A Future forOhio’s PastAHistoric Preservation Plan for Ohioans2010-2014

OHIO HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICE

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R ecently theNational Trust for HistoricPreservation invited people to tell the

organization about places thatmatter to them.Called This PlaceMatters, the campaign helpspeople call attention to special places in theircommunity. As you can see fromA Future forOhio’s Past: A Historic Preservation Plan forOhioans, our state hasmany places thatmatter,historic neighborhoods, rural landscapes,archaeological sites,main streets, churches,schools and the list goes on.

Ohio recently strengthened its commitment tothe rehabilitation and reuse of historic propertiesacross the state by initiating a new state historictax credit to complement the federal historicrehabilitation tax credit, which has beenresponsible for the rehabilitation of 1500 ofOhio’shistoric buildings representing over $1.968 billiondollars in private investment. Ohio remains aleader in the use of the federal tax credit. Newlyreleased statistics for 2008 acknowledge 73 privaterehabilitation projects resulting in over $67.2million dollars in investment. Eighty nine state taxcredit applications from23different citiesrepresenting $1.1 billion in private redevelopmentfunding and federal tax creditswere approvedduring the initial application period in 2008. A newapplication period began in July, 2009.

Preserving our historic resources andmakingthemuseful for today,whether it is converting anold school into senior housing or turning anabandoned andneglected commercial district in toa vital center of commerce and tourism, is certainlyan important part of historic preservation. Buthistoric preservation is also about the power ofplace, places thatmatter. Simply put these placesareworth preserving because they help tell thestory of our nation and our state, ofwhoweareandwherewe come from.

I invite you to do your part to help preserve theplaces thatmatter to you by familiarizing yourselfwith the information in this plan and applying it tothe preservation efforts in your community orneighborhood.

Dr.WilliamK. Laidlaw Jr.ExecutiveDirectorStateHistoric PreservationOfficer

Cover: SerpentMound, Adams County.(Insets top to bottom) Dayton Aviation Park,Dayton; St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathe-dral, Cleveland; Lorain Street Savings & Trust,Cleveland; Fort Piqua Hotel, Piqua; MarbleheadLighthouse, Ottawa County; Tipp City HistoricDistrict sign; Philip Henninger House, Parma;Dickson Transfer Building, Akron

Right: Seneca County Courthouse, Tiffin

WilliamK. Laidlaw, Jr. passed away unexpectedlyas this planwas being readied for publication.AFuture forOhio’s Pastwas prepared during Bill’stenure as state historic preservation officer andserves as a fitting testament to his strong advo-cacy for preservingOhio’s historic properties.

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In shaping a vision for historic preservation in Ohio, a challenge exists between charting a forwardthinking pathwhile remaining cognizant of the economic and political realities facing the State ofOhio andOhio’s many statewide and local historic preservation partners.During the past two centuries of relative prosperity, every region of Ohio saw development,

now reflected in the cultural legacy of thousands of significant buildings, sites, districts and structures,many of which have yet to be adequately identified, evaluated, recognized and protected.Whilefacing economic challenges today, Ohio remains one of themost populous states in the nationwithover 11.4million residents , and the seventh largest economy in the U.S.

Historic preservation needs in Ohio far exceed the human and financial resources committedto them. Although the Ohio Historic Preservation Office of the Ohio Historical Society receives theseventh largest allocation of any state from the Historic Preservation Fund, the state investment in theoffice is among the lowest nationwide, with annual expenditure of less than three cents per resident .Ohio’s statewide historic preservation organizations operate on very small budgets and local historicpreservation groups often consist primarily of volunteer efforts workingwith even smaller budgets.

With that inmind, the vision put forth in this plan can be summarized as follows:

Asmore Ohioans recognize the value of our state’s cultural heritage, bothhistoric and prehistoric, historic preservation opportunities will grow. Ohioanswill use themodel of the greenmovement to cultivate increased awarenessand stewardship of the built environment. Through coordinated informationcampaigns, Ohioans will increasingly recognize the inherent and embodiedenergy ofmaterials, skill, and labor invested in historic buildings.Working through established programs, the preservation community willincrease connectionswith educators at the primary, secondary andcollegiate levels to help weave historic preservation into social studies andhistory classes. Local governmentswill work to integrate historicpreservation andMain Street principles into their local planning anddecision-makingmechanisms through increased access toweb-basedpreservation data and planning tools. Historic preservation partnerswillwork cooperatively to promote the social and economic benefits of historicpreservation. Through partnerships among business, government,individuals and organizations, work will be undertakenwith targeted publicandprivate funds to identify undocumented historic andprehistoricresources and update previous surveys. Local, state and federal leadershipand business leaders will be better informed of historic preservationsuccesses throughout Ohio andmore supportive of historic preservationfinancial and legislative needs. State funds for historic preservationwillmore actively providemonies for cultural resource projects. TheOhioHistoricPreservationTax Creditwill become a permanent and highly utilizedhistoric preservation incentive.

Looking Ahead2010-2014 Five-Year Vision Statement

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4 Introduction

6 Preservation Goals,Challenges and Opportunities

11 Historic Preservation in Ohio11 Protecting Resources: Federal, State

and Local Review

13 FundingHistoric Preservation- Federal Historic RehabilitationTax Credit- Ohio Historic PreservationTax Credit- Certified Local Government Grants- Ohio General Assembly- Heritage OhioMain Street ProgramGrants- Save America’s Treasures Grants- Preserve America Grants

14 Planning for Historic Preservation- Using Survey and National Register ofHistoric Place as PlanningTools

- National Register Searchable Database- Ohio Historic Preservation Office GIS

20 PromotingHistoric Preservation andExpanding Knowledge- The Building Doctor Program- Historic Preservation Awards- Ohio Historic Preservation OfficeWorkshops

24 Historic Preservation at the Stateand Local Level- Preservation Ohio- Heritage Ohio- Heritage Ohio and the OhioMainStreet Program

- Cleveland Restoration Society and PreservationResource Center of Northeast Ohio

28 Appendices28 I. Summary of Survey Results32 II. Ohio’s Historic Properties46 III. Historic Preservation Partners and Resources48 IV. Bibliography

Table of ContentsA Future for Ohio’s Past • A Historic Preservation Plan for Ohioans • 2010-2014

Clockwise from top: Adena, Chillicothe; Bridge overMaumee River, Lucas County; St. John’s Evangelical Lutheran Church, Springfield;Louis A. Penfield House, Willoughby Hills; Cleveland Cultural Gardens, Cleveland; John Parker House, Ripley

Preservation Works –Success Stories5 Saving an Archaeological Site: Spruce Hill Project7 MuskingumRiver Navigation Historic District8 GermanVillage: Ohio’s First Preserve

America Neighborhood10 HeritageTourism and Economic Development:

The Ohio & Erie Canal TowpathTrail11 Technology Sheds Light on the Steel Group

Earthwork, Ross County12 Rehabilitation of the 1828 Blaine Hill

Stone Arch Bridge13 Federal Historic Tax Credit Projects

- Lorain Street Savings andTrust Company,Cleveland

- McKinley School,West Milton14 New Life for an Old School: Berea’s Little Red

School House15 Tipp City: Becoming a Certified Local

Government and Beyond16 The Henninger House17 Restoring the Pennsylvania House18 Restoration of Chimneys at Akron’s Stan Hywet Hall19 Designing for the National Road: Ohio

Historic National Road Design Handbook22 Preserving Historic Schools: Columbus City Schools23 Main Street Piqua and the Piqua Hotel24 Creating Beacons of Hope: Cleveland

Restoration Society’s Steeple Lighting Program25 Preservation Collaboration:Wright-Dunbar Inc.

and theWright Dunbar BusinessVillage26 Restoring a Prairie Style Gem:

Frank LloydWright’sWestcott House

PHOTO CREDITS: (CLOCKWISE FROM TOP) DAVID BARKER, UNKNOWN, JEFFREY DARBEE, PAUL PENFIELD, DAVID BARKER, MARTHA RAYMOND.

When it is gone, whether it is a building or a document, itcan never be replaced.” This comment, from a citizenwho completed the online survey designed to gather

information for updating AFuture forOhio’s Past, underscores thecritical role historic preservation plays in protecting Ohio’s historicresources and the finite nature of those resources.

Ohio’s historic buildings and structures, archaeological sitesand cultural landscapes help educate us about our past, stimulateour economy and contribute to our quality of life. It is noexaggeration to say that historic preservation also helps stabilizeneighborhoods, encourages affordable housing, fosters privateinvestment, returns people and businesses to our urban centers,attracts tourists and strengthens community pride. The statisticsspeak for themselves. Based on information from Heritage Ohioand the National Park Service’s 2008 analysis of Federal taxcredit rehabilitation activity nationwide, investing in historicpreservation in Ohio yields the following benefits:

• Generates approximately 17 jobs for every $1millioninvested in Ohio

• Results in $414million in improvements in Ohio’s downtownsvia the OhioMain Street Program

• Leverages $4.34 billion in spending nationwide for the rehabili-tation of historic buildings at a 5-to-1 private/public ratio

• Creates 40,755 local jobs nationwide through federal tax creditrehabilitation projects

With the growing concern about climate change, RichardMoe,president of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, recentlyhighlightedwhatmay be themost important advantage to historic

preservation.“ Because it necessarily involves the conservation ofenergy and natural resources, historic preservation has alwaysbeen the greenest of the building arts.” In a December 2007 speech,Moe noted that 48% of America’s greenhouse gas emissions areproduced by the construction and operation of buildings.Discussing the concept of “embodied energy”Moe noted that ittakes energy tomanufacture or extract buildingmaterials andmoreenergy to transport and assemble them at the building site. Everytime a building is demolished this energy is totally wasted andadded energy is expended destroying and discarding existingbuildingmaterials.

In an era of rising gasoline prices, here are some othersobering statistics. Approximately 80 billion BTUs of energy areembodied in a typical 50,000-square foot commercial building.That is the equivalent of 640,000 gallons of gasoline. Demolishingthat same building creates nearly 4,000 tons of waste, enoughdebris to fill 26 railroad box cars. It is clear that the greenestbuilding is the one that already exists.

PUBLIC PARTICIPATIONPublic participationwas important in creating, and

implementing AFuture forOhio’s Past. To determinewhether thegoals identified in the previous plan remain current, assess thecurrent state of historic preservation in Ohio and encourage broad-based participation in revising the plan, an online survey wasdistributed from January throughMay of 2008. Survey recipientsincluded state and local government agencies, public officials,preservation organizations, academicians and hundreds of other

Introduction

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PHOTO: RICHARD L. BOWEN & ASSOCIATES

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Saving an Archaeological Site:Spruce Hill ProjectPreservation Partners:The Ohio Archaeological CouncilArc of Appalachia Preserve System(The Highlands Nature Sanctuary)

The Archaeological ConservancyWilderness EastRoss County Park District

In 2007, Spruce Hill, one of the largest Hopewell hilltopenclosures in Ohio, was in danger of being sold and destroyeduntil individuals and a consortium of organizations raised fundstomake adownpayment topurchase theproperty just 24hoursbefore it was to be auctioned. The Ohio Archaeological Council,a private non-profit corporation promoting the advancementof Ohio archaeology, and itsmembers, pooled its resources andcontributed over $10,000 dollars to the project. Additionalfunding came from a Clean Ohio grant. Land acquisition wascompleted in 2008.

SpruceHill is situated on a large landformoverlooking PaintCreek and the town of Bourneville in Ross County, an area rich inlargeHopewell earthworksandmounds.Thesiteappears inCalebAtwater’s 1820 publication on earthwork sites and in Squire andDavis’famousvolumeAncientMonumentsof theMississippiValley.Since themid-1800s, however, very little archaeologicalworkhasoccurred at Spruce Hill.

Saving Spruce Hill illustrates the effectiveness of collabora-tion. None of the organizations involved could have individuallyraised sufficient funding to save this unique archaeological sitefromdestruction.

John Hay High School, Cleveland. (above) exterior view,(left) cafeteria

Ohio citizens. The survey was also sent directly to Ohio’s statewidepreservation organizations who in turn posted a link to thedocument for their constituencies. Hard copies of the survey weredistributed at several preservation conferences andworkshops.Over two hundred volunteer design review board or commissionmembers representing Ohio’s then 46 Certified Local Governmentsalso received the survey. In addition to direct emailing, the surveywas posted on the Ohio Historical Society website, where over7,500members as well as the general public, had access to theinformation. In April 2008, preliminary survey results were postedand the informationwas sharedwith the State Plan AdvisoryCommittee and in a poster/exhibit format at a statewidepreservation conference. Additional hard copies of the survey weremade available at the conference and at other public events. For asummary of survey findings, please see Appendix I. In May 2008a draft of the planwas distributed tomembers of the AdvisoryCommittee for their review and comment; comments wereincorporated into later drafts.

