“A Historical Look at Educational/Instructional Technology” EDTC 6320

Elvia Villafranca

Educational Technology

• Introduction• Definitions

• Educational Technology• Instructional Technology

• History of Educational Technology• Educational Technology Today• Future of Educational Technology• Conclusion

Intro and Definitions of Educational/Instructiona

l Technology

Introduction

According to Roblyer in his book “Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching”, educational technology is not something new at all. However, for many educators the mention of technology seems to bring to mind the use of some gadget or some electronic device and so essentially the mindset of educational technology is as if it were something fairly new. (Roblyer, 2003)

Certainly educational technology is a much more of an integrated process but undoubtedly, as Anglin stated, “educational technology continues to be perceived as a field concerned more with hardware and software than with its applications for teaching and learning.”

What is Educational Technology?

• National Academy of Engineering’s Instructional Technology Committee – Body of knowledge From

• Application Science of Teaching and Learning

• Real world of the classroom• Tools and methodologies developed to assist

• 1997 the AECT (Association of Educational Communications and Technology) Task Force

• Defined Educational Technology• Complex integrated process

– Involving people, procedures, ideas, devices and organization

– Analyzing problems, devising, implementing, evaluating, managing solutions

– Involved in all aspects of human learning

What is Instructional Technology?

• Interchangeably Used with Educational Technology– Commission on Instructional Technology

• Defines IT as:– Media Born of Communications Revolution – Used for Instructional Purposes – Along Side Teacher, Textbook, Blackboard– Systematic Way of Designing, Carrying

Out and Evaluating Process of Learning and Teaching In Terms of Specific Objectives...

• Gary J. Anglin in his book “Instructional Technology

• IT Made Up of Things of Learning– Devices and Materials– Used in the Processes of Learning and

Teaching

Educational Technology Historically

Historically

• Paul Saettler– “The Evolution of American Educational Technology”

• Traced to Tribal Priests• Systematized Bodies of Knowledge• Cultures Invented Pictographs• Sign Writing to Record and Transmit Information

(Roblyer, 2003)

1940s, 1950s, and 1960s

• Department of Audio-Visual Instruction – 1947

• National Defense Education Act – 1958• Late 1960s Teacher Utilization

– Audio Visual Media• 1980s & 1990s

– Increase Digital Technology Innovations– Over 1 Million Microcomputers

• Elementary Schools• Secondary Schools

(Betrus, 2002)

Four HistoricalPerspectives Shaped

Educational Technology

(Roblyer, 2003)

Computer Technology Shapes History of Educational

Technology• Pre-Microcomputer Era

– 1950 – 1st Instructional Use of Computer– 1960-1970 – Universities Use Mainframe Systems

– Late 1970s – Administrative Computing Systems• Microcomputer Era

– 1st Microcomputers Enter Schools– 1980s – 1990s

• Integrated Learning Systems• Internet Era

– 1994 - Birth of World Wide Web– 1998 – ISTE Creates Computer Standards– 2000 – Beyond – Multimedia Uses of Web Emerge

(Roblyer, 2003)

Educational Technology Today

National Educational Technology Standards

(NET)National Council

for the Accreditation of Teacher Education

(NCATE)

Develops NET

(Roblyer, 2003)

National Educational Technology Standards

(NET)

(Roblyer, 2003)

Educational Technology & Self-contained Classroom

Proper use of Educational technology helps engage

students.

Anglin, 1995

Distant Learning

• Past Rationales• Printed Materials Supplemented

• Videotapes• Instructional Television

• Current Rationales• Correspondence Courses Replaced

• Online Courses• Online Degrees

• Future Rationales• Distance Learning

• Interactive Video-and-audio• Virtual Reality

Distant Education

“Distance education encompasses many aspects of educational technology.”

“Distance education has become an operation analog of educational technology.”

Anglin, 1995

Digital Native/Immigrant

Digital Natives

Today's students K – college who are the “native speakers” of digital devices such as computers, video games,

Internet.

Digital Immigrants

Those of us not born into the digital world but have adopted to learn the new technology.

(Prensky, 2001)

Digital Divide

• 1978 - Andrew Molnar– “The Next Great Crisis in

American Education: Computer Literacy”

– “Unequal access by students to the benefits of computer skills could further divide rich and poor.”

• Lead to Term “Digital Divide”

• Coined by Lloyd Morrisett

(Roblyer, 2003)

Future of Educational Technology

21st Skills Students

21st Century Support

Web 2.0Global Community of Learners

Coined in 2004 Dale Dougherty, a vice-president of O’Reilly

Media Inc.“a read-only medium to one where anyone can

publish and share content and easily collaborate with others”

• Blogs• Wikis• Video

• Photo sharing• Podcasts

• Social bookmarking

Technology Extended

• Second Life• Virtual Worlds• Holograms

• Cloud Computing• Central Shared Access

• Resources• Data

Conclusion

Undoubtedly, both educational and instructional technology have certainly come a long way and will continue to grow in popularity as our technology continues to penetrate into almost every aspect of our daily lives. Still, the significance of educational and instructional technology will undoubtedly become more evident as we strive towards 21st century teaching to prepare students to become ready for the challenges required of them in the 21st century.

Works Cited

Anglin, G. J. (1995). Instructional Technology: Past, present, and future (2nd Edition ed.). (S. Haenel, Ed.) Englewood, Colorado, United States: Libraries Unlimited, Inc.

Betrus, A. K., & Molenda, M. (2002). Historical evolution of instructional technology in teacher education programs. TechTrends , 46 (5), 18-21.

Eckstein, M. (2009). Enrichment 2.0 Gifted and talented education for the 21st century. Gifted Child Today , 32 (1), 59-63.

Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants. On the Horizon , 9 (5), 1-6.

Roblyer, M. D. (2003). Integrating educational technology into teaching (3rd Edition ed.). (D. A. Stollenwerk, Ed.) Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, United States: Pearson Education, Inc.

21st Century Skillshttp://www.21stcenturyskills.org/documents/framework_flyer_updated_april_2009.pdf

 

Pictures

Silva, Elvia Sole owner of all graphic images.