc. 1400900 Early Vedic period (Rigveda);settlement of the Aryans in the

Panjab and the western Ganga-Yamuna Doabc. 1000 Iron in India900500 Late Vedic period (Brahmanas);settlement of the Aryans in the

central and eastern Gangetic plain; emergence of the earlyMahajanapadas

800400 Painted grey ware in the area of Vedic settlement500 onwards Early urbanisation in the eastern Gangetic valley (Kausambi

probably earlier)c. 518 Gandhara and Sind satrapies of the Persian empirec. 500 Magadha emerges as supreme power of the Eastc. 5th century The Buddha teaches in North Indiac. 364 Nanda dynasty under Mahapadma327325 Alexander in northwest India

c. 320 Chandragupta establishes the Maurya dynasty268233 Emperor Ashoka261 Ashokas conquest of Kalinga and his conversion to Buddhism256 Buddhist missions in South Asia and the Hellenistic worldc. 248 Independence of the Greeks in Bactriac. 185 Pushyamitra kills the last Maurya and establishes the Sunga

dynasty (till 73 BC)c. 175 Foundation of the Indo-Greek empirec. 155130 Menander, most important k ing o f the Indo-Greeks

(Milindapanho)after 141 Shakas conquer Bactria

c. 94 Maues, Shaka king in northwest India58 Azes I: beginning of Vikrama era1st century Emergence of the Shatavahanas in Central India and King

Kharavela in Eastern India (Kalinga)


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CHRONOLOGY

355

AD

c. 2046 Gondopharnes, Indo-Parthian king in Taxilaearly 1st century Kujala Kadphises unites the Ye-chi tribes and establishes the

Kushana empire

1st century Intensive trade connections with the Roman empire78 Shaka erabetween 78 Kanishkas accession to the throne; heyday of the Kushana

and 144 empireafter 125 Resurgence of the Shatavahanas under Gautamiputra and

Vasishtiputra150 Rudradaman Shaka Kshatrapa in western Indiac. 250 Disintegration of the Shatavahana kingdom320 Ch andragupta I establishes the Gupta dynasty33575 Samudragupta, expansion of the Gupta kingdom throughout

North India and temporarily to South India

375413/5 Chandragupta II; Gupta empire at the peak of its power,conquest of the Shaka kingdom in the West and marriagealliance with the Vakatakas of Central India; a new climax ofSanskrit poetry (Kalidasa)

40511 Fa-hsien (Faxian) in India41555 Period of peace and cultural expansion under Kumaragupta45567 Skandagupta; first attack of the Huns46797 Budhagupta, last important Gupta rulerc. 50027 Huns rule over North India under Toramana and Mihirakula;

decline of the classical urban culture of the North54366 Pulakeshin I, rise of the Chalukyas of Badami in Central India

c. 574 Simhavishnu, rise of the Pallavas of Kanchipuram in South India60647 Harsha of Kanauj60942 Pulakeshin II of Badami; hegemony of the Chalukyas over

Central Indiac. 630 Pulakeshin defeats Harsha of Kanauj; end of North Indias

hegemony63043 Hsiuen-tsang (Xuanzang) in India680720 Zenith of the Pallava kingdom under Narasimhavarman II

(shore temple at Mahabalipuram)711 Arabs conquer Sind7526 Dantidurga overthrows the Chalukyas and establishes the

Rashtrakuta dynasty770821 Go pala establishes the Pala dynasty of Bihar and Bengal, under

his successor Dharmapala hegemony over eastern India788820 Shankara783 Vatsaraja establishes the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty of Rajasthanlate 8th century Beginning of the great interregional conflicts83685 Gurjara-Pratiharas become the most powerful dynasty of India

under Bhoja860 King Balaputra of Sumatra establishes a monastery at Nalanda871907 Aditya I overthrows the Pallavas and establishes the Chola

dynasty93968 Rashtrakutas become the most powerful dynasty under Krishna

III; defeat of the Cholas973 Taila overthrows the Rashtrakutas and establishes the Chalukya

dynasty of Kalyani


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CHRONOLOGY

356

9851014 Rajaraja establishes the Chola empire, conquest of South Indiaand Sri Lanka

9881038 Mahipala, resurgence of the Palas of Bihar and Bengal100027 Mahmud of Ghazni raids North India in 17 expeditions

(destruction of Mathura, Kanauj and Somnath temple)

101447 Rajendra Chola, The Great1023/3 Chola army advances to the Ganga and defeats the Somavamshisof Orissa and the Palas of Bengal

