2012-08-28 18:23:16 UTC

503cfcc87cd6d 187.58.128.218 Brazil

A

HISTORY

OF

SICAL

SCHOLARSHIP

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1^Si

as

OF

ASSICAL

SCHOLARSHIP

FROM

THE

SIXTH

CENTURY

B.C.

TO

THE

END

OF

THE

MIDDLE

AGES

BY

JOHNPBLLOW

EDWIN

SANDYS,

LiTT.D.,

AND

LBCTURBK

OP

ST

JOHN

""-

8

COLLBCB,

AND

PUBLIC

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IN

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101974

PREFACE.

HEyears

present

workat

owes

its

origin suggestionof

to

the

fact

that,

some

ni

ago,

the

kindthe

of

my

friend

Professor

b,

I

was

invited

byHistoryin

editorof

Social

England

to

prepare

f

survey

of

the

Scholarship,In

whichcourse

was

included

inI formed

t

es

publishedfora

1896

and

1897.

ofof

timethe

lan

more

comprehensiveingeneral,trace

treatment

History

sical

Scholarship

which its

shouldgrowth

beginin

with

its

bir

the

Athenian times,the

age, andof

should then

the

Alexandrianthe

Roman

pass and

onwards,to

throughfurther

Middle

to

Revivalthe

Learning,Classics

the

developementsEurope

the

studythe

of

ancient

amongacross

the the

nationsseas.

ofIwas

in

English-speakingthe Outlines

peoples

already

iar

with

of

the

History

ofand

Classical I

Philology

ssor

Gudeman

of

Philadelphia hishad

;

may

add

that,

if,

of

the

eightyofthat

pages workthere

of

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planneda

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t

ed

author general

producedhavethe

complete

same

lines,the

might in

been

littlelanguage.to

need

a

work

on

same

subjectsuchto meet

English

absenceto

of endeavour

any

History,

it

appearedwant,

be

wortha

thisa

obviousgeneral

and,

few

year

my

proposalwas

to

prepare

History

of

Classical

arshiphas

accepted been,so

byfar

the

Syndics

ofto

the

University

Press

aimwhichthe

as

practicable,asa

produce reference.a

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mighthas

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ofto

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when

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that

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ory

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whichas

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go

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the

history

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learningMiddle

inAges.

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of

during

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In

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part

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have

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myself

compelledvolumes ofthe

struggle/^o//s

with Series,Latina\

of

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th

enta

Germatiiae

and ofa

Migne's

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to

master

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contents

multitudeas

of well I haveas

scattered

monographs

in

French,

German

andother of

Italian,

English,

publication

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thesefortunes

and

resources

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Latin

Classics,

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all

t

important

indications

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mediaeval

knowledge

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Philosophy. is impossibleto

Withouthave

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account

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ate

understandingit isa

of partof

the

literature in

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ou

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study

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and gradual

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inextricably

up

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successiveofa

stages the works

in

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expansionBut,

mediaevalgeneralasa

knowledge

of

Aristotle.

in

tracing

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form

of

philosophy,was

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however

valu able

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on

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he

wide

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liberal

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masterpiecesthe

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ature,

mainly

myself

points

of

immediateI

t

withturn

theto

History

of

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;

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thus

(if

may

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phrase the work

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quae

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fuit,theeven,

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logia

est^.

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I

studiedand

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in

connexion

with

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to

some

of

the

principal

personageson

portrayed uniform

in

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course

of

t

has

not

been

any

rigidly far-reaching

scale.

Thus,

amongon

three

great ofthe

authors

of

influence,

who

standfar

t

hold about

Middle

Ages,

there

is

necessarilyabout

less

to

the

personalityMany

ofnames

Priscian

than

that

of

Boethius

of

Cassiodorus.incidentallyfinalfuller

of the

minortext,

importance,have

whichexcluded been found

a

mentionedof

in

been

fro

draft

the

Index,

and

space

has

thus

treatment

of

more

important

names,

suchstudyofon

as

those

otleI

andtrust,

Plato,

Cicero

and

Virgil. bybe

The

of

the

subjeclogical chrono-

be

furtherA

facilitated

means

the

twelve

tables.

list

of

these

willofmy

found

pageforth

xi.on

Of

the

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ded'.

mind

of

John

Salisbury

in

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classic

calm

tresIt is

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to

conclude who has

this

prefaceway

by

offering

the

tribut

my

thanks

all

in

any

have

helped

towards

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letion

of

what

unavoidably

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Reader,to

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more

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corrections)names

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reduce

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uniformityIf,

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dreamtI

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th

themselves.thosecannot

in

the

next

place, this

may volumeI

record

thanks I

under forget

whosethe

influencefriend

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ed,opening the

who

(asthe

have

stated whichagain,

words

of

this

preface)of

gavethe I

first

impulseIf,

to

ultimatea

productionexampleof all

presentowe

work.totwo

giveof1

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Trinity

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;

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rian

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ssor

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of of

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My

debtisfully

t

shednotes

worksto

scholars

at

and

abroad

shown

the

the

following

pages.