AFuture forOhio’s Pastwas preparedwith the belief thathistoric preservation is vital to our state and our nation’s future.Historic preservationworks best at the local level and it will only besuccessful with the participation of stakeholders from all aspects ofsociety. To illustrate this point, sprinkled throughout the plan arehistoric preservation success stories called PreservationWorks!These stories highlight the tremendous variety and diversity ofhistoric resources in Ohio and themany dedicated citizens, groupsand organizations, communities, and state and federal agenciesthat work tomaintain and protect these resources.

Preservation Works!

PHOTO: RICHARD L. BOWEN & ASSOCIATES

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The Core of A Future for Ohio’s Past is a set of six general goalsthat reflect the preservation priorities of the citizens ofOhio. These goals are meant to guide state, regional and

local preservation planning for the next five years, after which thePlan will be revised based on current preservation priorities.

Based on the results of the statewide online survey, (see PublicParticipation, page 4), the goals established in 2004 continue toreflect and represent a wide range of preservation interests andissues across the state. They are listed in their order of importanceaccording to the survey results. The goal statements are followed bycurrent challenges and corresponding opportunities (objectives)specifically identified for each goal by thosewho responded to theonline survey.

We encourage you to adopt, pursue ormodify one ormore ofthese goals and to apply them to your preservation efforts at thelocal, regional and state levels.

� GOAL 1. PAY FOR PRESERVATIONIncrease funding to identify, evaluate, preserve and protectOhio’s historic resources.

Challenges• Grant programs for the proactive survey and designation of

archaeological and historic resources are virtually nonexistent.• Economic incentives are lacking for homeowners to rehabilitate

their historic residential properties.• Local preservation organizations and other preservation efforts

are inadequately fundedwhich limits their effectiveness.• Population decline combinedwith the foreclosure crisis has led

to a staggering number of vacant and abandoned buildingsresulting in numerous demolitions.

Opportunities:• Develop dedicated funding sources for public buildings, such as

schools, city halls and courthouses.• Maintain and expand the new state tax credit program.• Make historic preservationmore affordable for the general

public.• Provide other financial incentives in addition to agricultural

easements for rural/agricultural landscape preservation.• Expand funding opportunities for nonprofit rehabilitation

projects.• Provide additional funding to hire and expandOHS/OHPO staff

in order to better serve the preservation needs of Ohio.• Seek additional funding/grants for residential properties.• Provide property tax relief for historic properties to encourage

preservation and rehabilitation.• Establish a dedicated grant source for the identification of

historic and archaeological properties.• Increase collaborative efforts with financial institutions tomake

local dollars available for preservation.

• Increase collaboration between public and private historicpreservation initiatives in order to share limited resources.

� GOAL 2. EDUCATETHE PUBLICIncrease public awareness and education to enable Ohioans todiscover, understand and preserve historic places.

Challenges• Sprawl continues to erode Ohio’s urban fabric and destroy ruralcultural landscapes and archaeological resources.

• The lack of a state heritage area program undercuts the public’sability to interact with and appreciate Ohio’s rich historicresources.

• Lack of awareness and appreciation of Ohio’s historic andarchaeological resources and the benefits of preserving them

• Archaeological concerns are not well represented in state andlocal historic preservation efforts.

• Lack of funding to keep historic sites open to the public

Opportunities:• Expand preservation efforts to targeted groups, includingelected officials, city planners, zoning and design review boardsand commissions, realtors and developers.

• Educate children to respect their heritage by helping them findpersonal connections to the past (family, community andhistoric sites).

• Develop an online kit of current tools/contacts/resources toassist local groups in mobilizing when a historic property isthreatened.

• Train citizens to be hands-on preservationists andconservationists.

• Develop regional Ohio history curriculums for schools.• Create podcasts of Ohio history, GPS downloadable locationsof historic places and guides for travelers and planners.

• Work with local and regional preservation organizations toincrease public awareness of historic sites and preservationissues.

• Educate the public about the environmentally friendly embod-ied energy existing in historic buildings.

• Use LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)standards and other incentives to show that recycling buildingsis both historically and environmentally appropriate.

• Offer grants and technical assistance to areas (such as unincor-porated townships) where unrestricted development is mostlikely to occur.

• Include archaeological preservation topics in state and regionalpreservation conferences and meetings.

• Develop and advocate collaboratively for an Ohio HeritageArea program.

Preservation Goals, Challengesand Opportunities

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� GOAL 3. IDENTIFY HISTORIC RESOURCESIdentify and evaluate historic resources andmake informationabout themmore accessible for preservation planning, advocacyand education purposes.

Challenges• Historic resources of the recent past are not well represented inour state and local surveys, making them vulnerable to devel-opment pressures.

• Rural landscapes, Main Streets, public buildings and archaeologi-cal sites top the list of most threatened historic resources in Ohio.

• There is not enough consideration of historic and archaeologicalproperties affected by state and local governmental agencies.

Opportunities:• Work with the Ohio Archaeological Council to develop a statearchaeological preservation plan that includes the developmentof historic contexts for archaeological resources.

• Expand state college and university programs for researching andrecording archaeological sites.

• Collect and disseminate information onwhatmakes historicresources significant andworthy of preservation.

• Make grants available to rural townships to conduct surveys ofarchaeological sites, rural landscapes and farmsteads.

• Make grants available for preparing contexts and surveyingrecent past resources.

• Work with historic preservation partners to strengthenOhio’shistoric preservation legislation to provide for the review of stateundertakings for their affects on historic properties.

� GOAL 4. GET INVOLVEDDevelop local commitment by encouraging public and privateinvolvement in local historic places.

Challenges• Local funds tomaintain and preserve publically owned buildingssuch as schools and county courthouses are lacking.

• The lack of historic preservation plans at the local level makes itdifficult for both the public and private sectors to integratehistoric preservation into their development efforts.

• A lack of state requirements for local comprehensive planningand zoning translates into communities without plans for whatand how to preserve in the face of growth and change.

• The connection between historic preservation and economic

Muskingum River NavigationHistoric DistrictPreservationPartners:OhioDepartmentofNatural ResourcesLocal historiansWashingtonCounty Library andotherOhioandWestVirginiaagencies

TheMuskingum River Navigation Historic District (Coshoc-ton, Muskingum, Morgan, Washington Counties) was nominatedto theNational Register in 2007 for its significance as a slackwaternavigationsystemlinking theOhioandErieCanal to theOhioRiver.The purpose of the nomination was to recognize this remarkablesystem consisting originally of 11 dams and 11 hand-operatedwooden locks. It was built by the State of Ohio between 1837 and1841 and was known as the Muskingum Improvement or simplyThe Improvement.

The system was designed to enable year round passage ofsteamboats. There were high expectations of increased water-power that would generate new mills and manufacturing estab-lishments. Also, the State would benefit from increased revenues,whichwouldoffset theoperatingcosts.However, thearrivalof rail-roads andbetter roadswould in time replace river transportation.Actual revenuewas disappointing.

Due to the high costs of maintenance, the MuskingumImprovement along with all of the Ohio canals, was sold to theUnited States government in 1885 to be operated by the Corps ofEngineers. The 1913 Flood caused immeasurable damage to theentire system. Itwasadeathblowtocommercial trafficon the river.The State of Ohio regained ownership of the system in 1958 afterthe U. S. government declared the systemobsolete.

Today this operating system with its ten locks and dams stillexhibits its original 1841 configuration. It is the sole remaining slackwater navigation system in theUnited States. The current goal is toenhance its existence as a historic resource in addition to providing a unique recreational facility.

Thenominationwas fundedby theOhioDepartmentofNaturalResourcesandpreparedbyNancyB.Hoy.Preservationpartnerswereextremely helpful in the preparation of the nomination and included MarkWest, Regional Park Manager; and several local historians,JosephRutter, BardBondandHenryBurke. In addition,WashingtonCountyLibraryandseveralOhioandWestVirginia agenciesprovidedwritten papers that further illuminated themechanical and historic aspects of this navigation system.

Preservation Works!

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German Village:Ohio's First PreserveAmerica NeighborhoodPreservation Partners:GermanVillage SocietyCity of Columbus

In April 2007, German Village, in Columbus, became Ohio’sfirst Preserve America Neighborhood, furthering the community'scommitment to preservation and honoring the legacy of thoseindividuals who worked hard to retain an important piece ofColumbus' past.

Preserve America is a White House initiative that recognizescommunities thatprotect andcelebrate their heritage, utilize theirhistoric assets for community revitalizationandencourageeduca-tion through heritage tourism. The application, submitted byTheGerman Village Society, highlighted the work of the GermanVillageArchitectural ReviewCommission, the sites andevents thatvisitorsdrive fromnear and far toexperienceand thepartnershipscultivatedwith theCityofColumbus, federal, state, and local repre-sentatives, theOhio Historical Society andHeritageOhio.

An overriding objective in the application to become aPreserve America Neighborhood was to ensure that the voice ofthe GermanVillage Historic District would continue to be heardin future discussions regarding transportation projects, includ-ing the reconstruction of Interstate 70/71 and the enhancementof GermanVillage's Third Street.

Onemajorproject highlighted in thePreserveAmerica appli-cationwas a lighting campaign launched in 2003 to providemorethan 30 historically appropriate lampposts in Schiller Park, a 23acre green space used by people, pets, actors, play groups andbaseball teams. The new lighting provides a safer environmentduring the evening and nighttime hours and has allowed morepeople to enjoy the historic park.

Preservation Works!

Right: Main Street, Warren

PHOTO: ED ELBERFELD

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• Build stronger partnerships among historic preservationorganizations to promotemutual interests.

• Expand training opportunities for preservation boards andcommissions and local preservation organizations.

� GOAL 6. PROMOTE HISTORIC PRESERVATIONCreate a positive image for historic preservation by improvingmarketing efforts.

Challenges• Historic resources are not recognized as inherently green.• The economic benefits for historic preservation are notappreciated relative to the perceived benefits of newdevelopment.

• Historic preservationists are sometimes seen as antidevelopmentand/or obstructionists.

Opportunities:• Hold regional meetings that showcase preservation of localhistory and culture.

• Increase the visibility of historic preservation efforts in all areas ofthe state by providing in person and virtual technical preservationassistance.

• Hold annual regional preservation“open houses”to reach abroader local public.

• Create a statewide preservation awards program co-sponsored byall of Ohio’s preservation organizations.

• ExpandOHPO staff’s ability to be out in the field, bemore visibleand to provide education and technical support.

• Complete and distribute a study of the economic benefits ofhistoric preservation in Ohio.

• Strengthen and expand education and outreach programs suchas the OHPO’s Building Doctor program and various informationalworkshops.

development and the joint benefits of sustainability andconservation inherent in historic buildings is not always clearlyunderstood or promoted.

Opportunities:• Strengthen relationships with local preservation groups andhistorical organizations.

• Expand access to financial and technical information for public,private and non-profit owners of historic properties.

• Build upon the positive response to the initial Ohio HistoricPreservationTax Credit program towork toward a permanenttax credit.

• Work with local officials to develop and adopt strategic historicpreservation plans for their jurisdictions.

� GOAL 5. LEAD!Improve historic preservation leadership in Ohio.

Challenges• Ohio’s historic preservation laws lack a clear statement of policy,are weak and difficult to enforce.

• Training is needed for public officials, local architectural reviewboards and the business community.

• Confusion regarding the roles and functions of Ohio’s majorhistoric preservation organizations.

Opportunities:• Provide forums for sharing views on historic preservationbetween citizens and local and state politicians.

• Publicize the economic benefits of historic preservation and theimportance of partnerships to local leadership groups such as thecouncil of mayors, township associations, etc.

• Expand networking opportunities with successful preservationproject leaders

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Preservation Works!Heritage Tourism and Economic Development:The Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath TrailPreservation Partners:County, City,Village andTownship governmentsClevelandMetro ParksMetro Parks serving Summit CountyStark ParksTuscarawas County ParksDepartmentCuyahogaValleyNational Park

Imagine hiking or bicycling along theOhio& Erie CanalTowpathTrail from the shores ofLake Erie to the Tuscarawas River valley, and ultimately traveling to Columbus or Cincinnati,if you are really ambitious. Thanks to the outstanding vision and leadership of elected offi-cials, government agencies, non-profit organizations and park districts, the dream is fastbecoming a reality. Seventy-eight miles of the 101-mile Ohio & Erie Canal Towpath Trail arenowcompleted.Whencompleted, this regional greenwaywill stretch fromthe shoresof LakeErie indowntownCleveland, through theCuyahogaValleyNationalPark, to the staircase locksin downtownAkron, past the Portage Lakes and through the historic canal towns of Clinton,Canal Fulton,Massillon, Navarre, Bolivar and Zoar to its southern terminus inDover andNewPhiladelphia.