1025 Conquest of Srivijaya (Sumatra and Malaya) by a maritimeexpedition of the Cholas

10701120 Kulottunga I of Vengi ascends the Chola throne10771147 Anantavarman Chodaganga of Kalinga conquers central Orissa

and establishes the Ganga empire10771120 Ramapala, the last important Pala king, reconquers parts of

Bengal1137 Death of the Vaishnava reformer Ramanuja

11791205 Lakshmana Sena, last Hindu king of Bengal1192 Battle of Tarain, Mahmud of Ghur defeats a Rajputconfederation under Prithiviraja; in the following years conquestof North and East India by Muslim armies

1206 Aibak establishes the sultanate of Delhi121036 Iltutmish, sultan of Delhi124679 Rajendra III, last Chola kingc. 1250 Sun Temple of Konarak125375 Under Jatavarman Vira Pandya, temporary resurgences of the

Pandyas of Madurai126687 Balban, sultan of Delhi

12901320 Khalji dynasty of Delhi1293 Marco Polo in South India12971306 Delhi sultanate repulses several attacks of the Mongols12961316 Ala-ud-din, sultan of Delhi, radical administrative reform

measures130911 Conquest of South India by the sultanate of Delhi132088 Tughluq dynasty of Delhi132551 Mu hammad Tughluq1327 Daulatabad in Central India temporarily the new capital of the

sultanate; beginning of the disintegration133470 Sultanate of Madurai

1338 Separate sultanate of Bengal1346 Foundation of the empire of Vijayanagara1347 Bahman Shah establishes the Bahmani sultanate in Central India135188 Firoz Shah, the last important sultan of Delhi1361 Firoz Shah raids Orissa1370 Vijayanagara conquers the sultanate of Madurai1398 Timur devastates Delhi1403 Separate sultanate of Gujarat140622 Conquests of the east coast by King Devaraja II of Vijayanagara141451 Sayyids of Delhi143567 Kapilendra establishes the Suryavamsha dynasty of Orissa

14511526 Lodi dynasty; renewal of the Delhi sultanate1463 Kapilendra conquers the east coast up to the Kaveri1481 Murder of Prime Minister Mahmud Gawan and beginning of

the disintegration of the Bahmani sultanate


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CHRONOLOGY

357

14891505 Sikander Lodi; Agra new capital of the Delhi sultanate1498 Vasco da Gama in Calicut150929 Krishadeva Raya, zenith of the power of Vijayanagara1510 The Portuguese conquer Goa1526 Baber, the Great Mughal, defeats the sultan of Delhi

1542 Sher Shah conquers North India and introduces a new system ofrevenue administration1554 Humayun, the Great Mughal, defeats the successor of Sher Shah

and re-establishes Mughal rule1556 Akbar succeeds Humayun1565 Battle of Talikota: the Vijayanagar army defeated by the joint

forces of the successor states of the Bahmani sultanate1574 Akbar conquers Gujarat1586 Philip II, King of Spain and Portugal, concludes the pepper

contract with the German merchants Fugger and Welser1600 Foundation of the East India Company in London

1602 Foundation of the Dutch East India Company160527 Jahangir, the Great Mughal, and his wife Nur Jahan preside overthe flowering of Persian court culture in India

161518 Sir Thomas Roe, the first British ambassador, stays at theMughal court

162758 Shah Jahan, the Great Mughal, conquers large parts of thenorthern Deccan, builds the Red Fort in Delhi and the TajMahal in Agra

163644 Mughal Prince Aurangzeb rules the South as viceroy of theDeccan

1646 Shivaji establishes his strongholds in the region of Pune,

Maharashtra1655 Aurangzeb raids the sultanate of Golconda16581707 The Mughal empire at its height under Aurangzeb, the Great

Mughal, who brings about its decline by exhausting its resources1664 Inauguration of the French East India Company16681706 Franois Martin, the founder of French power in India1670 Shivaji raids Surat, the port of the Mughal empire1680 Shivaji dies1681 Aurangzeb establishes Aurangabad on the Deccan as new

Mughal capital16867 Aurangzeb annexes the sultanates of Bijapur and Golconda

170719 Three weak Great Mughals who follow each other in quicksuccession preside over the downfall of the Mughal empire

171420 Balaji Vishwanath, the first Peshwa (chief minister) of theMaratha king, Shahu, establishes a new system of a centralisedcollection of tribute

1724 Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah, viceroy of the Deccan and vezir of theMughal empire, leaves Delhi and establishes a quasi-independentstate at Hyderabad, other Mughal provinces (Bengal, Oudh)follow suit

