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ABP/B-TECH INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT DECLARATION
I DECLARE THAT THIS WORK IS AN ORIGINAL WORK AND ANY OTHER
SIMILAR WORK HAS BEEN APPROPRIATELY REFERENCED IN THIS
ASSIGNMENT.
MATERIAL REFERRED TO / QUOTED HAS BEEN REFERENCED IN MY
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
SIGNATURE:
MODULE: ResearchMethodology
NUMBER AND TITLE OF ASSIGNMENT SUBMITTED:The social
relevance of farmed corals to South African reef aquarists
Standard Bank Block Saturday
DATE SUBMITTED: 24 May 2011
STUDENT NUMBER: 21032789
STUDENT NAME: Adrian Fynn
SIGNATURE:
Assignment mark
(For lecturers use only)
LECTURERS SIGNATURE:
DATE:
%
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INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT DECLARATION
I declare that this assignment is an original work and any other similar work
has been referenced in this assignment. Material referred to/quoted has also
been referenced in our bibliography.
PROGRAMME : ABP/B-Tech
MODULE : ResearchMethodology
NUMBER & TITLE : The social relevance of
farmed corals to South African reef aquarists
OF ASSIGNMENT SUBMITTED
WEEKDAY / SATURDAY : Standard Bank Block
CENTRE : Standard Bank
DATE SUBMITTED : 24 May 2011
ID NO. / STUDENT NO.
(COMPULSORY)INITIALS & SURNAME SIGNATURE
7109105065082 /
21032789A.M. Fynn
LECTURERS SIGNATURE:
ASSIGNMENT MARK:
(FOR LECTURERS USE ONLY)%
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: 2011/04/25ii
Our reefs are literally disappearing before our eyes. I cry as I dive on reefs
once awash in splendorous displays of colour with fishes, corals and
invertebrates that have since been overfished, bombed or polluted. I have
placed my hands upon the dead majesty of enormous Elkhorn corals, thinking
of days when I swam between their vibrant structures and my body parted
shoals of fish dwelling amongst their branches as I moved amid the coral
forests.
S : E i B , f t B f l P ti , lf
2007
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S
bj
t:
arch
thodology
A
thor: AdrianFynn
at
: 2011/04/25v
Definitionofterms
Term Meaning
oral frag
Frag l g
ari lt re
A all cutting takenofa livecoral. Typically, anewcoral colony
canbegrown from thi .
A mall basenormallymadeofamixtureofcement andcrushed
coral sand. A coral fragment isaffixed to theplugbymeansof
glue. vertime thecoral growsonto the fragplug.
ariculture isaspecializedbranchofaquaculture involving the
cultivationofmarineorganisms forfoodandotherproducts in theopenocean, anenclosedsectionof theocean, orin enclosed
tanks, pondsorracewayswhichare filledwithseawater
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Abbreviations
Abbreviation Meaning
ITES onventionon International Trade in
Endangered Species organisation)
ASA
SA K
arine Aquariumsof South Africa, ononline
aquarist forumdedicated tokeepingmarine
animals.
SA eefkeeping, anonlineaquarist forum
dedicated tokeepingmarineanimals.
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Thesocial relevanceoffarmedcoralsto
SouthAfricanreefaquarists
1 INTRODUCTION
Thekeepingof liveseaorganisms inaclosedecosystem , inparticular that of
corals, canbewhat bestsdescribes thehobbyofbeingamarinereefaquarist.
Thehobby itselfhasbeenaround formanyyearsalthoughmuchof it hasonly
grown inpopularity in the last decadeorso. imited informationwasavailable
in previously on this pastime. The pace of technological advancements and
information sharinghasenabledus toadmireapieceof theoceanwithin the
comfort ofones livingroom.
In terms of the level of difficulty, a reef aquarist can be described as the
pinnacle within the aquarist hobby. newouldnot onlyhave tosuccessfully
keepcoralsalivebut alsoensure that theyareable tosuccessfullygrowwithin
theirclosedsystems. Beingasomewhat nichehobby, it isnot surprising that
iscomesat acost to thehobbyist. Keepingamarine tankcanbeboth taxing
in terms of time and patience as well as on ones wallet. Fig 1 below is
aearlierpicture of the authors then 8 year old reef tank, taken in ecember
2010.