The Ohio & Erie Canal Towpath Trail is stimulating community and economic develop-ment along its entire length. From the revitalization and adaptive use of former canal ware-houses and rubber factories to the construction of housing developments and museums,there is a renewedsenseof entrepreneurial spirit.Through thedevelopmentofpublic/privatepartnerships, theOhio&ErieCanalTowpathTrail has servedasa catalyst for regional commu-nity andeconomicdevelopment throughoutCuyahoga, Summit, StarkandTuscarawas coun-ties in excess of $300million.

For more information about the Ohio & Erie Canal Towpath Trail and ways to getinvolved with this exciting regional project, contact the Ohio & Erie Canalway Coalition at(330) 434-5657 or Dan Rice at drice@ohioeriecanal.org

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Preservation Works!

PROTECTING RESOURCES:FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL REVIEW

The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966made preserv-ing historic, architectural, and archaeological resources a nationalpolicy. Under Section 106 of the Act, federal agenciesmust considerthe effects of projects that they fund, license or permit on propertiesthat are listed in or eligible for listing in the National Register ofHistoric Places. To accomplish this task, agencies, including localgovernments, that receive federal fundingmust consult with theOhio Historic Preservation Office to determinewhether their under-takings will affect historic properties and if they will, avoid, mini-mize, ormitigate effects. In federal fiscal year 2008, the preservationoffice reviewed over 6,400 federally assisted projects, includingHUD-funded housing and commercial rehabilitations, demolitionsand new construction, bridge projects funded by the Federal High-way Administration and the Ohio Department of Transportation,cell towers licensed by Federal Communications Commission andvarious U.S. Army Corp of Engineers projects. Federal agencies arealso required by Section 110 of the National Historic PreservationAct to have historic preservation programs. In addition, the officereviews approximately 100 state funded projects each fiscal yearunder a state law that requires state agencies to cooperate with theState Historic Preservation Office when their projects may affecthistoric properties.

At the local level, Ohio facilitates the protection of historic

resources by providing for strong“Home Rule”, throughwhichcommunities can use their general municipal “police powers”todesignate groups of historic or archaeological properties, usuallycalled“historic districts”or individual properties (sometimesreferred to as“landmarks”) as zoning overlays.

An effective historic preservation program recognizes the part-nerships between various levels of government, which share thegoal of identifying, evaluating and protecting historic resources. Itwas in this spirit of partnership that the Certified Local GovernmentProgramwas created by the 1980 Amendments to the NationalHistoric Preservation Act. Approved in Ohio in 1985 and adminis-tered by the Ohio Historic Preservation Office, the program hassince certified 49 local governments ranging from tiny villages tothe state’s largest cities. The program requirements include a historicpreservation ordinance designed to protect historic resources and aqualified design review board or commissionwith the power todesignate historic properties and review proposed changes to thehistoric environment.

Resource protection also occurs in cases that have no federal,state or local legal involvement. Ohio’s statewide and local preser-vation organizations, the National Trust for Historic Preservation,individual advocates and the Ohio Historic Preservation Office haveadvocated for preservation in such high profile cases as theproposed demolition of the Seneca County Courthouse in Tiffin,National Cash Register Company Building 26 in Dayton, and publicschools across the state.

Historic Preservation in Ohio

Technology Sheds Light on the Steel GroupEarthwork, Ross CountyPreservation Partners:Jarrod Burks, PhD,OhioValley Archaeology, Inc.

Ohio ishometohundredsof ancient earthwork sites.Withburialmoundsandenormousearthenenclosures coveringup to120acres, these siteswere the sacredceremonial centersof thosewho livedin theOhio region thousandsof years ago. Someearthwork sites arepreserved inparks, likeHopewellCulture National Historical Park and Fort Ancient State Memorial, but most are privately owned.Because plowing, development, and decay have altered most earthworks, they are nearly invisible.However, new techniques formapping invisible earthworks are leading tomany newdiscoveries.

TheSteelGroupEarthworkwasfirst recorded in1845.At that time the site consistedof twosmallcircularenclosuresandamound.Recently, the sitehasbeensurveyedwithageophysical survey instru-ment called amagnetometer. This instrumentmeasures very subtle changes in the Earth’s magneticfield, andwhat it found at Steel Group is truly amazing. Apparently there are quite a fewmore enclo-sures at Steel Group thanwere previously known. In fact, there are at least ten enclosures.

Making newdiscoveries using geophysical survey is not limited to the Steel Group. Every earth-work site in Ohio has a new story to tell. Sadly, many dozens of earthworks already have beencompletely destroyed by gravel mining, road and railroad construction, and urban sprawl. For thisreason it is imperative thatweusegeophysical survey instruments to identifyand redefine the remain-ingearthwork sites andprotect themfromfurtherdestructionanddecay.Despite200yearsof archae-ological research, we have only just begun to document these ancientmonuments.

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Rehabilitation of the 1828Blaine Hill Stone Arch BridgePreservation Partners:OhioDepartment ofTransportationOhioHistoric PreservationOffice, OhioHistorical SocietyBelmont County EngineerBlaineHill Bridge Community Preservation Project

Like some modern parody of the famous nursery rhyme, the Blaine Hill Bridgewas falling down. The oldest documented extant bridge in Ohio, the 345-foot sand-stonestructure consistedof threearchesandS-shapedapproaches. Itwas constructedin 1828 andwas part of the six-stateNational Road, the nation’s first federally fundedinterstate highway. At a constant grade of 6% fromeast towest, the bridge eased thedifficult 500-foot climb out of theOhio River valley for countless travelers.

Bypassed by U.S 40 in 1933 and finally closed to all traffic sixty years later, thebridge’s condition worsened until 1998, when a portion of the western-most archcollapsed intoWheeling Creek. A safety hazard to the community, Blaine Hill Bridge appeared destined for demolition.

After an appeal by the Ohio Historic Society andwith the support of the Belmont County Engineer, the Ohio Department of Trans-portation (ODOT) set aside federalTransportationEnhancement funding to stabilize thebridgeandsalvageall stone fromthe fallenarch.Later, theprojectwasexpandedto replace thedamagedarchwitha reinforcedconcretearch.Thespandrelwallswere rebuiltwith salvagedsandstone attached to interior structural walls. In 2004 ODOT granted additional funds to complete the project. This phase includedcorrecting the leaning, bulging and displaced walls by jacking them into alignment, internally strengthening the structure with rein-forcedconcreteand resurfacing the roadwaywithvintagebrick.Thedesign focusedon retainingasmuchmaterial aspossible.Today theBlaine Hill Bridge awaits site restoration and interpretation.

The local community, Belmont County, and the State of Ohio have taken a great interest in the project. A grassroots communitybased group, the Blaine Hill Bridge Community Preservation Project, www.blainebridge.org, provided information and support for theproject. The rehabilitation projectswere performedby SheldonGantt Inc. fromNiles, Ohio. In 2001, theOhio Legislature officially desig-nated the Blaine Hill Bridge Ohio’s Bicentennial Bridge. The unique rehabilitation of the bridge has been presented at the InternationalBridgeConference, theOhioTransportationEngineersConference, theNational RoadAllianceConferenceandseveral others. Articlesonthebridgehave appeared inNationalGeographicTravelerMapofAppalachiaReport, theOhioContractor, theOhioReadyMixedConcrete,Vistas By-wayMagazine and theOhioNational RoadAssociationNewsletter.

Preservation Works!

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FUNDINGHISTORIC PRESERVATIONThe following is a description of someof the funding sourcesavailable for historic preservation. For amore comprehensive listvisit: www.ohiohistory.org

Federal Historic Rehabilitation InvestmentTax Credit

Ohioans remain among the nation’s leading users of federalincome tax credits designed to stimulate private investment inpreservation of historic properties. The credit encourages ownersto rehabilitate income-producing properties listed on the NationalRegister of Historic Places. In exchange for following the Secretaryof the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation, owners can receive afederal tax credit equal to 20% of qualified rehabilitation expenses.The credit has aided preservation and rehabilitation ofmore than1,500 buildings in Ohio, representing a total investment of nearly$2 billion. In partnership with the National Park Service, the OhioHistoric Preservation Office reviews andmakes recommendationson each application.

OhioHistoric PreservationTax CreditThe Ohio Historic Preservation Tax Credit (OHPTC), adminis-

tered by the Ohio Department of Development with the assis-tance of the Ohio Historic Preservation Office, was established asa two-year pilot program for state fiscal years 2008 and 2009.It provided for a refundable state tax credit equal to 25% ofqualified rehabilitation expenses for the rehabilitation of historicbuildings in Ohio. In order to qualify for the credit the buildingssubject to rehabilitation had to meet the historic buildingrequirement, the proposed work had to meet the Secretary of theInterior’s Standards for Rehabilitation, and ownership and costand benefit requirements had to be met.

Applications were considered on a first-come first-servedbasis. A total of forty-one applications were approved for over

$124 million in tax credits during Round 1, which ran from theprogram’s inception until its temporary suspension in March2008. Forty-eight additional approved applications wereannounced for Round 2 in October of 2008, for tax credits ofmore than $78 million allocated as part of the Ohio BipartisanJob Stimulus Plan, which is for state fiscal years 2010 and 2011.All of these applicants had applied for the OHPTC program priorto its earlier suspension. A vast majority of the eighty-nineapproved OHPTC projects also qualify for the federal historicrehabilitation investment tax credit.

New rounds for state fiscal years 2010 and 2011 also areincluded in the Ohio Bipartisan Job Stimulus Plan. At least $17.4and $24.2 million in tax credits are available respectively for thesetwo years. Along with other changes, tax credits will be awardedcompetitively, based on a project’s potential economic impactand regional distributive balance factors.

Certified Local GovernmentGrantsOhio’s Certified Local Government (CLG) communities pursue

awide range of preservation activities, many of them fundedwithCLG grants, including historic property surveys, National Registernominations, community education projects and the rehabilitationof historic buildings. Since 2004 Ohio has awarded $500,652 inmatching grants for 40 historic preservation projects in 22 differentCLG communities.

OhioGeneral AssemblyState Capital Appropriations Bill

The biennial state capital appropriations bill funds acquisition,rehabilitation, restoration and exhibit curation for local historicalorganization improvement projects sponsored by state legislators.The bill is enacted in the spring of even numbered years. TheOhio Cultural Facilities Commission administers funded projects.

Federal Historic PreservationTax Credit ProjectsLORAIN STREET SAVINGS ANDTRUST COMPANY

The 5-story 1891 brick and stone neoclassical Lorain Street Savings and TrustCompanyBuilding is a pivotal structure in the LorainAvenueCommercial HistoricDistrictof Cleveland. Formany years itwas home to thebank and also housed an antique shop. Itwas vacant in 1999 when rehabilitation work began using green construction methodsthatqualified theproject for LEED (Leadership inEnergyandEnvironmentalDesign) certi-fication fromtheU.S.GreenBuildingCouncil.The rehabilitationproject features theuseofenvironmentally conscious buildingmethods, products and disposalmethods from starttofinish.This combinationgreenandhistoric rehabproject features ageothermalheatingand cooling system, which saves on water and heating and cooling costs, and a roofgarden.

MCKINLEY SCHOOL,WESTMILTONMcKinley School inWest Milton was built in 1909 for the area children. It was a K-12

school initially, then later housed K-6 when the building could no longer accommodateall of thegrades. Beginning in1914 theMcKinleySchoolwasalsohome to theWestMiltonNormal School for teachers. In 1983 the building was renovated into 33 senior housingunits.The2006 rehabilitationproject includedexterior repairworkand interiorupdates totheapartments thatallow formodern residential living.Thewindows,whichwere replacedwith smaller windows in 1983 or earlier and the upper section of the openings infilled,remain as theywere. The floor plan alsowas not changed from its 1983 configuration.

