A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL · Variety LL05 20 Variety LL07 22 Variety LL08 24...

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE LAND AND FISHERIES

RESEARCH DIVISIONCENTRAL EXPERIMENT STATION

CENTENO

A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL

Seim

Varieties Grown in Trinidad and Tobago

(Lablab purpureus L. Sweet.)

Seim (Lablab purpureus L. Sweet.)

Varieties Grown in Trinidad and Tobago

A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL

Researched by the Vegetables Unit, Research Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Fisheries.

Written by: Albada Beekham, Deputy Director

Contributors/Editors: Dale Nandlal, Director of Research, Cynthra Persad (Director, Retired),

Suenarine Persad (Technical Officer, Retired)

PhotographyAlbada Beekham, Richard Ramdin, Tamika Jackson, Zaheer Juman

Special Thanks to the

Staff of the Vegetables Unit

Richard Ramdin

Louis Farrell

Maywalal Samaroo

Zaheer Juman

Tamika Jackson

Shaana Nandlal

Krishna Sayneeram

Mark Fong Yit

Majorie Sawh-Walker

© Copyright 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval

system, transmitted in any form without the written permission of the Research Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Fisheries, Trinidad and Tobago.

DESIGN AND LAYOUT BY RAW DESIGNS

ii

PREFACE

This booklet was written to guide researchers, farmers and consumers on the different varieties of seim grown in Trinidad. This economically important legume crop is underutilized since very little information is available on its growth habit, yield and biochemical characteristics.

In 2006, Kamaldeo Maharaj (Director, Retired) and Susan Mootoo (Agricultural Officer I), initiated a collection exercise of seim varieties grown in Trinidad. Seeds of two (2) accessions were viable and used in this study. In 2007 the Vegetables Unit, Research Division, began a characterization project to collect and evaluate lines found in Trinidad. By 2009, the Vegetables Unit had collected 15 accessions, three of which were duplicates.

This project to study, evaluate and characterize the twelve (12) accessions was completed in 3 years. All of the accessions were established and characterized based on physical characters e.g. flowering pattern, weekly yield data, colour of flower and colour of pods. Additionally, biochemical data was also obtained on sweetness, crude fiber and protein content.

Images showing the plant, flowers and pods as well as graphs of the harvest data of each variety can be used to help farmers in selecting the appropriate variety for production. Breeders and researchers may also use this booklet in the development of new varieties.

A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL iii

INTRODUCTION

Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet or Seim as it is commonly called in Trinidad and Tobago is referred in other parts of the world as hyacinth bean, lablab bean, Indian bean, Egyptian kidney bean and lubia bean. Other synonyms include: Dolichos benghalensis Jacq., Dolichos lablab L., Dolichos purpureus L., Lablab niger Medikus, Lablab purpurea (L.) Sweet, Lablab vulgaris (L.) Savi, Vigna aristata Piper.

The center of origin of Seim is South Asia and Africa however over 200 genotypes are found worldwide. These varieties differ in pod colour, pod shape, pod size, seed shape, seed colour, flower colour, flower abundance, leaf shape, leaf size, hairiness, vine colour, plant growth habit and sensitivity to day length. Its introduction into Trinidad is uncertain but it is assumed to have arrived with the indentured workers from India in the late 1800’s.

Although twelve (12) varieties were collected in Trinidad, only three (3) are grown commercially by farmers.

This crop is very adaptable and survives well in diverse conditions, for example: arid, semi-arid and humid regions, warm-temperate, subtropical and humid rainforest regions, lowlands and highlands (up to 2,100m altitude). It can be grown well in soils ranging from 4.4 to 7.8 pH. For this study, all twelve varieties were planted in June (rainy season).

In Trinidad, the immature and mature pods are harvested and cooked as a green vegetable. Other green leguminous vegetables grown and eaten in Trinidad include bodi (Vigna sp.) and green beans (Phaseolus). Seim however has a very distinctive and characteristic smell and taste and retails for as much as 27.00TTD/kg (NAMDEVCO 2016). In other parts of the world, it is also used as a grain legume, a forage, an ornamental and as a green manure. Farmer saved seeds are normally used to multiply this crop. Increasing demand and crop value has led to expanded production.

This study is intended to guide production with respect to selection of varieties towards increasing yield while maintaining or improving nutritional content.

A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL v

Preface iii

Introduction v

Graphs and Photographs vii

Variety LL01 10 - 11












Summary of Varieties 38 - 39

References 40

CONTENTS

A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL vii

GRAPHS AND PHOTOGRAPHS

Variety LL01 10

Variety LL02 12

Variety LL03 14

Variety LL04 16

Variety LL05 20

Variety LL07 22

Variety LL08 24

Variety LL11 26

Variety LL13 30

Variety LL14 32

Variety LL15 34

Variety LL17 36

The Seim is a domesticated pulse and multi-purpose crop, it is cited as forage for livestock, a medicinal plant and a poisonous plant.