Figure 1 Theauthorsreef tank Source: authorderive d)
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oral collection for the ornamental reef aquarist trade is a very small
component in termsof impact, albeit still an impact onournatural resources.
orals are collected from thewild as whole coloniesor as cuttings from the
mother colony in what is termed a frag. These frags are attached to a frag
plugso that it mayencrust making it easier to transport and finallyaffix into
ones reef tank. oral farmersoperatingout of tropical ,natural reef inhabited
waters are the ones that practicea form of coral mariculture. Here the frags
are grown in shallow lagoons and harvested when they are appropriately
sized for the reef aquarist ornamental industry.Alternatively corals are also
collected from the wild where they are simply removed from the reefs and
supplied to local wholesalerswho thenhandle theexportingprocess.
2 RATIONALE
Thesupplyof inexpensivecottage industrystyledpropagated coralswouldbe
aboon toahobbyist wishing toaddmore life andcolour tohis reef system.
These coral frags are traded regularly on local online reef aquarist forums
betweenhobbyists. The twoonline forums dedicated tomarineaquarists are
SA eefkeeping or SA K www.sareefkeeping.com) and arine Aquariumsof South Africa or ASA www.marineaquariumsa.com). Here corals are
offeredat a fractionof thecosts typicallysold frompet stores.
Figure 2below isapictureofa 1.5 cmcoral frag acroporasecale)belonging to
the author, that was recently sold for 60 to a fellow hobbyist. This coral
fragment wasgrown by theauthor inhis nursery tank, far removed from its
natural habitat in theocean. A market potentially existswhere reef aquarists
can chose to rather purchase lo cally propagated corals instead of corals
harvested from the wild.Such is the rationale that hasgiven rise to this
researchstudy.
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Figure 2 AcroporaSecale frag Source: authorderived)
3 THE PROBLEM STATEMENT
South Africanreefaquaristsare facedwithpurchasingwildcorals, harvested
from theearthsnatural reefs.
orals are mainly harvested in regions such as Bali, Fiji, Indonesia,
Philippines and Australia . orals are removed from the reef as simple as
breaking themoffbymeansofahandchisel . From there theyare transported
toa local wholesaler, ready fortheexport market. uchof theoverheadcosts
comes from the shipping costs and change of hands from the coral farmer
whocouldbebased in Bali, toa local wholesaler/exporterwhowould in turn
supplya South Africanwholesaler/importer, who in turn woulddistributeand
supply to local andregional pet stores.
Typically transportationwouldalsoneed tobe in theshortest timepossibleso
as tonot tostress thecoralsorrisk thembeingdeadonarrival .Thecost toa
local hobbyist for a small colony purchased from a pet store could range
dependingonsizeandrarity, from 450 toasmuchas 2000 fora fist sized
colony.
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4 THE RESEARCH UESTION
Is thereasocial relevance within the reefaquarist community , inpurchasing
farmedcoralsasopposed towildcollectedcorals?
eef aquarists would need to be probed in terms of understanding if the
purchasing of wild vs. locally propagated corals, has any bearing on them
deciding on an industry they would rather support.Analysis of reef aquarists
supporting either of these two environments in terms of social relevance
wouldneed tobedone toascertain this.
5 THE AIMOFTHE RESEARCH
The aim of the research is to critically explore within the South African reef
aquarist community, ifreef aquarists would prefer to purchase local
propagatedcoralsasopposed towildharvestedcorals.
5.1THE OBJECTIVES OFTHE RESEARCH
The following objectives need to be explored within the reef aquarist
community in South Africa:
y To determinewithin the local reef aquarist communityif price would
mattermore than ifcoralsare farmedorwildcollected.
y To identify if reef aquarists will rather purchase locally propagated
coralsabove that ofwildcollected, importedcorals.
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y To identify if reefaquaristsagree thatlandbasedcoral farminghasless
ofan impact on theearthsnatural reefs.