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New Life for an Old School:Berea’s Little Red School HousePreservation Partners:Berea Little Red Schoolhouse FoundationOhioHistoric PreservationOffice, OhioHistorical SocietyBerea CommunityDevelopment CorporationSouthwest Arts, LLCLocal civic groups and institutions

Listed in theNational RegisterofHistoric Places since1975,the BereaDistrict 7 School was built in 1912, one of ten schoolsbuilt to accommodate the thenboomingpopulation southwestof Cleveland. Outgrowing its usefulness, in 1935 the buildingwas purchased by the Berea Fine Arts Club and later served asa meeting hall, WWII-era troop recreation center and civictheater. In 1978, the Berea Little Red Schoolhouse Foundation,comprised of representatives of Berea’s Jaycees, the originalBereaFineArtsCluband thecityofBerea, organized topreservethe building and use it as a fine art center.

With thehelpof severalCertifiedLocalGovernmentgrants,the initial phase of the rehabilitation has focused on haltingfurther deterioration of the structure and enabling occupancyby the Berea Center for Fine Arts.

Work under the first grant included a new furnace andplumbing, sanding and sealing the original wood floor, newinterior andexterior doors, replacement and repair of soffitandfaciaboards, gutters anddownspouts, anda feasibility study forADA compliance. The second CLG grant covered architecturalspecifications for an ADA access ramp and restroom modifica-tions, chimney repairs, re-pointingof themasonryand repairs tothe original slate roof. The third grant will help with electrical,roof work and insulation.

Guidance on how to pursue funding is available on its web site:www.culture.ohio.gov

HeritageOhioMain Street ProgramGrantsHeritage Ohio provides competitive grants for OhioMain

Street communities when funds are appropriated by the OhioGeneral Assembly. Heritage OhioMain Street ProgramGrants aredesigned to foster innovative activities that support the four pointMain Street approach of Economic Restructuring, Design, Promo-tion andOrganization. Eligible projects include business incubatorsandmicro enterprise, building rehabilitation, marketing plans andboard development. Formore information contact Heritage Ohio atwww.heritageohio.org

SaveAmerica’sTreasures GrantsThe federal Save America’s Treasures program provides grants

to protect our nation’s endangered and irreplaceable culturalheritage. Grants are available for preservation and conservationwork on nationally significant intellectual and cultural artifacts andhistoric structures and sites. Grants are awarded to federal, state,local and tribal government entities, and non-profit organizationsthrough a competitivematching grant program administered bythe National Park Service. Formore information about Save Amer-ica’s Treasures see: http://nps.gov/history/hps/treasures/.

PreserveAmericaGrantsPreserve America is aWhite House initiative that encourages

and supports community efforts to preserve and enjoy our pricelesscultural and natural heritage. One of themajor programs of theinitiative is Preserve America Communities andNeighborhoods. ThePreserve America program recognizes and designates communitiesand neighborhoods that protect and celebrate their heritage, usetheir historic assets for economic development and communityrevitalization, and encourage people to experience and appreciatelocal historic resources through education and heritage tourismprograms. Preserve America communities and neighborhoodsmayapply for grants to support community efforts to demonstratesustainable uses of their historic and cultural sites and the economicand educational opportunities related to heritage tourism. Visitwww.preserveamerica.org formore information.

PLANNING FORHISTORIC PRESERVATION

Like any limited resource, protecting your community’sheritage requires careful planning. Preservation planning is arational systematic process that organizes preservation activities(identification, evaluation, registration and treatment) in a logicalsequence and projects action into the future.

Your community can plan for historic preservation byintegrating A Future for Ohio’s Past into your own planningprocess and local preservation plan. Communities that thinkseriously about historic preservation often develop and publisha preservation plan that can serve as a blueprint for their futurehistoric preservation activities. Recommendations shouldcorrespond with current community needs, issues and priorities,identify strategies to pursue that encourage preservation andrevitalization of historic resources; identify public-private partner-ships and tools that property owners can use to preserve historicproperties, and serve as a resource manual. Communities thathave recently completed historic preservation plans includeGlendale, Medina and Tipp City.

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Tipp City: Becoming a CertifiedLocal Government and BeyondPreservation Partners:City ofTipp CityOhioHistoric PreservationOffice, OhioHistorical SocietyU.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service

ThecitizensofTippCityhave longmaintaineda strongappre-ciation of their heritage and historical roots. Their pride resonatesfrom a rich and diverse architectural legacy including nearly 200historic properties dating from the mid-19th to the mid-20thcenturies. This devotion to historywas also evident in the creationof the Old Tippecanoe City Restoration and Architectural District in1974and the subsequent inclusionof89properties in theNationalRegister of Historic Places in 1983.

Tipp City’s preservation efforts always included strong localsupport. However they lacked contact with the Ohio HistoricPreservation Office (OHPO) and the resources that the OHPO canprovide.Thebestway forTippCity to enter into apartnershipwiththe OHPO was to seek Certified Local Government (CLG) status,whichwouldprovideaccess tograntmonies, credibility asapreser-vationminded jurisdiction, technical assistance and training fromOHPO preservation experts, and the tools to promote historicpreservation inTipp City.

Tipp City became a Certified Local Government in April 2005and in 2006 the City obtained a CLG grant to fund an essentialingredient in any successful preservation effort, a historic preser-vationplan.Thepurposeof theplan is toevaluatepastpreservationsuccesses, increase community awareness in maintaining andstrengthening the historic fabric of the downtown and provide aclear roadmap for future preservation efforts.

Since the adoption of the Historic Preservation Plan in 2007,Tipp City has implemented many of its recommendations. Thecommunity has formed the Downtown Tipp City Partnership,focused on the four-point approach of the Ohio Main StreetProgram, sponsored the installationof signageon I-75, advertisingTipp City’s Old Tippecanoe Main Street Historic District, and wasawardedanotherCLGgrant tonominate twoadditional structuresto theNational Register of Historic Places.

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Aswith the statewide plan, planning at the local level shouldinclude the following:

• Document thehistory andhistoric properties of the communityBefore planning for historic properties a communitymust identifythem. A thorough and up-to-date survey of historic properties iscritical. A community’s history is found not only in architecturallandmarks but also inmiddle andworking class neighborhoods,modest commercial groupings, industrial structures, farm build-ings, bridges, landscapes and in the often hidden archaeologicalresources of vacant land. Developing amap and address list ofknown historic properties from surveys, local historic districts andlandmarks and the National Register of Historic Places is a startingpoint. Either before or after a plan is initiated, a communitymayconductmore detailed historic context studies of particular areasor types of properties, to address special preservation problemsor to nominate them to the National Register.

• Assess the current situation in the communityA community’s plan should look at the factors that affect historicproperties. These include economics, zoning, building codes,housing policies, road improvement plans, potential and existingfinancial incentives for rehabilitation, capital spending patterns,local legislation and the general track record for preservation inthe community.

• Develop community goals for historic preservationA communitymust state why it wants to preserve its historicproperties andwhat its priorities are. These goals should stem

fromdirect public participation in openmeetings and citizenadvisory groups. A basis for these goals could be the six goalsdescribed in this plan. These goals, along with what is knownabout your historic properties and their current situation,become the foundation for developing objectives and strate-gies for historic preservation. The objectives should includethe approaches that seemmost suitable, who will use themand who will implement them.

Using Survey and theNational Register of Historic Places asPlanningTools

Information generated from surveys of historic buildingsand sites and the National Register of Historic Places can play animportant role in the preservation planning process. The NationalRegister is the official list of properties recognized by the federalgovernment as worthy of preservation for their local, state, ornational significance in American history, architecture, archaeology,engineering or culture. The Ohio Archaeological Inventory and theOhio Historic Inventory are ongoing surveys documenting ourstate’s prehistoric and historic properties.

Ohio’s historic and archaeological inventory and NationalRegister listings include information formore than 141,000 historicproperties. Ohio ranks third (behind NewYork andMassachusetts)in the number of National Register listings, including over 3,600listings with over 80,000 properties. There are over 400 historicdistricts including commercial, residential, industrial, agricultural,governmental and religious properties.

Preservation Works!The Henninger HousePreservation Partners:Trust for Public LandCity of ParmaWest Creek Preservation CommitteeOhioHistoric PreservationOffice, OhioHistorical Society

Near the busy intersection of Snow and Broadview Roadsin Parma, Ohio stands a vernacular Greek Revival stone house,constructed in 1849. Threatened with demolition in 2002 in orderto prepare the site for redevelopment, the City government exer-cised an option to purchase the property, delaying demolition,while a local advocacygroup, theWestCreekPreservationCommit-tee, actively sought support toacquireandpreserve thehouse.TheCommittee purchased the home in 2003 with assistance from theTrust for Public Land and matching funds from private donationsand state sources. Transportation enhancement funding providedplanning funds and coordination with the Ohio & Erie CanalNational Heritage Area and the CanalTowpathTrail.

The Henninger House, listed on the National Register ofHistoric Places, is currently undergoing rehabilitation and restora-tionasa trailhead facility for theWestCreekPreserveandGreenwaythatwill link thePreserve to theOhio&ErieCanalNationalHeritageArea and theTowpathTrail. Over $54,000 inCLGgrants has helpedfunda feasibility study, roof stabilization, repairs to the foundationandmasonry, and drainage improvements.

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Restoring the Pennsylvania HousePreservation Partners:Turner FoundationLagondaChapter of theDaughters of theAmerican Revolution

Constructed in 1838-39, with an 1850’s west wing, the Pennsylvania House, a three-story inn and tavern, served travelers on theNational Road during the short-lived coach andwagon era. Later it served as an apartment building, sanatorium, antique shop, secondhand store and tenement before being abandoned. In 1938, it was saved from demolition by the Lagonda Chapter of the Daughters ofthe American Revolutionwho restored the building and have operated it as an inn and tavernmuseumever since.

Though routinemaintenance and repairs had beenmade over the years, by 2003, improper grading and leaking downspouts hadsaturated themasonry foundations resulting in fungal growthand termitedamage.Thefloors in someareashaddropped several inchesand could no longer safely support public use loads. Other problems included a roof structure whose excessive deflection had crackedthe plaster and caused leaks at chimneys and other fixed roof penetrations. The painted exterior brick walls retained moisture andcontributed to the deterioration of interior plaster and decorative finishes.

Under the leadership of the Turner Foundation, a major restoration campaign was undertaken in 2005 to conserve the structureand provide a facility that wouldmeet the needs of the Lagonda Chapter of the DAR for many decades to come. Local fund raising wassupplementedwitha$200,000grant fromtheSaveAmerica’sTreasuresprogram.AHistoric StructuresReportwaswritten thatdeterminedthe correct construction date for the building and its additions and alterations. A small crawl space was excavated to provide access forrepairs and structural reinforcement and the sitewas graded todirect surfacewater away from foundations.Woodfloorswere strength-ened tohandlemuseum loads, and the roofwas repaired andanewwood shingle roof installed.Numerous layers of paintwere strippedfrom the brickwalls and the brickwas repointed usingmortar compatiblewith the historic brick.

Analysis of the framing and brickwork showed evidence of a two-story porch that had originally been present on the south eleva-tion of the building. The porchwas rebuilt, which provided an opportunity to add a ramp access to the ground floor of the building.

Analysis was used to determine the original interior and exterior paint colors, whichwere reestablished as part of the project.TheDARalso took stock of their historical collections, reorganized their holdings andused information from theHistoric Structures

Report to effectively tell the story of the building and its relationship to the history of Springfield and theNational Road.

Preservation Works!

National Register SearchableDatabaseThe Ohio Historic Preservation Office Searchable Database

contains information on Ohio properties listed in the NationalRegister of Historic Places. Single and multiple fields can besearched and PDF versions of full National Register nominationsare available. This database is open to the public. Visit ohiohis-tory.org/resource/histpres and click on National Register ofHistoric Places.

OhioHistoric PreservationOfficeGISToday new technology is making National Register and

survey information more accessible and is expanding andenhancing preservation planning activities.

The Ohio Historic Preservation Office has developed a

computerized mapping system, referred to as GIS, capable ofincorporating Ohio’s cultural, historic and geographic data intoa unified research system. The office's GIS is a customized appli-cation with an online mapping system for use by consultants,state agencies and researchers. The primary purpose of the GIS isto assist in the coordination and development of GIS data layers,or coverages, and to facilitate Section 106 reviews, research,planning and the graphic illustration of Ohio’s cultural resources.The GIS has allowed the OHPO to create and maintain datacoverages for the Ohio Archaeological Inventory, the OhioHistoric Inventory, the National Register of Historic Places andareas previously surveyed for historic and archaeologicalresources. OHPO has coordinated GIS efforts with other organi-zations, such as ODOT and the Ohio Genealogical Society, to

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Restoration of Chimneys at Akron’s Stan Hywet HallPreservation Partners:StanHywetHall andGardensOhioHistoric PreservationOffice, OhioHistorical SocietyU.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service

StanHywetHall, the formerhomeofFrankA. Seiberling, co-founderof theGoodyearTire andRubberCompany, is recognizedasoneof thefinest examplesof early twentieth-centuryTudorRevival architecture in the countryand is aNationalHistoric Landmark.The land-scapedgrounds andbuildings, filledwith priceless art and furnishings, have beenownedby a non-profit foundation since 1957 and areopen to the public.