172040 Peshwa Baji Rao I extends Maratha rule to North India, raidsDelhi

1739 Nadir Shah, ruler of Persia, sacks Delhi and steals the Mughalspeacock throne

174254 The French governor, Dupleix, exploits the feuds among Indianrulers and builds up an Indian infantry in French service


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1746 The French admiral, La Bourdonnais, captures Madras1751 Robert Clive captures and defends Arcot1757 Battle of Plassey, Clive defeats the nawab of Bengal and installs

Mir Jafar1760 Battle of Wandiwash, British troops defeat the French

1761 Battle of Panipat, the Afghan ruler, Ahmad Shah Durrani,defeats the Marathas who withdraw to the South1764 Battle of Baxar, the joint forces of the Great Mughal and of the

nawabs of Bengal and Oudh are defeated by the British and theirIndian troops

1765 Clive returns to India as governor of Bengal and accepts thegrant of civil authority (Diwani) of Bengal from the GreatMughal on behalf of the East India Company

1769 Haider Ali, who had usurped the throne of Mysore in 1761,conquers large parts of Southern India

1770 Bengal famine, one-third of the population dies

1773 Regulation Act, Warren Hastings becomes governor general1782 Haider Ali dies; his son Tipu Sultan continues the fight againstthe British power in India; Hastings concludes the peace treatyof Salbei with the Marathas so as to concentrate on the South

1784 Second Regulation Act, stronger position of the governorgeneral, establishment of the Board of Control in London

1785 Impeachment of Warren Hastings; his successor, LordCornwallis, defeats Tipu Sultan and annexes a major part of histerritory

1793 Permanent Settlement (Land Revenue) of Bengal1799 Final defeat and death of Tipu Sultan

1803 The nawab of Oudh cedes the southern and western districts of his territories to the British

1818 Final British victory over the Marathas18438 Consolidation of British territorial rule in India; conquest of

Sind and of the Panjab1857 Mutiny of the Indian soldiers of the army of the East India

Company and revolt of the landlords of Oudh and of someIndian princes

1858 East India Company dissolved, India under the Crown1861 Establishment of the Imperial Legislative Council (Indian

members nominated by the viceroy)

1877 Queen Victoria assumes the title Empress of India1880 British defeat in the Afghan war influences British elections,

Gladstone sends Liberal viceroy, Lord Ripon, to India, Indiannationalists hope for Liberal support

1885 First Indian National Congress meets in Bombay1892 Reform of Legislative Councils; more Indian members1905 Partition of Bengal, national agitation, boycott of British goods

(Swadeshi campaign)1906 Foundation of the Muslim League1907 Split of the National Congress (Moderates/Extremists)1908 Bal Gangadhar Tilak sentenced to six years imprisonment

1909 Morley-Minto reform, separate electorates for Muslims1916 Lakhnau Pact between National Congress and Muslim League

(Tilak-Jinnah)1917 Montagu declaration on responsible government


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CHRONOLOGY

359

1918 Split of the National Congress and establishment of the NationalLiberal Federation

1919 Rowlatt Acts and Gandhis Rowlatt satyagraha1920 Montagu-Chelmsford reform, dyarchy in the provinces19202 Gandhis non-cooperation campaign and the Khilafat agitation

of the Indian Muslims1928 Simon Commission visits India1929 Lord Irwins declaration on Dominion status does not satisfy

Congress1930 Gandhis salt march and civil disobedience campaign; first

Round Table Conference in London boycotted by Congress19301 Great Depression (fall of agrarian prices) hits India, peasant

unrest articulated by Congress1931 Gandhi-Irwin Pact; Gandhi participates in second Round Table

Conference1932 Resumption of civil disobedience campaign; Gandhi-Ambedkar

Pact (reserved seats instead of separate electorates foruntouchables)1933 End of civil disobedience campaign1934 Elections to the Central Legislative Assembly, Congress wins

several seats1935 Government of India Act1936 Elections, Congress wins majority in seven provinces1937 Congress accepts office after initial protest against governors

emergency powers1939 Second World War begins, Congress ministers resign1940 Lahore Resolution (Pakistan Resolution) of the Muslim

League, Two Nations theory articulated by Jinnah1942 Cripps Mission and Quit India resolution; August revolution1944 Gandhi-Jinnah talks end without results1945 Simla Conference, national interim government cannot be

formed due to Jinnahs demands1946 Elections, Muslim League very successful; cabinet mission;