J.

E.

SANDYS.

Merton

House,

Cambridge,

October^

1903.

CONTENTS.

PAG

of

Illustrations

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OUTLINE

OF

PRINCIPAL

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER*

I.'.

Definition

"

of

Scholar*

and

"Scholarship*;Modem

'Scholarship'*

Philology

^\6\oyottofproposed

ypa/t/iaTuc^, work

KpiTuc6t,

Philologyi

al

plan

"

I.

THE

ATHENIAN

AGE,

r.

600"

^.

300

B.C.

17"101

Chronological

TabU^

c,

840"

300

B.C.. . .

CHAPTERPeisistratus

II.

The

StudyHipparchus.

of

Epic

Poetry.

Homer

and

the

rhapsodes.

,

and

Early the

interpolations.

Influence

on

early of

GreekHomeric

poets.mythology.

Homer

andHomer

Sophists.inPlato,

AllegoricalAristophanes

int pre

a

ates. The

QuotationsStudy

from,Hesiod,

and

early

'editions'

of,

Homer.

Aristotle

.

of

Antimachus

and

Choerilus.

19

"

CHAPTER;

III.

The byand The

StudyDuris. iambic'

of

Lyric'

Poetry.'

Plato*

on

theThe

study study41"

y

vase-paintingelegiac, IV. in Attic Comedy. Dramatic

Lyric

and

melic

poets.

'melic',

poets

CHAPTER

StudyThe

andtext

Criticismof the

ofTragic

DramaticPoets.

Poetry.

Literary

cism

Quotations..

fr

dramatists.

criticism

in

Plato

andinHomer,

Aristotle

51Plato

"

CHAPTER

V.

The

theoryon

of

poetry

Democritus,

a"

otle.

Aristotle's

treatise

Poetry

67

CHAPTER

VI. Pluudrus,

The

Rise Aristotle's

of

Rhetoric,Rhetoric,

and

the

Study

of

Prose.to

Plato'

as

and

Aristotle's

relationsPlace

Isocrates

Demosthenes.education.

Literary

criticism

a

branch

of

Rhetoric.the

ofPlato

Pros

Athenian

Earlyin

transmission

of

works

of

a

tle.

Libraries

the

Athenian

age

76 GrammarPlato's Literature

"

CHAPTERspeculations

VII.

(1)the

The

Beginnings language.

of

and Cratylus, inthe

Etymology.

on

originand

of

GrammarPeripatetic88

Aristotle.

(1)Theophrastus,

History

Criticism

ofDemetrius

.

Praxiphanes

and

of

Phaleron

"

l

II.

THE

ALEXANDRIAN

AQE"

c.

300-.1

B.C.

103-164

Chronological

Table,

300

"

i

B.C.. . .

CHAPTER

VIII.

The

School

of

Alexandria.Aetolus.

The

Library Lycophron.

and

ians.

Philetas.Eratosthenes. Hermippus. Didymus

2^nodotus. AristophanesApollodonisof

Alexander

Call

.

ofAthens.

Byxantium.Ammonius.

Aristarchus.Dionysius

Call

.

Thrax.

ion.

........

105

"

1

CHAPTER Stoics.Crates

IX. The

The PergameneMallos.

Stoics

and Library.

the

SchoolPolemonRome

of

Pergamon. Ilium.

The

Grammar

the

of.

Demetrius

is.

of

Pergamon

and

.

.

I44

"

BOOK

III.

THE

ROMANc,

AQE168

OP A.D.

LATIN

SCHOLARSHIP,

B.C."

f.

530

.

165"260

Chrottological

Table,

300

"

x

B.C.. ..

CHAPTERAugustan

X. Age. Mallos

Latin

Scholarshipinfluence

frombefore

the

deathB.C.

ofThe Aelius

Ennius battle

(169of

B.

he

Greek

169Lucilius.