Theproperty’s sixteen intricatechimneysare typical featuresofTudorRevival architecture.ArchitectCharlesSchneiderdesignedeachchimney differently to create the illusion that the estate had developed over a long period of time, even though it was built from 1912to 1915. Each chimney consists of uniquely textured and shaped face bricks.

By2006,manyof the chimneyshaddeteriorated considerably, due inpart to inappropriate re-pointingwork completed in1972.Themortar used at that time had high levels of Portland cement, giving it a higher compressive strength than the historic brick. As a result,the bricks had spalled, cracked, and crumbled, resulting inwater infiltration and, ultimately, structural failure.

In 2006 the National Park Service awarded Stan Hywet Hall and Gardens a Save America’s Treasures grant to restore the chimneysthroughproper repointingandbrick replacementand repair.Theuseof federal funds required theParkServiceand theowner to consultwith the Ohio Historic Preservation Office to consider the effects of the project on historic properties, pursuant to Section 106 of theNationalHistoric PreservationAct. According to the termsof thegrant, thepreservationofficehad to agree that theworkmet the Secre-tary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation.

Bricks that had cracked or been otherwise compromisedwere replaced in-kind with new bricks that were based on samples gath-ered during the disassembly process. The new bricks, which are composed of clay and shale, were coal-fired in a beehive kiln. Docu-mentation thathelpedguide reconstructionefforts included theoriginal 1912mortar specifications, architecturaldrawingsdocumentingthe as-built conditions of the various chimneys, and an assessment of the various brick shapes and sizes that were used in the originalconstruction.

The restoration of the chimneys was completed in compliance with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation byArchitectural Restoration and Renovation Consultants, Inc., a for-profit subsidiary of StanHywet Hall andGardens.

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create a wide array of history related GIS data, most recently astatewide coverage for cemeteries.

The GIS allows for the spatial representation and compara-tive study of OHPO’s unique historic property data with otherdata, including topographic maps, aerial photography, PDFs ofpaper inventory forms, geopolitical boundaries (cities, countiesand congressional districts), and physiographic data such aselevation models, glacial geomorphology and watersheds. GIShas changed the way agencies, communities, planners, consult-ants, and the Ohio Historic Preservation Office conduct culturalresource management.With GIS, the manual searches of invento-ried properties and sites, which could take hours or even days tocomplete, can now be completed in a matter of minutes. ScannedPDFs of inventory forms are used in place of the traditional paperforms and can be emailed or mailed to help facilitate this process.

Major funding for this project came from the Ohio Depart-ment of Transportation with additional funding from the OhioDepartment of Development and other sources.

Preservation Works!

Preservation Partners:OhioDepartment ofTransportationOhioHistoric PreservationOffice, OhioHistorical SocietyOhioNational RoadAssociationRegional planning agencies, convention and visitor’s bureausand local historical societies

TheNational Road holds a special place in the history of Ohioand the nation as the first federally funded interstate highway.Authorized by Congress in 1806, the road eventually reached sixstates (Maryland,Pennsylvania,WestVirginia,Ohio, Indianaand Illi-nois) andwasconstructedacrossOhioduring the1820sand1830s.The road opened the state to settlement, provided access forOhioproducts toburgeoningeasternmarkets andenabledOhiocitizenstoplayan important role in theaffairsof thenewnation.The inven-tion of the automobile in the early 20th century contributed to anew life for the roadand itwas rebornasU.S. 40 in the1920’s.Trafficon U.S. 40 peaked about 1960 and quickly diminished with theconstruction of interstate highways.

By its verynature theNationalRoad representsmovementandtransition. It has never been a static resource, always adapting tochangingmarkets, new opportunities and advancements in tech-nology. Today the road has entered a new era as an All-AmericanRoad National Scenic Byway. Awareness of its value as a culturalresource is on the rise at national, state and local levels. Recogniz-ing the intrinsic value of the road to Ohio, the Ohio National RoadAssociation and the Ohio Historical Society took the opportunitytoguide itsprotection, enhancementand futuredevelopmentwiththe creation of theOhioHistoricNational RoadDesignHandbook.

The handbookwas produced in recognition of the complex-ity of context-sensitive design and the varying levels of controland governance along the byway corridor. It is designed fornumerous audiences, including regional planners, local govern-ments, property owners and developers. It offers a variety oftools, resources and design guidance to match an array ofcircumstances along the 227-mile corridor. The Handbook has

been called a solid model for future planning by byway stake-holders throughout the United States.

The handbookwas one of eight projects nationally to receivea Scenic Byway Award presented by America’s Byways ResourceCenter, the American Association of State Highway and Trans-portationOfficials and the Federal HighwayAdministration. It wasalso recognized by Scenic Ohio and by the Ohio Chapter of theAmerican Society for Landscape Architects.

Designing for the National Road:Ohio Historic National Road Design Handbook

PROMOTINGHISTORIC PRESERVATIONAND EXPANDING KNOWLEDGE

The BuildingDoctor ProgramYes, there are doctors who still make house calls; Building

Doctors that is. Since 1979 the Ohio Historic Preservation Officehas held over 230 clinics across the state with over 2,000 peoplehaving attended a Building Doctor clinic. The clinics bring togetherOHPO old building experts, property owners and others for a two-hour seminar and pre-arranged building visits to recognize andsolve common old building problems, including peeling paint, fail-ing plaster, wet basements, deteriorating masonry, window repairandmany others. The Building Doctors are experts on old-buildingmaintenance and repairs and bringing an old building back to lifewithout sacrificing the features and characteristics that make ithistoric. The Doctors visit all kinds of buildings constructed before1955, including houses, religious building, schools, factories,

commercial and governmental buildings. The program celebratedits 30th anniversary in 2008.

Historic PreservationAwardsHistoric preservation awards are one of themost positive and

cost affectiveways to promote and encourage sound historic preser-vation practices. Historic preservation award programs are usuallyheld annually in conjunctionwith a local historical society or historicpreservation organization annualmeeting or other event. Numerousorganizationsmake such awards. Some of themore prominent onesinclude the Cincinnati Preservation Association, the ClevelandRestoration Society and Dayton History. In 2008, the ClevelandRestoration Society joinedwith AIA Cleveland to host the Celebrationof Preservation, recognizing thirteen outstanding projects that havemade a significant impact in northeast Ohio. Among the awardwinners were the Akron Post Office and Federal Building and the CityofMedina DesignGuidelines for Historic Properties andDistricts.

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Opposite page:OhioHistoric PreservationOfficeAward recipients (clockwise from top left) CaseWesternReserveAlumniHouse, Cleveland;Cincinnati Sacred Spaces; Captain Eddie RickenbackerHouse, Columbus; Carnegie Library, HuffmanHistoricDistrict, Dayton; ShakerHeightsHigh School Auditorium, CuyahogaCounty; Julius FleischmannHouse, IndianHill; SanduskyCounty Jail and Sherrif’s Residence, Fremont;Zoarville StationBridge, TuscawarusCountyPHOTO CREDITS: (CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT) RICHARD L. BOWEN & ASSOCIATES; VOYAGEUR MEDIA GROUP; ASEBROOK & CO., ARCHITECTS; MATRIX ARCHITECTS; SHAKER SCHOOLS FOUNDATION; NA; POGGEMEYER DESIGN GROUP;CAMP TUSCAZOAR FOUNDATION

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Columbus City SchoolsPreservation Partners:Columbus City SchoolsColumbus Landmarks FoundationOhioHistoric PreservationOffice, OhioHistorical SocietyOhio School Facilities CommissionOhio StateUniversityCity of Columbus

When the Columbus City Schools announced they were preparing a master plan to determine which schools would be retained,replaced, or closed, the Columbus Landmarks Foundationworked proactively with the school district to provide information about thehistoric and architectural significance of schools built between1870 and1960 and technical expertise to demonstrate historic preserva-tion solutions to design issues impacting several types of historic educational facilities. The planning process beganwith a Landmarks-sponsored surveyof approximately 60historic school buildings.Thiswas followedby a study carriedout by volunteer professionals thatresulted in a report documenting the general history of Columbus schools and evaluating the significance of each historic building.Thisinformation served as a basis for decision-making when the school district announced which schools it planned to close and those forwhich theywould seekwaivers from the two-thirds guidelines of the Ohio School Facilities Commission. Finally, a studywas completeddemonstrating how four representative schools could be preserved and rehabilitated within budget to meet Ohio School FacilitiesCommission standards. A Certified Local Government grant through the City of Columbus and the Columbus Landmarks Foundationhelped turn the findings of the study into a published report.

In 2002, voters passed a bond levy to partially fund the Columbus City Schoolsmaster plan. Thirty percent of the funding for theseprojects came fromtheOhioSchool FacilitiesCommission.Of the34schools in thisfirstphase, eighthistoric schoolswere renovated.Theyinclude elementary,middle schools, high schools and special use facilities across the district.

All of the historic school renovation projects are state-of-the-art 21st century learning centers that have successfully utilized thespaces,materials and character that set the historic schools apart andmake them landmarkswithin their neighborhoods.

TheOhio Avenue Elementary, a Richardsonian Romanesque style school building built in 1893 received a $10.6million renovationthat includedmeeting currentHVACand technologyneeds, refurbishing the classroomswhile retaininghistoric features suchaspressedtin ceilings, hallway wainscoting and creative re-uses of the large 19th century cloak rooms, retention of a 1960s classroom wing anddemolition of a 1950s connector to create a new cafeteria and a new site plan.

The Fort HayesMetropolitan Education Center is a former army installation that the Columbus City Schools has gradually acquiredand adapted for use as an alternative arts-impact high school. The campus also includes a technical career center and an arts impactmiddle school. Located just north of downtown Columbus and listed in the National Register of Historic Places, the Fort Hayes campusincludes buildings dating from the 1860s to 1910s alongwithmore contemporary buildings.

ColumbusCity Schools andColumbusLandmarks Foundation set anexcellent exampleofhowschool issues that impact everyOhiocommunity and school district canbe successfully resolved.According toCarole J.Olshavsky, Senior Executive for Capital ImprovementsforColumbusCity Schools,“While renovationofourhistoric schoolbuildingsmaypresent significant construction challenges, the impor-tance of these buildings to their neighborhoods and the sense of place that they instill cannot be replicatedwith new construction.”

Preservation Works!

PHOTO: RICCIUTI BALOG HARRIS ARCHITECTS

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Presented annually, the Ohio Historic Preservation OfficeAwards recognize outstanding achievements in preservation,rehabilitation, and adaptive use of historic properties, as well aspublications and educational programs that promote preserva-tion of historic places in Ohio.

Awards are presented in two categories: Preservation Merit,and Public Education and Awareness. Since 1983, more than 300outstanding people and projects have been honoredwith OhioHistoric Preservation Office awards. Learnmore and find a list of allrecipients since 1983 online at www.ohiohistory.org/resource/histpres/programs/ard.

Ohio Historic Preservation OfficeWorkshopsThrough a workshop series conducted by staff, the Ohio

Historic Preservation Office provides training in all of its majorprogram areas. Topics include the National Register of HistoricPlaces, state and federal tax incentives for historic preservation,basic and advanced courses on compliance with Section 106 ofthe National Historic Preservation Act, completing Ohio Archaeo-logical Inventory and Ohio Historic Inventory forms, using theoffice’s online mapping system and utilizing the web-based I-Formfor completing inventory forms.Workshops onmore specificresearch and technical topics are also provided, such as Identifying

Main Street Piqua andthe Piqua HotelPreservation Partners:City of PiquaPiqua ChamberGrowPiquaNowDowntownBusinessVariousVolunteers, Donors and Foundations

Main Street Piquawas formed in 1993 to lead the city’s down-town revitalization effort by creating an attractive, viable down-town environment and by promoting downtown Piqua’s uniqueheritage. A 16-member board of trustees oversees the program.

Since 2001 City of Piqua has received over $700,000 in Com-munityDevelopment BlockGrant funds, providing for the rehabil-itationof27buildings, 8netnewbusinessesand15 full timeand28part-time employees.