Direct Action Day of the Muslim League (16 August) andGreat Calcutta Killing; interim government: Jawaharlal Nehruprime minister

1947 Independence and partition (Pakistan, 14 August; India, 15August); Kashmir conflict begins

1948 Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi (30 January)1950 Constitution of Republic of India inaugurated: Rajendra Prasad

(president), J.Nehru (prime minister)1951 Nehru mediates in the Korean war1952 First general election, Congress wins19526 First five-year plan1954 Indian mediation in Indochina; Pakistan joins American pact

system1955 Bandung Conference of Afro-Asian states; Krushchev and

Bulganin visit India; States Reorganisation Committeerecommends creation of linguistic provinces

1956 Nehrus remarks on Soviet intervention in Hungary resented inWestern countries, Cold War intensified

195761 Second five-year plan, emphasis on industrialisation, foreign aidrequired


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CHRONOLOGY

360

1957 Second general election, Congress wins with the exception ofKerala (Communist Chief Minister: E.M.S.Namboodiripad)

1959 Presidents Rule in Kerala; foundation of the Swatantra Party;Dalai Lama flees from Tibet to India; beginning of openconfrontation between China and India

1960 Indus Water Treaty with Pakistan, Nehru-Ayub Khan talks;Nehrus attempt at mediation in UN after breakdown of Parissummit; division of Bombay state between Gujarat andMaharashtra

1961 Non-aligned Conference in Belgrade; Nehru-Chou Enlai talks inDelhi; liberation of Goa

1962 Third general election; Congress wins; border war with China19626 Third five-year plan, rapid expansion of heavy industry1964 Nehru dies; succeeded by Lal Bahadur Shastri1965 Conflict with Pakistan over the Rann of Cutch; Pakistans attack

on road to Kashmir, Indian counter-offensive directed at Lahore,

cease-fire and Soviet mediation1966 Conference at Tashkent (USSR); Shastri dies, succeeded byIndira Gandhi; devaluation of the rupee, bad harvests and greatincrease of agrarian prices

1967 Fourth general election, Congress maintains majority position atthe centre but loses control of several states

1968 Green Revolution begins; fourth five-year plan postponed1969 Elections in several states, no consolidation of Congress

position; Indira Gandhi splits Congress, drops old guard1971 Elections (centre only), Indira Gandhis Congress wins; Indo-

Soviet Friendship Treaty; Indian army helps in liberation of

Bangladesh, Pakistans troops surrender in Dhaka1972 Indira Gandhis meeting with Bhutto at Simla leads to

normalisation of relations; bad harvest endangers economicposition

1974 Oil price rise and another bad harvest lead to rapid inflation;strike of railway workers; underground test of a nuclear device

1975 Protest movement led by Jayaprakash Narayan; High Courtjudgment against Indira Gandhi in election case; Congress defeatin Gujarat; Emergency, many opposition leaders arrested

1976 Indira Gandhi postpones elections which would have been duein that year and then suddenly fixes election date for March

19771977 Indira Gandhi defeated in election, Morarji Desai becomes

prime minister, former opposition parties merge and form JanataParty

1978 Conflicts in Janata Party, Deputy Prime Minister Charan Singhdismissed

1979 Desai resigns, Charan Singh leads caretaker government1980 Indira Gandhi wins elections; Sanjay Gandhi, Congress secretary

general, dies in private aircraft accident1983 Elections in Andhra Pradesh (Telugu Desam Party: N.T.Rama

Rao) and Karnataka (Janata Party: Ramkrishna Hegde) lead to

defeat of Congress (I); Non-aligned Conference in New Delhi,with Indira Gandhi as president

1984 Unrest in Panjab, Indian army action in Golden Temple of Amritsar which is occupied by armed Sikhs (leader Jarnail Singh


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Bhindranwale killed in action); Indira Gandhi assassinated bySikh members of bodyguard (31 October) and succeeded byRajiv Gandhi; December elections won by him

1985 Budget signals change in economic policy Assam and PanjabAccords; elections in Assam won by Asom Gana Parishad and in

the Panjab by the Akali Dal1987 Presidents Rule in the Panjab, Lok Dal wins election inHaryana; V.P.Singh, former finance and defence minister,deprived of Congress Party membership, becomes leader of theopposition. Severe drought in India. Gandhi and Sri LankaPresident Jayewardene sign accord, Indian peace-keeping forcestationed in northern Sri Lanka, unable to disarm Tamilterrorists