VARIETY: LL01 VARIETY: LL02


10 SEIM - VARIETIES GROWN IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Duration of harvest (week)

Yield

(g)

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

Average Yield / week - LL01

VARIETY: LL01

A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL 11

Growth pattern INDETERMINATE

Plant pigmentation NONE

Plant hairiness SLIGHT

Vine colour LIGHT GREEN

Twining tendency PRONOUNCED

Flower colour-standard CREAM

Flower colour-keel CREAM

Flower colour-wing CREAM

Days to 1st harvest 117 days

Duration of harvest 196 days

Pod description SHORT AND NARROW

Immature pod pigmentation NONE

Pod colour (mature) LIGHT GREEN

Avg. Pod length (mm) 86.01 ± 0.47

Avg. Pod width (mm) 12.4 ± 0.07

Pod attachment 30-90˚ DOWN to peduncle FROM ERECT

Pod curvature CURVED

Avg. Yield/Plant (kg) 10 ± 0.7

Avg. no. seeds/pod 5

Pod colour (dry) DARK TAN

Seed colour LIGHT BROWN

Seed shape OVIOD

Testa texture SMOOTH

Avg. 100 seed weight (g) 27.22

Protein (% w/w) 4.5

Total Invert Sugars (% w/w) 0.76

Crude Fiber (% w/w) 2.54

Total Cyanide (mg/kg) 0.48

Free Cyanide (mg/kg) 0.15

VARIETY: LL01MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL DATA


1000900800700600500400300200100

0

Yield

(g)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35



VARIETY: LL02

VARIETY: LL02





Vine colour LIGHT GREEN


Flower colour-standard WHITE

Flower colour-keel WHITE

Flower colour-wing WHITE



Pod description BROAD AND FLAT



Avg. Pod length (mm) 91.43 ± 1



Pod curvature SLIGHTLY CURVED

Avg. Yield/Plant (kg) 11.8 ± 2.2


Pod colour (dry) PALE TAN OR STRAW


Seed shape OVOID



Protein (% w/w) 3.33





MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL DATA


600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Yield

(g)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35



VARIETY: LL03




Plant hairiness SHORT APPRESSED HAIRS

Vine colour LIGHT
















Pod colour (dry) DARK TAN OR STRAW


Seed shape OVOID




Total Invert Sugars (% w/w) < 0.003




VARIETY: LL03MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL DATA


1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

Yield

(g)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35



VARIETY: LL04

VARIETY: LL04



Plant pigmentation GREEN WITH SOME PURPLE

Plant hairiness NONE

Vine colour MIXED GREEN AND PURPLE


Flower colour-standard MAUVE

Flower colour-keel CREAM WITH PURPLE TIP

Flower colour-wing MAUVE













Seed colour RED BROWN

Seed shape OVOID









Seim leaves can be eaten raw or cooked like spinach. The flowers can be eaten raw or steamed. The root can be boiled or baked for food. The seeds are used to make tofu and tempeh.



Yield

(g)


1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

VARIETY: LL05

VARIETY: LL05



Plant pigmentation PURPLE BY NODES





Flower colour-keel MIXED GREEN AND PURPLE

Flower colour-wing VIOLET



Pod description NARROW AND SHORT




Avg. Pod width (mm) 17 ± 0.14







Seed shape OVOID











Yield

(g)


2000

1500

1000

500

00 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

VARIETY: LL07

VARIETY: LL07



Plant pigmentation VERY SLIGHT









Pod description NARROW AND LONG

Immature pod PIGMENTEDpigmentation SUTURES

Pod colour (mature) DARK GREEN









Seed shape OVOID











Yield

(g)


600

500

400

300

200

100

00 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

VARIETY: LL08

VARIETY: LL08




Vine colour GREEN


















Seed shape OVOID












Yield

(g)

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

00 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40


VARIETY: LL11

VARIETY: LL11


Growth pattern DETERMINATE

Plant pigmentation EXTENSIVE


Vine colour PURPLE




Flower colour-wing PURPLE




Immature pod PIGMENTED pigmentation SUTURES

Pod colour (mature) MIXED GREEN AND PURPLE









Seed shape OVOID









Other common names include Tonga bean, papaya bean, poor man bean (Australia), Bounavista pea (Trinidad), and butter bean (Caribbean).