All otherprojects aredwarfedby the recent rehabilitationandrestoration of the Fort Piqua Hotel. Opened in 1891, the immenseRichardsonian Romanesque building has long been a focal pointofdowntownPiqua.Vacant since the1970sexcept for somegroundlevel retail, the hotel was proposed for redevelopment severaltimes during the 1980s and 1990s.

In 2001 city leaders decided that in order to bring about therehabilitation of the building they needed to take the lead on theproject. An interested group of citizenswas brought together anda series of discussions took placewith institutions throughout thecommunity to garner their interest or desire in becoming a part ofthis project.

At the time the Flesh Public Library was looking at its expan-sion options. After much community debate, the City of Piquaenterednegotiationswith the library that called for themtooccupy45,000 of the 88,000 square foot building.

Needing $19 million dollars tocomplete theproject, the city aggres-sively soughtother funding includingaCleanOhioBrownfieldGrant, CDBGfunding and ‘earmarks’ from statelegislators.Thecityalsodecided togoafter federal 20% historic rehabilita-tion tax credit, NewMarketTax Cred-its, city funds,private fundraisingandeventually the Ohio Historic Preser-vationTax Credit.

Completed in October 2008,the Fort Piqua Hotel houses theFlesh Public Library, a restaurant, asmall retail/coffee shop, a banquetfacility and amini-conference center.

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Creating Beacons of Hope:Cleveland RestorationSociety’s Steeple LightingProgramPreservation Partners:ClevelandRestoration SocietyCleveland FoundationAnthonyHiti, AIA, Principal, HermanGibans FodorArchitects, Inc.

David Kinkaid, Lighting Concepts Consultant

and Evaluating Resources of the Recent Past, and Section 106: Prepar-ing Agreement Documents.Workshops are generally offered in thespring and fall each year. Participants include local and stateagency staff, planners, consultants, researchers and propertyowners.

HISTORIC PRESERVATIONATTHE STATEAND LOCAL LEVEL

Ohio hasmore than 75 local historic preservation organiza-tions and two statewide organizations. These groups operate at thegrassroots level, addressing local historic preservation issues. Thefollowing is a brief sampling of these groups, their mission andscope of work.

PreservationOhioPreservation Ohio (formerly Ohio Preservation Alliance) was

organized in 1982 as Ohio’s statewide historic preservation organi-zation. For 27 years, Preservation Ohio has worked to secure a brightfuture for Ohio’s historic resources through education, advocacyand partnership.

HeritageOhioHeritage Ohio is a statewide, not-for-profit organization dedi-

cated to encouraging and assisting people and organizations toprotect and preserve our heritage. Heritage Ohio is the statewidepartner of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.

HeritageOhio and theOhioMain Street ProgramThe Ohio Main Street Program, administered by Heritage

Ohio, works with communities across the state to revitalize theirhistoric commercial districts. Developed by the National Trust forHistoric Preservation, the Main Street Program is designed toimprove all aspects of the central business district. Improvingeconomic management, strengthening public participation and

making downtown a fun place to visit are as critical to Ohiotowns as recruiting new businesses and rehabilitating historicbuildings.

Building on downtown’s inherent assets, rich architecture,personal service andmost of all, a sense of place, theMain Streetapproach has rekindled entrepreneurship, cooperation and civicconcern. TheMain Street program has earned national recognitionas a practical revitalization strategy scaled to a community’s localresources and conditions.

Since the program’s inception in 1998, 50Main Street commu-nities have invested $414million in community improvements, withan average investment of over $8million per community. Over 460new businesses have been createdwith 2,268 net full-time and1,645 part-time jobs. Over 1,650 buildings have been rehabilitatedwith a community reinvestment ratio of $22.56 for every dollarinvested. Volunteers have donated over 295,000 hours towardMainStreet endeavors.

ClevelandRestoration Society &Preservation Resource Centerof Northeast Ohio

The Cleveland Restoration Society is a non-profit communityorganization that strives to develop economically viable solutionsto historic preservation challenges and to preserve and enhance thearchitectural heritage of the region. Its mission includes assistanceto owners of historic properties, advocacy for significant and threat-ened landmarks and programs to foster an increased interest in thebuilt environment of greater Cleveland. The Society’s HeritageHome Program andNeighborhood Historic Preservation Programprovides grants and low-interest financing for home improvementsand restoration projects in Cuyahoga County communities.

In response to the growing demand for expert preservationadvice, the Society established the Preservation Resource Center.The PRC provides information and technical assistance to individ-uals, organizations and local governments in Cuyahoga, Geauga,Lake, Lorain, Medina, Portage and Summit counties.

Preservation Works!

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Preservation Collaboration:Wright-Dunbar Inc. and theWright-Dunbar Business VillagePreservation Partners:AviationTrail, Inc.OhioHistorical SocietyWright-PattersonAir Force BaseCarillonHistorical ParkDaytonAviationNational Historical Park

OneofOhio’smost interestingMainStreetprograms isWright-Dunbar Inc., known as the Wright-Dunbar Business Village onDayton’s west side. Besides encompassing a neighborhoodcommercial district, knownas theWestThirdStreetCorridor,Wright–Dunbar is also home to the Dayton Aviation Heritage NationalHistorical Park. The Park commemorates the lives and legacies ofWilburWright andOrvilleWright, and renownedAfrican-Americanpoet Paul Laurence Dunbar and contains the only existing build-ings associated with the famous men at their original locations.Other sites included in the National Historical Park, include theworld’s firstpractical airplane, thefirstpermanentflying school andthe flying field where the Brothers experimented with flight. TheDunbar Home, a state historic site owned by the Ohio HistoricalSociety, is located in a nearby residential neighborhood.

Using theDaytonAviationHeritageNationalHistorical Parkasan anchor,Wright Dunbar, Inc. has focused onmaking theWright-DunbarBusinessVillageavisuallyattractiveenvironmentwith reha-bilitated historic buildings that complement the Park sites and theadjacent Wright-Dunbar residential area. Since 1999, over $18million dollars has been invested in the business village. Twelvebuildings have been rehabilitated, with the Hoersting-HoltmanBuilding being a fine example of historic preservation. (see photosbeforeandafter). Events suchasWright-Dunbar’sUrbanNightsandSummerMusic Series drawover 7,000 people to the area annually.Thevillage’suniqueWalkof Fameannually recognizes,withgranitepavers installed in the sidewalks, people fromtheMiamiValleywhohave made outstanding contributions to the community, nationandworld in several categories, including thearts, education, inven-tionandsports.Wright-Dunbar Inc. is amodel for the importanceofpartnershipsbetween federal, state, and localgovernmentsand theprivate sector. The area is a wonderful destination to discoverDayton’s innovation and cultural legacy.

Preservation Works!

The steeples, domes and towers of Cleveland’s sacred landmarks visually define the city skyline and are a significant componentof the city’s architectural heritage.Theyare reminders of a timewhen the life of the community or neighborhood revolved around thechurch or synagogue.

The Steeple Lighting Programof the Cleveland Restoration Society (CRS) empowers congregations to visibly display the connec-tions to the communities they serve by illuminating their landmarks.

Initiated in 1995, the program is funded through the ReinholdW. Erickson Fund ofThe Cleveland Foundation and is the only oneof its kind in Ohio. To date fifteen sacred landmarks have been illuminated.

Tobeeligible a landmarkmustbevisible fromCleveland’s InnerBelt highway.Theprocess involves assessing thephysical conditionof the structure andmaking necessary repairs, creating a lighting design that accounts for the building condition, distinctive architec-tural features, installation and operation costs, and light pollution. CRS provides financial assistance and serves as project coordinator.

The program is highly successful in promoting awareness of sacred landmarks in urban neighborhoods and celebrating theirarchitectural significance. An annual“Beacons of Hope”tour of lighted steeples is filled to capacity, and a brochure has beenproducedfor those wishing to tour on their own.

Rev. Jeffrey Johnson of Trinity Lutheran Church says, “Since the lighting, we’ve received comments and inquiries from our neigh-borhoodandcommunityorganizations.Theprogramhasenhancedour visibility in the community as a congregation that’s active, alive,and relevant.”St. Colman Parish administrator, Sr. Ann Kilbane, says, “It has beenmy experience that each timewe have invested in thechurch structurewe encourage a sense of hope in the parish and in the neighborhood.Wehave always thought of St. ColmanChurch asa beacon for the neighborhood – a placewhere people could find comfort and assistancewhen needed. Now it truly is a beacon.”

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Restoring a PrairieStyle Gem:Frank Lloyd Wright’sWestcott HousePreservation Partners:Westcott House FoundationFrank LloydWright BuildingConservancy/Lewis-HainesRevolving Fund

OhioArts CouncilSecurity National BankJesse andCaryl Philips FoundationHarryM.Turner FoundationU.S. Department of Housing andUrbanDevelopment

U.S. National Parks Service:SaveAmerica'sTreasures

Springfield’sWestcottHousewasdesignedbyFrankLloydWright for industrialistBurtonWestcott andhiswifeOrphaLeffler.The1908house and garage exemplifyWright’s Prairie style through its horizontal emphasis, use of stucco and wood elements and careful inte-gration into the landscape. It is the onlyWright Prairie style house in Ohio.

A lack of maintenance and inappropriate alterations by a previous owner had significantly changed the appearance of the house.In 2000, the Frank LloydWright Building Conservancy purchased the house utilizing its Lewis-Haines Revolving Fund.

The Conservancy undertook emergency stabilization while a new local non-profit organization, TheWestcott House Foundation,prepared to take on the task of complete restoration. Project consultants included Chambers, Murphy & Burge Restoration Architects,Schooley Caldwell Associates Architects and Engineers and the Durable Restoration Group Construction Managers. The $5.3 milliondollar restorationwas completed and the building opened to the public as a housemuseum in the fall of 2005.

Restorationof theWestcottHouse returnedan importantbuilding to thebodyof researchavailableonWright’swork, andhasdeep-ened thecommunity’s awarenessof its architectural heritage.Thehouse is aunique resource for childrenandadults, providingprogram-ming on architecture and local history, while focusing on thework of America’s premier architect. The restoration of theWestcott Househasalsohadaneconomic impactonSpringfield, contributing to increased tourismandhelping to stabilize andencourage reinvestmentin the East High Street Historic District.

Preservation Works!

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The following is a summary of the results of the onlinesurvey distributed across the state from January throughMay of 2008.

What historic resources aremost important for Ohio topreserve?Main Street/downtowns, archaeological resources,residential neighborhoods and rural landscapes/farmsteads wereidentified in this order.

What historic resources aremost threatened? Rural land-scapes were identified as the most threatened with MainStreets/downtowns a close second. Public buildings (includingschools, city halls and courthouses), archaeological resourcesand scenic landscapes followed.

What are the greatest threats to preserving our historicresources? Ohioans identified demolition, neglect and abandon-ment as the greatest threat to historic resources. Growth andsprawl was also identified as major threats with lack of educationor information, lack of appreciation of historic resources by localofficials and lack of appreciation by the public as lesser threats.

What are historic preservation’s greatest benefits to society?Ohioans overwhelmingly identified historic preservation’s great-

est benefit as providing a sense of place. Other benefits in theirorder of importance include reconnecting us to community,revitalizing neighborhoods, contributing to the quality of lifeand revitalizing downtowns.

What are themost effective tools for preserving historicresources?The historic rehabilitation tax credits were identifiedas themost important tool for preserving historic resources. Localfunding and incentive programs, Ohio Historic Preservation Officefunding and National Register listingwere also acknowledged.

What does Ohio need to do to protect its historic resourcesbetter and advance preservation values? Ohio must provideeconomic development incentives or programs that encouragepreservation if the state is to protect its historic resources. In factthree of the top five responses involved financial incentives,including funding from local governments and non-profits andincreased funding for private rehabilitation/ conservationventures. Training/education opportunities for public officialsand the general public and stronger state and local historicpreservation laws were also recommended.

Appendix I.Summary of Survey Results

Main Street, Millersburg

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GOALS CHALLENGES

PAY FOR PRESERVATIONIncrease funding to identify,evaluate, preserve andprotectOhio’s historic resources

EDUCATE THE PUBLICIncrease public awareness andeducation to enableOhioansto discover, understand andpreserve historic places

IDENTIFY HISTORICRESOURCESIdentify and evaluate historicresources andmake informationabout themmore accessible forpreservation, planning, advocacyand education

• Grant programs for the proactive survey and designation of archaeological and historic resources arevirtually nonexistent.