Pydna

Crates

of and

(168

B.C.).fromAtticus

Accius.Varroto

Stilo.CriticismL.

Varro.

ogy'

'Anomaly'and

Quintilian.Nigidius

Literary

,

Cicero

Pollio.

and

Tiro.

Figulus.

Ateiu

extatus.

Valerius Early

Cato. Studyof

GrammaticalVirgil and

Terminology.Horace. .

Literary

Criticism

Horace.

.

167

"

Chronological

Table,

i"

300A.D.

...

CHAPTER

XI.Fenestella. Persius.

Latin

ScholarshipFlaccus.

from

thePalaemon.

AugustanThe Probus.

Agetwo

to

300

a.

us.

Verrius Asconius.

Senecas.

nius.

Pliny Martial. Terentianus

the

elder.

QuintilianSuetonius.

us.

Pliny

the

younger.

Juvenal.Maurus.

Statius.Pompeius

arians.

Fronto. Porphyrio.

Gellius.

Festus.

and

Censorinus

187

"

Chronological

Table,

300

"

600

A.D..

,

CHAPTERPaulinus.

XII.

Latin

ScholarshipThe

from

300

to

500

a.

D.

Nonius.

ius.

Symmachus.Diomedes.

Study

of

Virgil.

Victorinus.

Aeliu Augustine.

us.

CharisiusMartianus

and

Servius.Recensions

Stof

JeromeSolinus,

and

St

bius. Mela

Capella.

Vegetius Apollinaris

and

Pom

s

;

and

abridgement

of

Valerius

Maximus.and

Sidonius.Recension

ls

of

learning

in

Gaul.

Grammarians

Commentators.

BOOK

IV.

THE

ROMAN

AGE

OP530 A.D.

GREEK

SCHOLARSHIP,

c.

i"e.

.

161"375

Chronological

TahUy

1"300

A.D..

.

.

4

CHAPTER ofon

XIV.Rome

Roman by

StudyRomans Lucretius,

of

Greekin

between

1648.0.influenceVarro

and

14A.D.

ries

writtenand

Greek. Catullus,Horace,

The

of

Greek

s

Varro Neposon

Cicero

;

on

Cinna

and

Atacinus;

Caesar,and

and Pompeius

Sallust;Trogus

on

Virgil,Livy

Gallus,

Propertius

a

and

....

263inFirst

"

3

CHAPTER Dionysius

XV.

Greek

Literary

Criticism

the

CenturyThe

of

.

of

Halicamassus.

Caecilius

of

Calacte.

Treatise

the

Sublime

473

"

3

CHAPTERPamphilus

XVI.

Verbal

ScholarshipMinor

in

the

First

Century

of.

the

Empire.

,

and

Apion.

Grammarians.

.

287"3^

CH

A*PTER

XVII.

The

Literary

Revival

at

the

end

of

the

First

Century.491

Chr^sostom.

Plutarch.

Favorinus

"

3

CHAPTERAtticus.

XVIII. M.

Greek Aurelius.

ScholarshipArrian PtolemaeusMaximus Theon, Herodian Moeris, Harpocration

in

the

Second

Century. historians. Pausanias.

Hadrian.Philon

es

and

other

st

Phlegon:

ofAristides

Tralles

and and Aelius

Chennus.Tyrius Hermogenes;

LiteraryAlciphron.

ricians

Lucian

"

andDemetrius.

ical

rhetoricians::

"

and Nicanor.

maria Gram-

ApoUonius"

Dyscolus,Phrynichus,

and

LexicographersHephaestion.

*

Atticists':on

"

andon

Pollux.

achus

Aristophanes. Alexandria

Commentators

Plato.

Galen.

Sextu

icus.

Clement

of

30a

"

CHAPTER

XIX. Callistratus.MenanderRise

Greek

ScholarshipAelian. Athenaeus.

in

the

ThirdRhetoricians:

Century.

T

strati

and

"

Apsines,

ianus,

and of

Longinus.

Diogenes

Laertius.

Alexanderand

disias.

Neo-Platonism.

Origen.

Plotinus

Porphjrry.

ides

Quintilianus

337

"

Chronclogical

Table,

300"

45ooA.D.. .

CHAPTERHimerius,

XX.

Greek Themistius,and

ScholarshipLibaniusHelladius

in

the

Fourth

Century.

Eusebius.

pus,

and

Julian.

Quintus

Smymaeus.341

osius,

Ammonius

"

CHAPTER

XXI.

Greek

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