6 ASSUMPTIONS
It isassumed that the SA K and ASA moderatorswill allow for thewebsite
tobeusedas thecommunicationplatform inwhich todiscuss thisstudyand
togain feedback via thepostingofa link to the surveywebsite in termsof this
researchstudy. It isalsoassumed that thepet storeownerswill partake in this
surveyandofferattentive feedback.
7 LIMITATIONS OFTHE RESEARCH STUDY
isted below are the possible limitations to this research and have b een
identifiedas follows:
y Access to information in terms of quantities of corals sold from pet
stores
y Access to information in terms of quantities of corals imported from
overseascoral wholesalers
y Surveyrespondentsnot providingaccuratedata
y Expert local knowledgearound landbasedcoral farming
y Expert knowledgearound thecoral importationprocess
y Honestywithin thequestionnairesurveyprocess
8 VALUE OFTHE RESEARCH STUDY
The research is important not only to establish if there is a local market for
farmed corals, but also to indicate if there is impact to the planets natural
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occurring reefs, in terms of land based coral farming. The planet is already
underpressure in termsof theeffectsof global warming which isdestroying
our reefs around the world. There could come a time where aquarists and
propagators coral farmers) are the only ones that have remaining live
corals.These corals are slowly disappearing from their natural occurring
areas. Thissocial relevance iscritical ifweare toensure thesurvival ofoneof
theearthsoldest livingorganisms.
The orld esources Institutehas indicated the followingkey findings in their
recent eefs at isk evisited report http://www.wri.org/publication/reefs -at-
risk-revisited):
y The majority of the worlds coral reefs are threatened by human
activities.
y ocal threats tocoral reefsare themost severe in Southeast Asiaand
least severe in Australia.
y Threat levelshave increaseddramaticallyovera tenyearperiod.
y hanges in climate and in ocean chemistry represent significant and
growing threats.
y hile over onequarter of the worlds coral reefsare withinprotected
areas, manyare ineffectiveoronlyofferpartial protection.y ependenceoncoral reefs ishigh inmanycountries, especiallysmall -
islandnations.
y egradation and loss of reefs will result in significant social and
economic impacts.
9 LITERATURE REVIE
There isagrowingmotivation to takeoursuccesswithcaptivesystemsand
use it topropagatecorals that not longagowere thought impossibleeven to
keepalive Bourneman, 2001:404).Bourneman goeson tomention that coral
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farming in fewshort yearshas leapt fromastrange fantasy toa veryreal
phenomenon. Pioneeringaquacultureoperationsaresucceeding inproducing
culturedcoralsboth in tropical Third orldset -upsand in indoor facilities in
developedcountries
Bourneman 2001:404) indicates that in orth America, numerouscommercial
andamateurorhobbyist propagatorsare takingsmall cuttingsor fragmentsof
soft and stony corals and growing specimens or colonies that are in great
demandbyaquarists. Theyare typicallydisease-freeandareprovided to the
aquarist without thestressofcollection, longdistanceshipping, and traumatic
periods spent in holding facilities. They do not have to endure the many
shocksof long flightsand frequent drasticenvironmental changes. Andmost
importantly, with captive grown livestock there is no significant impact on
natural occurringcoral reefs.
Thedemandofculturedcorals isgrowingquicklyand thepotential forprofit in
this most rewarding vocation is strong for the dedicated and ambit ious
aquarists alfo 2007:49). The gap between the domestic demand for coral
and thenumbers of cultured speciesproduced is enormousas evidenceby
the increasingnumberofwildharvestedcoralsentering thecountry S)each
year. Any amount of coral that a single farmer can produce in good health
andsizeat a fairprice)will beeagerlyconsumedby thecurrent market, and
trends seem to indicate that this will be true for many years to come.
Furthermore the threat of legislativerestrictions ITES)couldbeaboon toa
well-stockedandpreparedcoral farmer.