• Economic incentives are lacking for homeowners to rehabilitate their historic properties.• Local preservation organizations and other preservation efforts are inadequately funded limiting their

effectiveness.• Population decline combinedwith the foreclosure crisis has led to a staggering number of vacant and

abandoned buildings resulting in numerous demolitions.

• Sprawl continues to erode Ohio’s urban fabric and destroy rural cultural landscapes and archaeologicalresources.

• The lack of a state heritage area program undercuts the public’s ability to interact with and appreciate Ohio’srich historic resources.

• Lack of awareness and appreciation of Ohio’s historic and archaeological resources and the benefits ofpreserving them.

• Archaeological concerns are not well represented in state and local historic preservation efforts.• Lack of funding to keep historic sites opened to the public.

• Historic resources of the recent past are not well represented in our state and local surveys, making themvulnerable to development pressures.

• Rural landscapes, Main Streets, public buildings and archaeological sites top the list of most threatenedhistoric resources in Ohio.

• Insufficient consideration of historic and archaeological properties affected by state and local governmentalagencies.

Summary of Survey Results

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• Develop dedicated funding sources for public buildings.• Maintain and expand the new state tax credit program.• Make historic preservationmore affordable for themasses.• Provide financial incentives for rural/agricultural landscape preservation.• Expand funding opportunities for nonprofit rehabilitation projects.• Provide additional funding to hire and expandOHS/OHPO staff in order to serve

the preservation needs of Ohio.• Seek additional funding/grants for residential properties.• Provide property tax relief for historic properties to encourage

rehabilitation.• Establish a dedicated grant source for the identification of historic and

archaeological properties.• Increase collaborative efforts with financial institutions tomake local dollars

available for preservation.• Increase collaboration between public and private historic preservation initiatives

to share limited resources.

• Target and expand preservation efforts to elected officials, city planners, zoningand design review boards and commissions, realtors and developers.

• Educate children to respect their heritage by helping them find personalconnections to the past.

• Develop a hotline for current tools/contacts/resources to assist local groups inmobilizingwhen a historic building is threatened.

• Train everyday citizens to be hands on preservationists and conservationists.• Develop regional Ohio history curriculum for schools.• Create podcasts of Ohio history, GPS downloadable locations of historic places,

and guides for travelers and planners.• Work with local and regional preservation organizations to increase public

awareness of historic sites and preservation issues.• Educate the public and use LEED standards to show that recycling buildings is

both historically and environmentally appropriate.• Offer grants and technical assistance to areas that are not Certified Local

Governments.• Include archaeological preservation topics in preservation conferences and

meetings.• Support collaborative efforts to develop and advocate for an Ohio Heritage Area

program.

• Work with the Ohio Archaeological Council to develop a state historic preservationplan that for archaeological resourcesmore fully.

• Mobilize the state’s colleges and universities to assist with researching andrecording known archaeological sites.

• Collect and disseminate information onwhatmakes historic resources significantandworthy of preservation.

• Make grants available to rural townships to conduct surveys of archaeological sites,rural landscapes and farmsteads.

• Blaine Hill Stone Arch Bridge – Strong local support andTransportationEnhancement fundingmade it possible to preserve Ohio’s BicentennialBridge.

• Lorain State Savings andTrust Company and theMcKinley School inWest Milton –These two projects illustrate the effective use ofrehabilitation tax credits to adaptively use historic buildings.

• Parma’s Henninger House and Berea’s Little Red School House –Thesehistoric buildings were preserved in part with funding through theCertified Local Government Grant Program.

• Pennsylvania House – Funding from theTurner Foundation and SaveAmericas Treasures helped preserve this 1838 inn and tavern thatserved travelers on the National Road.

• Designing for the National Road –This design handbook provides thepublic and government officials with tools, resources and designguidance to protect, enhance, and develop the 227mile National Roadcorridor in Ohio.

• Creating Beacons of Hope: Steeple Lighting Program –The Clevelandrestoration Society worked closely with Cleveland congregations topromote awareness of sacred landmarks in urban neighborhoods andto celebrate their architectural significance.

• MuskingumRiver Navigation Historic District – This significant resourcewas evaluated and successfully listed in the National Register of HistoricPlaces.

• Steel Group Earthworks – New technology allows scholars to learnabout this ancient earthwork without excavation.

OPPORTUNITIES PRESERVATIONWORKS – SUCCESS STORIES

GOALS CHALLENGES

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GET INVOLVEDDevelop local commitment byencouraging public andprivateinvolvement in local historicplaces.

LEADImprove historic preservationleadership inOhio

PROMOTE HISTORICPRESERVATIONCreate a positive image forhistoric preservation by improvingmarketing efforts.

• Local funds tomaintain and preserve publicly owned buildings such as schools and county courthouses arelacking.

• The lack of historic preservation plans at the local level makes it difficult for both the public and privatesectors to integrate historic preservation into their development efforts.

• A lack of state requirements for local comprehensive planning and zoning translates into communitieswithout plans for what and how to preserve in the face of growth and change.

• The connection between historic preservation and economic development and the joint benefits ofsustainability and conservation inherent in historic buildings is not clearly understood or promoted.

• Ohio’s historic preservation laws lack a clear statement of policy, are weak and difficult to enforce.• Training is needed for public officials, local architectural review boards and the business community.• Confusion regarding the roles and functions of Ohio’s major historic preservation organizations.

• Historic resources are not recognized as inherently green.• The economic benefits for historic preservation are not appreciated relative to the perceived benefits of

new development.• Historic preservationists are sometimes seen as antidevelopment and/or obstructionist.

Summary of Survey Results

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• Make grants available for preparing contexts and surveying recent pastresources.

• Work with historic preservation partners to strengthenOhio’s historicpreservation legislation including review of state undertakings.

• Establish better working relationships with local preservation groups andhistorical organizations.

• Assist with financial and technical challenges faced by public, private and non-profit owners of historic properties.

• Build upon the positive response to the Ohio Historic PreservationTax Creditprogram towork to work toward a permanent tax credit.

• Encourage local officials to develop and adopt strategic historic preservationplans for their jurisdictions.

• Provide forums for sharing the views of local and state politicians on historicpreservationwith citizens.

• Reach out to local leadership groups (council of mayors, township associations)and stress the economic benefits of historic preservation and the importanceof partnerships.

• Provide networking opportunities with successful preservation project leaders.• Build stronger partnerships among historic preservation organizations to

promotemutual interests.• Expand training opportunities for preservation boards and commissions and

local preservation organizations.

• Hold regional meetings that showcase preservation of local history andculture.

• Bemore visible in all areas of the state by providing in person and virtualtechnical preservation assistance.

• Provide annual regional preservation“open houses”to reach a broader localpublic.

• Partner with historic preservation organizations to create one big preservationawards program that gets state and national attention.

• Complete and distribute a study of the economic benefits of historicpreservation in Ohio.

• Increase the OHPO staff’s ability to be out in the field, more visible and provideeducation and technical support.

• Strengthen and expand educational and outreach programs such as theBuilding Doctor program and various informational workshops.

• The Ohio and Erie Canal TowpathTrail – Through strong public/privatepartnerships, theTrail has served as a catalyst for regional communityand economic development.

• Tipp City, a Certified Local Government –Tipp City successfully soughtCLG certification as ameans to protect and promote its historicresources.

• Columbus City Schools –The Columbus Landmarks Foundationworkedwith the school district to identify, evaluate, and reuse some of thedistrict’s historically significant schools, including Ohio AvenueElementary and Fort Hayes.

• Frank LloydWright’sWescott House – Restoration of this Prairie stylehousewasmade possible by strong local leadership and thecollaboration of public and private partners.

• Saving an Archaeological Site: The Spruce Hill Project – Leadership andcollaboration saved this significant prehistoric earthwork.

• Main Street Piqua and the Piqua Hotel – Strong city leadershipmade itpossible to rehabilitate the Fort Piqua Hotel, a landmark building thatwill house the public library, retail, and banquet facilities.

• Wright-Dunbar Business Village –This Main Street-led effort focuses onmaking the area a visually attractive environment with rehabilitatedbuildings. Eighteen new businesses have been recruited and over 70jobs created.

• GermanVillage: Ohio’s First Preserve America Neighborhood – GermanVillage sought this designation as ameans of honoring and promotingits heritage.

OPPORTUNITIES PRESERVATIONWORKS – SUCCESS STORIES

Ohio’s historic properties includehomes, commercial buildings,institutions (churches and schools),

industrial buildings, farmsteads anddesigned landscapes that reflect all aspectsof Ohio’s heritage. These historic propertiescan be organized into themes that illustratelife in Ohio from approximately 1795through 1960. The themes include Agricul-ture, Archaeology (See Ohio’s Archaeologi-cal Properties), Art and Recreation,Commerce and Finance, Domestic Architec-ture, Education, Government, SocialWelfare,Health, Industry andManufacturing, Mili-tary, Planning and Landscape Architecture,Religion, Settlement, Ethnic Groups andMigration, andTransportation, Science andCommunication.

According to National Register listings,Domestic Architecture is themost prevalentcategory, followed by Settlement, EthnicGroups andMigration. Individual propertiescan have several themes associatedwiththeir significance. For example, an earlyschool associatedwith African-Americanswould be listed both for eduction and ethnicimportance. This section summarizeswhatwe know and need to know about the vari-ety and diversity of Ohio’s historic properties.

AGRICULTUREAs hunger for land enticed immigrants

westward, Ohio’s mid-nineteenth centuryagricultural economy led the nation. Theearliest settlers built homes in the valleys ofthe Scioto, Muskingum andMiami rivers,and in theWestern Reserve. Typically, earlysettlers built log or heavy timber-framedhomes and barns. Such buildings usuallyreflected the owner’s origins: New Englan-der’s in theWestern Reserve andVirginiansin theVirginiaMilitary District.

Also evident was agricultural special-ization such as the dairy and cheese farmsof northeastern Ohio, wineries near LakeErie, or grain and livestock farms in south-western Ohio. Northwestern Ohio did notbecome productive until later in the 19thcentury when the Black Swampwas tiledand drained. German immigrants special-ized in grain; their late-nineteenth-centuryfarmhouses and a number of significantround barns reflect the prosperity of thisera. Southeastern and south central Ohiocounties were cleared early; those farmersprospered only briefly. A significant amountof unproductive farmland later reverted toforest, sometimes leaving early buildingsundisturbed.

Urbanization and the consolidation ofthe once dominant family farms have takentheir toll on nineteenth century farmhousesand barns. A rich heritage of agriculturalproperties still exist, but suburban growth israpidly encroaching on them.

Designated historic agricultural prop-erties include barns, farmhouses, outbuild-ings and agricultural fields. Most buildingsdate to 1850-1899, followed by the 1900-1924 period. Agriculture properties areconcentrated alongmajor transportationroutes and the peripheries of the state’smajor cities.

ART AND RECREATIONDuring the mid-nineteenth century,

Ohioans called Cincinnati the “Athens oftheWest” for good reason. Cincinnati wasnot only the center of art, music, drama,and literature but also the most importantcultural center of theWest. The late nine-teenth and early twentieth centurieswitnessed a flourish of new theatersthroughout the state. Nearly every townhad some form of theater or opera house;by the 1920s, however, live theater took abackseat to motion picture palaces, as didthe grand old theaters and opera houses.

Appendix II.Ohio’s Historic Properties

PHOTO: RITAWALSH

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The late nineteenth century alsowitnessed a proliferation of recreationalopportunities, such as amusement parksand lakeside pavilions, as Ohio’s new andexpanded transportation systems enabledeasy access to these sites and promotedtheir leisure and recreational potential tostimulate their own business. Larger amuse-ment parks, such as Cedar Point near LakeErie and Cincinnati’s Coney Island, replacedsmall, informal parks. AfterWorldWar II, onlya handful of historic amusement parksremained; among the survivors, Cedar Pointhas becomemuch larger with all the ameni-ties of themodern amusement park.

Team sports also became a top recre-ational priority; as cities grew hand-in-handwith industry, new concentrations of peoplesupported the development of team andspectator sports. America’s first professional

baseball team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings,was established in 1869. In 1920, the Ameri-can Professional Football Association beganin Canton. Because Ohio was the first statewest of the Appalachians to organize colle-giate teams, football quicklymade its wayto our colleges.

Our state has relatively fewNationalRegister-listed art and recreation recordedproperties. Most of thesemuseums,theaters, opera houses, works of art, artists’homes, stadiums, fairgrounds and sportsfacilities are from the 1850-1899 period.