VARIETY: LL13

VARIETY: LL15

VARIETY: LL14

VARIETY: LL17



Yield

(g)

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30


VARIETY: LL13

VARIETY: LL13



Plant pigmentation PRONOUNCED


Vine colour PURPLE







Pod description BROAD AND SHORT


Pod colour (mature) PURPLE







Pod colour (dry) TAN


Seed shape OVOID







Free Cyanide (mg/kg) < 0.001




Yield

(g)

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

00 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40


VARIETY: LL14

VARIETY: LL14



Plant pigmentation EXTENSIVE


Vine colour PURPLE



Flower colour-keel CREAM WITH PURPLE




Pod description NARROW AND LONG

Immature pod PIGMENTEDpigmentation SUTURES

Pod colour (mature) MIXED GREEN AND PURPLE









Seed shape OVOID











Yield

(g)

200018001600140012001000

800600400200

00 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


VARIETY: LL15

VARIETY: LL15





Vine colour GREEN







Pod description BROAD AND LONG










Seed colour BROWN

Seed shape OVOID






Total Cyanide (mg/kg) < 0.001





Yield

(g)

1600140012001000

800600400200

0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


VARIETY: LL17

VARIETY: LL17




Vine colour GREEN



Flower colour-keel WHITE




Pod description SHORT, DARK GREEN


Pod colour (mature) DARK GREEN





Avg. Yield/Plant (kg) 22.6 ± 1




Seed shape OVOID










SUMMARY OF VARIETIES (Plant Data)


Days to Duration Total Free

1st of Protein Invert Sugars Fiber CyanideVariety Harvest Harvest (Days) Avg. Yield (kg) Pod Colour Pod Description (%w/w) (%w/w) (%w/w) (mg/kg)

LL01 117 196 10 ± 0.7 light green short, narrow 4.5 0.76 2.54 0.15

LL02 68 203 11.8 ± 2.2 light green broad, flat 3.33 1.26 1.53 0.05

LL03 68 203 6.2 ± 1.1 light green short, narrow 4.02 < 0.003 1.21 0.63

LL04 75 203 16.7 ± 1.3 light green broad flat 3.08 < 0.003 1.30 0.23

LL05 68 203 15.6 ± 1.1 light green short, narrow 3.57 0.2 1.72 0.86

LL07 124 189 11.6 ± 0.8 dark green long, narrow 5.12 0.87 2.46 0.02


LL11 124 189 5.9 ± 0.4 green and purple broad, flat 3.88 < 0.003 1.69 0.03

LL13 68 196 3.3 ± 0.3 purple short, broad 2.51 1.26 0.97 < 0.001

LL14 103 210 15.1 ± 1.1 green and purple long, narrow 3.69 < 0.003 1.85 < 0.001

LL15 166 210 2.7 ± 0.9 light green broad, long 2.55 2.87 1.58 < 0.001

LL17 73 231 22.6 ± 1 dark green short, narrow 3.24 0.62 1.87 < 0.001

highest valueKEY lowest value


Days to Duration Total Free

1st of Protein Invert Sugars Fiber CyanideVariety Harvest Harvest (Days) Avg. Yield (kg) Pod Colour Pod Description (%w/w) (%w/w) (%w/w) (mg/kg)

LL01 117 196 10 ± 0.7 light green short, narrow 4.5 0.76 2.54 0.15

LL02 68 203 11.8 ± 2.2 light green broad, flat 3.33 1.26 1.53 0.05

LL03 68 203 6.2 ± 1.1 light green short, narrow 4.02 < 0.003 1.21 0.63

LL04 75 203 16.7 ± 1.3 light green broad flat 3.08 < 0.003 1.30 0.23


LL07 124 189 11.6 ± 0.8 dark green long, narrow 5.12 0.87 2.46 0.02


LL11 124 189 5.9 ± 0.4 green and purple broad, flat 3.88 < 0.003 1.69 0.03

LL13 68 196 3.3 ± 0.3 purple short, broad 2.51 1.26 0.97 < 0.001

LL14 103 210 15.1 ± 1.1 green and purple long, narrow 3.69 < 0.003 1.85 < 0.001

LL15 166 210 2.7 ± 0.9 light green broad, long 2.55 2.87 1.58 < 0.001

LL17 73 231 22.6 ± 1 dark green short, narrow 3.24 0.62 1.87 < 0.001


References

Tindall, H.D. (1987). Vegetables in the Tropics pp 271

Tropical legumes: Resources for the future (1979). Report of an adhoc panel on Tropical legumes. Lablab, pg 59-67 National Academy of Science

Purseglove, J.W. (1987). Tropical Crops - Dicotyledons, pp 273-276

NAMDEVCO (2016). Green Vine Vol14 No. 6 August-Sept 2016

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mv019

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, LAND AND FISHERIESResearch Division,

Central Experiment StationCaroni North Bank Road,

Centeno

Tel: 868.646.4335-7 Fax: 868.646.1646

VEGETABLES / BIODIVERSITY UNIT:

Ext. 4026/4019

Email: [email protected]

A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL · Variety LL05 20 Variety LL07 22 Variety LL08 24...

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