A businessplancanbe veryhelpful even foraquarists whodonot intend to
sell propagatedcorals forprofit alfo 2007:49). alfogoeson tomention thatthe process for developing a basic business plan will guide a novice coral
farmer to thoughtfully consider all of the expenses for such a project from
construction through tomaintenanceandoperation. Forprofessional aquarists
inclined to farm coral ina part-time or full-time business, abusiness plan is
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critical. Some of the questionsa start-up coral farmerneeds to ask include:
how muchspacedo I have toproduce thecorals;what is theminimumand
maximum estimated quantities of coral I can produce in said space; once I
produce the corals, who am I going to sell them to? Some successful
overseas coral farms that supply not only their local market but also the
international market, include:
y AnekaTirta Suryabased in Indonesia www.atsindonesia.com)
y Australian oral Farms www.australiancoralfarms.com.au/)
y ceans, eefs & Aquariums Inc. based in Florida, SA
www.orafarm.com)
alfo 2007:49)mentionsthat formanyprofessional aquarists, thecultureand
sale of propagated corals should follow the traditional path of cottage
industries. Youbeginat homewithmodelsonasmall scale.Propagatedcorals
may first be soldor tradedat local aquariumsociety meetingsamong fellow
hobbyistsand to local pet storeowners. henanaquarist is latersuccessful
inpropagatingcorals to theextent that the local market becomes saturated,
they look toregional distributor forawholesaleoutlet through which tomove
theproducts.
10RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY
10.1 NATURE OFTHERESEARCH
This research study will be qualitative in nature. According to alhotra
1996:147), qualitative research is an unstructured, exploratory research
methodology based on small samples that provide insights into and
understanding of the problem. This type of research is widely used and is
basedon information findings taken fromobservationan d interactionsuchas
interviewingsubject matterexperts in termsofaquaristsandpet storeowners.
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Being exploratory, much of the feedback will be based on interaction and
feedback on hobbyists coral farming practices and the coral importing
process. Information will be gathered from various sources including fellow
reefaquarists, online forums, peopleworkingwithin the local marine aquarist
trade, aswell asanonlinesurveyundertakenbyreef aquarist hobbyists.
10.2 RESEARCHDESIGN
Zikmund 2003:65)states that theresearchdesign isamasterplanspecifying
the methods and procedures for collecting and analysing the needed
information. This study will encompass exploratory research of land based
coral propagation in South Africa. How the c ustomer the reef aquarist)interacts with local pet stores in terms of acquiring corals for their home
systems.
According to Zikmund 2003:54-56), healsostates that thereare three types
ofbusinessresearchprocesses, namely:
I. Exploratory research an initial research conducted to clarify and
define thenatureofaproblem.
II. escriptiveresearch researchdesigned todescribecharacteristicsof
apopulationandphenomenon.
III. ausal research research conducted to identify cause and effect
relationshipsamong variableswhen theresearchproblemhasalready
beennarrowlydefined.
10.2.1 Sampling
The typeofsampling that will beused iscallednon -probabilitysampling. The
sampleareaswill entail thereef aquarist community. n thesuppliersideside
it will entail pet storeowners. As Zikmund 2003:70) explains, sampling is a
procedure that usesasmall numberof itemsorportionofpopulation tomake
a conclusion regarding thewhole population. So by studying the sample we
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may fairly generalise our results back to the reef aquarist population from
which theywerechosen.
In this case, the questionnaires and interviews targeted to the reef aquarist
community are made up of local members of the online reef aquarist
communities, namely that of SA K www.sareefkeeping.com)whichhas 3400
members and ASA www.marineaquariumsa.com/) which has 4700
members. Although there are members who are part of both forums, it is
narroweddown to thepeople withwhom theauthorhascontact with via the
online forums. ollectivelyclose to 4000 hobbyistswill be targeted, in termsof
beingasked topartake in thequestionnairesurvey therebysoliciting feedback
fromarandompopulationgroup . This target grouprepresentsasmall sample
populationofreefkeepers in South Africa.
Thepet stores that makeup theretail populationgroup that suppliescorals to
the reef keepers are the found in the major cities of South Africa such as
Johannesburg, Pretoria, ape Town, urban and Port Elizabeth. A list of
twentypet storeswill beasked topartake in thesurveyspreadacross these
regions. The list comprises of the ASA forum sponsors
http://www.marineaquariumsa.com/forumdisplay.php?f=67 ) as well as the
SA K onlineshop http://www.sareefkeeping.com/shopselection.html).