1988 V.P.Singh wins by-election as opposition candidate; Panjabunrest continues, Golden Temple in Amritsar once more stormedby Indian army

1989 Conflict with Nepal on foreign policy and migration, Indianblockade. Sri Lanka President Premadasa issues ultimatum,Indian troops to quit, new accord postpones this. Sovietwithdrawal from Afghanistan relieves India, but India pledgedto support Kabul regime Elections in November 1989 end indefeat of Congress Party; Gandhi resigns, V.P.Singh formsgovernment

1990 Indian troops leave Sri Lanka Deputy Prime Minister Devi Laldismissed by V.P.Singh Ramjanmabhumi campaign, BJPPresident Advani heads procession to Ayodhya, arrested in Oct.,V.P.Singhs government falls, Chandrashekhar forms another

minority government, Nov.1991 Chandrashekhars government toppled by National Congress.

Rajiv Gandhi assassinated during election campaign nearMadras, 21 May Balance of payments crisis. P.V.NarasimhaRao forms new minority government (National Congress),Finance Minister Dr Manmohan Singh introduces programme ofstructural adjustment. Rupee devalued

1992 Bombay stock market scam Destruction of Babri Masjid,Ayodhya, 6 Dec. Four BJP state governments dismissed

1993 BJP rally in New Delhi (Feb.). Narasimha Rao visits China, signsagreement on line of actual control Elections in HimachalPradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. BJPloses votes

1994 Elections in Karnataka, won by Janata Party; Andhra Pradesh,won by N.T.Rama Raos party Telugu Desam

1995 Elections in Gujarat, won by BJP, and in Maharashtra where BJPand Shiv Sena form a coalition government

1996 Several Union cabinet ministers resign, being accused of receiving money in illicit transactions. Advani, also accused,quits as BJP President Federal elections, April-May, result inhung Parliament. A.B. Vajpayee (BJP) Prime Minister, 1527

May H.D.Deve Gowda (National Front) Prime Minister 1 June.1997 Deve Gowda replaced by Inder Kumar Gujral as prime minister,April


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Map 1 History and the Environment

MAPS

+++

++

- Mtllets

Thrashold

ZO S

++ Stone Age sites

Capitals of

Ancient and

MedoevaiKingdoma

Modern alles With several

mdlion oMabotanl

Monsoon

and

precipllallon

*

lrnar.oon

- - - - (l)eo-Morch)

r 1

-

ll 4n

~ 5 m m

lfHll =- ooo

- '*'

OOOmm


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Map 2 Indus Civilisation

Map 3 Early Cultures of the Gangetic Valley (c.1000500 BC)


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Map 4 Maurya Empire under Ashoka (268233 BC)

Major rocK edicts

inor

rock

edicts

Pillar edie1s

Provincial capitals

K UNG Provinces

ther cities

Roads

Approximate borders n the South

Borders

of

the Nanda empire

Autonomous and free tribes

Tnbes known from Ashoka s

inscriptions


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Map 5 India c. 0AD 300

Maximal extension of th Kushanas

Shakas

Shatavahanas

Finds of Roman coins

KUSH N S Empires

P V S Tribes and tribal principalities

Important seaport

of

Roman trade


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Map 6 The Gupta Empire (320500)

m

Gae area of the Ouptas.

conquemd b l Chandragupta I

and Samudragupta

WBorder kings under

Samudragupta;

COt 'qlJo91'Ad

by Cnondrag


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Map 7 Regional Kingdomsin the Early Seventh Century

Map 8 Regional Kingdoms of the Early Middle Ages (c. 9001200)

L akshmanavati

SEN S

C NDR S


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Map 10 Temple Donations and Ritual Policy in Vijayanagara (15059)

Map 9 Territorial Development of Orissa(c.6001400)


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Map 11 Late Middle Ages (12061526): Delhi Sultanate and Late RegionalEmpires

Capita l of the Delhi Sultanate

and the regional empires

Temporary boundaries of:

Delhi Sultanate

Bahma

nlds

Vijayanagara

Gajapat

is of

Or

is

sa

Delhi Sultanate

around

29 AD

Contested Rajputana

OllJ ] Contested

areas

in

Central India


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Map12 The Mughal Empire

Province of

ultan Mughal Empire

m Akbar s Empire 1561

]

Akbar s Empire 1605

Vijayanag ra Empire

declined after 1565


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Map 13 The British Penetration of India (17501860)

Before 1770

177Q 1800

E:::J aoo-1a3o

183Q 1860

Pnncely states


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Map 14 The Republic of India

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