The two basic sampling techniques by Zikmund 2003:71) are explained as
follows:
I. Probability sample A sample in which every member of the
populationhasaknown, non-zeroprobabilityofselection.
II. on-probabilitysampling A sampling technique inwhichunitsof the
sample are selected on the basis of personal judgement orconvenience.
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10.2.2 DataCollectionMethods
For this researchstudy,table 1 below illustrates themethod that will beused
tocollect thedata.
Table 1: Data collectionmethod
Type Detailsand Sampling
Qualitative The ata collection method will be surveys in the form of
questionnairesand informal interviews. It will beapplicable to:
y eefaquaristswithin thecoral keepingcommunity
y Pet store owners that supply aquarist products and
livestock toreefaquarist
y Forum SA K & ASA) members that collectively
numbersapproximately 4000 reefkeepers
y Approximately 20 pet storesaround thecountry
Source: Authorderived
10.2.3 uestionnaire
Refer to appendices A & B to also illustrate the format and layout of the
questionnaires. Thequestionnairescovers the following variables, viz., that of
the reef keeper and that of the pet store owner. The question ing itself will
focuson thesocial relevanceon thereefaquarist shopping for farmedcorals
vs. wildcollectedones. Same for thepet storeowner, decidingonwhether to
stock farmed vs. wildcollect corals. Thequestionnairesaskaround thesocial
relevancearound farmedcorals versus that of importedones, that effectivley
haveabearingon thenatural reefresources .
The questionnaire will be in the form of a ickert scale
www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/scallik.php) where respondents will be
asked to choose their most applicable answer to the question. The
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questioningwill not followanyneed forbiographical data as there isno real
relevance between segmenting the reef aquaristand that of the Pet store
owners.
10.3 ADMINISTRATION
The questionnaires will be compiled online still to be formulated) on the
Survey onkeys website www.surveymonkey.com). As such the website
itself will handle the input from thedata capturing done by the respondents.
The link to theonline formwill bepostedonboth the ASA and Sark forums
and a link will be emailed to the all the Pet Stores. The processing of the
information from the respondents will be fed back in various graph formatsandassuchwill be inareadystate foranalysis.
10.4 DEMARCATIONOF STUDY
As noted, this study is exploratory and is aimed at investigating the
relationshipbetween the reefaquarist, thecoral farmer, thepet storesand the
impact it hason theearthsnatural reefs. It shouldbenoted that thestudy:
i) ompriseson the theoryand theapplication in termsof theneedaround
coral farming, asrevealed in the literaturereview.
ii) Reviewswhycoralsareexpensive to thereefaquarist.
iii) Reviews a basis for further exploring ifcoral farming can become a
profitable venture in South Africa.
This study does not investigate what impact coral farming may haveon pet
stores and the importation of wild collected corals from overseas suppliers.Thisstudymaysuggest changes in theoverall supplychain inhowcoralsare
supplied locally toreefaquarists.
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11RESEARCHOUTLINE
The research study is estimated to take approximately four months to
complete. The following describes an overview of chapters that will be
includedaspart of the final researchreport.
hapter1 Introduction to theresearch Research Proposal).
This chapter outlines the problem statement, objectives, methodology and
limitationsof thestudy.
hapter2 oral propagationsocial relevance investigation
This chapter will focus on investigating within the South
Africanreefaquaristcommunity;the potential influencethat land based coral
farming in South Africacanhave tohelppreserve theearthsnatural reefs .
hapter3 atacollectionmethods
Examinesanddiscusses theselectionof the targetedpopulationof thisstudy.
It will provide an overview of findings and further interviewed feedback from
people in the local coral retail trade.
hapter4 Research findingsanddataanalysis
omparing information between the findings and data gathered within the
coral aquarist community which includes the Pet stores and the potential
influence of landbased coral farming. The findings then will be comparedto
literaturestudy in terms ofestablishing, if reefaquaristswouldrathersupport
locallypropagatedcoralsratherthan importedwildharvestedones.
hapter5 onclusionandrecommendationsThis chapter will focus concluding the research study and making
recommendations. It will conclude ifcoralscanbe farmed in South Africa that
will have the full support of the local reefaquarist community.
.
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12REFERENCES
Borneman E.H. 2001). Aquarium Corals, Selection, Husbandry, and Natural
History. harlotte, SA. icrocosm td.
Burke ., ReytarK., Spalding ., Perry A. 2011). Reefs at risk revisited, orld
Resources
Institute,http://pdf.wri.org/reefs_at_risk_revisited_executive_summary.pdf
[Accessed: 2011-04-20]
alfo A.R. 2007). Book of Coral Propagation .Volume 1, 2nded. onroeville,
SA. ReadingTrees Publication
ikert Scaling, http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/scallik.php),
[Accessed 2011-04-22]
alhotra, .K. 1996).Marketing research: an applied orientation .Secondedition.Prentice-Hall.
arine Aquariumsof South Africa, www.marineaquariumsa.com), [Accessed:
2011-04-22]
SA Reefkeeping, www.sareefkeeping.com), [Accessed: 2011-04-22]
Zikmund . . 2003). Business research methods. 7thed. hio: Thomson
earning.
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APPENDIX A
Reef eeperfeedbackquestionnaire
Feedbackmust be indicatedbyplacingasinglecross in theapplicableblock
below the question that is deemed most appropriate in answering the
question.
1 - Howwouldyourate theaffordabilityofcorals in termsofkeeping thereef
aquarist communityalive?
ot
important
Slightly
important
oderately
important
Very
important
Extremely
important
2 - Howimportant is it toyou in termsofpurchasingcorals, doespricematter
more to you than knowing if the coral is propagated or harvested from the
wild?
ot
important
Slightly
important
oderately
important
Very
important
Extremely
important
3 - ould it mattermuch toyou in termsofimportanceandsocial relevance
that theearthsreefsareslowlydying, in decidingwhetheryouchoose toshop
forwildharvest coralsasopposed to locally farmedcorals?
ot
important
Slightly
important
oderately
important
Very
important
Extremely
important
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4 In the long term 10 -20 years), doyouagree that coral propagation efforts
will assist inestablishinglessofan impact to theearthsnatural reefs.
ot at all Havent aclue Somewhat ostly, yes Absolutelyagree
5 - In termsofyour local pet store, doyousee themasonlystocking locally
farmedcorals, asastrongdrawcard ingetting fellowreefaquariststoshopat
theirstore?
ot at all
ant decide forsure Somewhat
ostly,
agree
Agree 100%
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APPENDIX BPet Storeowner,feedbackquestionnaire
Feedbackmust be indicatedbyplacingasinglecross in theapplicableblock
below the question that is deemed most appropriate in answering the
question.
1 - Howwouldyourate theaffordabilityofcorals toyourcustomerbase, in
termsofkeeping thereefaquarist communityalive?
ot
important
Slightly
important
oderately
important
Very
important
Extremely
important
2 - Howimportant is it toyou in termsofsellingcorals, does itmattermore to
you thanknowing if thecoral ispropagatedorharvested from thewild?
ot
important
Slightly
important
oderately
important
Very
important
Extremely
important
3 - ould it mattermuch toyou in termsofimportanceandsocial relevance
that the earths reefs are slowly dying, in deciding whether you choose to
import wildharvest coralsasopposed tostocking locally farmedcorals?
ot
important
Slightly
important
oderately
important
Very
important
Extremely
important
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4 Howoftendoyou import wildcollect coralswhereyouneed to replenish
yourstorescoral stocks?
eekly Bi-
eekly onthly Bi- onthly Quarterly
5 - In terms of purchasing your coral stock from a local land based coral
propagator, doyou think thispracticehasastrong social relevance in terms
ofprotectingournatural reefenvironment? Assuch, doyou think thispractice
will bewidelyadoptedbyyourselfandotherPet Stores?
ot at all
ant decide forsure Somewhat ostly,
agree
Agree 100%
6 - In termsof yourwalk in customerbase into, doyouseehaving a locally
farmedcoral selection, asastrongdrawcard ingettingreef aquaristtoshop
at yourstore?
ot at all
ant decide forsure Somewhat
ostly,
agree
Agree 100%