COMMERCE AND FINANCECommercial buildings are the second

most prevalent type of historic building inOhio. Originally, Ohio’s main commercialartery was the Ohio River. As the canalswere constructed commerce rapidly spread

Far left: Elizabeth TownshipRural HistoricDistrict,Miami CountyAbove: (clockwise from top left) ClevelandArcade; Shines-Holland Theater, Belle-fontaine; JamestownOperaHouse; LibertyTower (formerMutualHomeandSavingsAssociationBuilding), Dayton

PHOTO CREDIT: (TOP RIGHT) JEFFREY DARBEE; (MIDDLE RIGHT) LISA RUPPLE

to canal towns. Road and railroad construc-tion further dispersed commercial activitythroughout the state. Due to Ohio’s loca-tion, natural resources and industrial devel-opment during the nineteenth andtwentieth centuries, a large number of smalltomid-size towns and cities developedacross the state. Historically these citieswere strategically located near a transporta-tion source and developed as a seat ofcounty government, the center of agricul-ture production and shipping, or as anindustrial center for one ormore industries.Most Ohio towns share a common charac-teristic: a primary axis of buildings housing avariety of shops and businesses, usuallyknown asMain Street.

Ohio’s National Register-listedcommercial and financial properties includebanks, shops, offices, arcades, restaurants,saloons, hotels andmarkets. Themajoritydate from 1850-1900. The Italianate style,with its tall, narrowwindow openings,bracketed cornice and overall verticalappearance, became the dominant style forcommercial architecture. It was during theItalianate period, especially the 1870s and1880s, (the height of the state’s railroadbuilding era) that Ohio towns reached theirpinnacle of development and prosperity.Today, Italianate style commercial buildingscan be found in all but a fewOhio towns.From the turn of the 19th century until theera between the twoworld wars, Ohio’slargest urban centers and small-to-mid-sized industrial towns displayed examples

of highrise architecture. These buildingsoften displayed elaborate classical detailingor significant engineering techniques forconstructingmodern early skyscrapers.FollowingWorldWar II, corporate headquar-ters housed inmodern glass curtain-wallskyscrapers were some of the newest build-ings to define the skyline.

DOMESTIC ARCHITECTUREMany of Ohio’s earliest houses were

two-story rectangular wood frame orload-bearing masonry buildings. The vastmajority of Ohio’s domestic architecturewas built during the early decades of thetwentieth century, using the balloon frameconstruction technique. Several early Ohiohouse types were brought here by settlersfrom the New England andMiddle-Atlanticstates, while some exhibit evidence of old-world influences such as the half-timberhouses constructed by Swiss-Mennonites.Generalized characteristics prevail, how-ever, in the two dominant regions of theNorthwest Territory. The Virginia MilitaryDistrict in southwestern Ohio containsstructures showing the influence of south-ern building, especially the three or fivebay I-house. TheWestern Reserve in north-eastern Ohio contains many Greek Revivalbuildings as well as common house typessuch as the Upright andWing, brought tothe area by New Englanders and upstateNewYorkers.

Stylistically, Ohio has followed nationaltrends, building classically inspired Federal

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Below: (clockwise frombottom right)DowntownElyria; Silk CityDiner, Sabina;AmericanCanCo., Cincinnati;DowntownNewark

PHOTO CREDITS: (MIDDLE LEFT) FRED MITCHELL; (BOTTOM LEFT) KATHY MAST KANE

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and Greek Revival homes from the 1830s tothe 1850s and romantic, picturesqueGothic, Italianate, Queen Anne andRomanesque Revival homes from themidto the late 1800s. At the turn of the twenti-eth century, builders chose an eclecticblend of styles based on historical themesand later period revivals andmodern stylis-tic interpretations. Thoughmany of theseare high style examples, manymore aremodest examples displaying onlyminorcharacteristics of these styles. An unknownnumber reflect the influence of 19thcentury architectural pattern books and theearly 20th catalogue andmail order houseindustry.

Domestic architectural propertiesinclude houses, apartments and flats,company housing, resort dwellings andcollege dormitories; most properties wereconstructed during the last half of the 19thcentury until the Depression. By far thelargest number of domestic properties canbe found in Ohio’s twentieth centuryneighborhoods. Over one-fourth of Ohio’sestimated 4,783,000 housing units, orroughly one million houses were built

Clockwise from top left: HockingValley Coal Company Town, ThePlains vicinity, AthensCounty; BirdtownHistoricDistrict, Lakewood;Harp Apartments, Cleveland; Seneca Hotel,Columbus; Col. JosephTaylorHouse, CambridgePHOTO CREDITS: (CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT) NANCY RECCHIE; MEREDITH KARGER; THOMAS EASTMAS; NA; SUSAN M. TIETZ

before 1940. Many of these houses exhibitsignificant examples of early twentiethcentury architectural styles, the growth ofthe pre-fabricated mail order housingindustry and development patterns tied tonewmodes of transportation and indus-trial expansion. Domestic architecturalproperties are concentrated in metropoli-tan core counties located in Cuyahoga,Franklin, Hamilton, Summit, Montgomeryand Lucas counties and in mid-size citiesacross the state.

EDUCATIONMoravianmissionaries at Schoen-

brunn and Gnadenhutten operated theearliest schools in the Northwest Territory;their students were Native Americans. Thefirst schools to survive, however, were thesubscription schools established in 1789 bythe Ohio Company settlers near Marietta.

Early public schoolhouses were one-room log structures; later, buildings offrame, brick or stone had similar forms.Early in the nineteenth century, the Ohiolegislature chartered numerous privateacademies, literary societies, and libraries;many of the academies constructed signifi-cant buildings. By mid-century, gradedunion schools reflecting functional archi-tectural styling were common in largecities and towns. Meanwhile, one roomschools remained the norm in rural areasuntil after the turn of the twentiethcentury. Ohio’s rich architectural heritagein education reflects emigrants with back-grounds as diverse as New England andGermany, schools established for freeblacks, and state institutions for the blindand deaf.

Ohio University, established in 1804, isthe oldest college in the state, as well as thefirst federally endowed college in the

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Clockwise from top: JohnHayHigh School, Cleveland;Higginsport School, BrownCounty;Carnegie Library (OldWilberforceUniversity Campus), GreeneCounty

Opposite page (clockwise from top left):Murals, Ohio Judicial Center (Departments of StateBuilding), Columbus; GoodmanYWCA,Hamilton;Ohio Statehouse, Columbus

PHOTO: RICHARD L. BOWEN & ASSOCIATES

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nation. The nation’s first school for blindstudents opened in Columbus in the late1830s. By 1859, Ohio had twenty-twocolleges and universities; private religiousgroups foundedmany of these schools,such as Oberlin andWilberforce. OberlinCollege, the first coeducational college inthe nation, was among the first to admitAfrican-American students.Wilberforce wasthe first U.S. college established to serveAfrican-American students.

Designated historic educationalproperties include one-room schoolhouses,academies, public schools, Carnegielibraries, and universities. Most of theseeducation properties were constructedbetween 1850 and 1899.

GOVERNMENT, SOCIALWELFAREANDHEALTH

Ohio’s government traces its origins to1788 whenMarietta became the first capi-tal of the Northwest Territory. The capitalmoved fromMarietta to Cincinnati, to Chilli-cothe, to Zanesville, back to Chillicothe, andfinally to Columbus. These frequentchanges were due to the changing politicalrequirements of the Northwest Territory andultimately of the newly formed state.Columbus became the permanent statecapital in 1816. The Greek Revival-style OhioStatehouse, a National Historic Landmark,was constructed between 1839 and 1861.

Ohio’s health and social welfare issuessurfaced even as Columbus struggled toestablish itself as the state capital. In the

mid-1800s, many cities responded to atuberculosis outbreak by opening sanato-riums and fresh air camps. The nineteenthcentury also witnessed the construction ofcounty homes and infirmaries built in ornear every county seat. Themodernizationof health care spurred the development ofnew hospitals and clinics, as well as thedevelopment of medical schools. Duringthe CivilWar, the state established reliefagencies in Cleveland and other largercities, with the help of social relief organi-zations and the clergy. The foremostagency among these groups was the U.S.Sanitary Commission, the forerunner ofthe Red Cross.

Ohio’s historic government, socialwelfare and health properties include cityhalls, government offices, post offices,courthouses, meeting halls, fraternal halls,YMCAs andYWCAs, hospitals and countyhomes homes. Built mainly between 1850

and 1899, examples of these properties areconcentrated in the northeast andwithin oradjacent tometropolitan areas.

INDUSTRY ANDMANUFACTURINGDue to its geographic location and

abundant natural resources, Ohio hasbeen a national and international leader inindustry. From the early to mid-nineteenthcentury, industry typically was coupledwith agriculture; examples are gristmillsand blacksmith shops. Cincinnati’s meat-packing industry made it the state’s firstindustrial leader in the 1820s and earned itthe nickname, Porkopolis. Like most othermanufacturing centers, Cincinnati’s busi-nesses were small scale and relied onnearby farming and natural resources.

By the mid-1800s, the coal industrybegan to emerge in eastern Ohio. TheHanging Rock Iron District, centered inScioto and Lawrence counties, was one of

PHOTO: DAVID BARKER

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the nation’s earliest iron productioncenters. In the late nineteenth century,large-scale, specialized industries began toemerge such as steel manufacturing inYoungstown and northeast Ohio. Cleve-land was the center for lake shipping andtransporting iron ore while Toledo becamethe glass capital.

Huge industrial expansion inOhio coin-cidedwithWorldWar I, resulting in severallargermanufacturing centers and small tomedium sized communities with strongindustrial bases. As the steel, automobileand tire industries prospered, cities in thenortheast such as Akron, Canton, andYoungstownboomed until the 1920s and1930s and continued growing until the1970s. National Register-listed industrialproperties include factories, mills, process-ing facilities and company townsconstructed between 1850 and 1899.

MILITARYOhio’s military history began long

before its first permanent settlement. Hostil-ities between Native Americans and settlersoccurred throughout the late eighteenth

and early nineteenth centuries. Americansbuilt many fortifications duringmilitarycampaigns to defeat the Native Americansand their British allies.

In 1861 the CivilWar began and Ohio’smilitary men answered President AbrahamLincoln’s call for troops. Ohio had severalimportant encampments including CampChase, Camp Sherman, and Camp Perry;Ravenna and St. Bernard hadmajor arse-nals. The northernmost advancement ofConfederate soldiers occurred duringGeneral John Hunt Morgan’s raid throughOhio in 1863. Morgan’s confrontation withUnion troops at the Battle of BuffingtonIsland was the only CivilWar battle to takeplace in Ohio. Throughout the war,Ohioans such as GeneralWilliamTecumsehSherman, Philip Sheridan, and Ulysses S.Grant emerged as great leaders on thebattlefield. These men, along with its largenumber of volunteer soldiers, broughtOhio national attention during the war andin the years to follow.

By the twentieth century, many ofOhio’s munitions andmaterials plants wereplaying a significant role inmilitary produc-

tion. Such properties included the LimaTank Plant, Columbus’s Douglas AircraftPlant and theToledo Jeep Plant. Today,Dayton’sWright-Patterson is the largest U.S.Air Force base in theworld.

Ohio’s designated military propertiesare concentrated primarily in southwestOhio. Hamilton, Cuyahoga,Washingtonand Franklin counties contain the mostmilitary listings. Examples include Perry’sVictory site, war monuments and cemeter-ies, and the houses of famous generals andmilitary leaders.

PLANNINGAND LANDSCAPEARCHITECTURE

Not until the late nineteenth centurywere planning and landscape architectureprojects common in Ohio. The first parkswere cemeteries, where nearby urban resi-dents would spend their Sundays picnick-ing or strolling. These beautifullylandscaped open areas were free from thecongestion of nearby towns and industry.Ohio has several early designed cemeteries,includingWoodland Cemetery in Dayton(1844),Woodland Cemetery in Cleveland

Above (clockwise from top): SelleGear Co., Akron;Fort Recovery,Mercer County; JeffreyManufacturingCompany, Columbus

Opposite page (clockwise from top): Shaker VillageHistoric District, Shaker Heights; Hall Park Allotment,Akron; Spring Grove Cemetery and Arboretum,Cincinnati; Columbus Grove Swimming Pool

PHOTO: YOLITA RAUSCHE

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(ca. 1845) and Green Lawn Cemetery inColumbus (ca. 1850). In 1855, Cincinnati’sSpring Grove Cemetery pioneered the lawn-plan concept.

During the early twentieth century,congested cities began to commission theirown public park systems. Cleveland andAkron createdmetro park systems andformally organized natural areas for publicuse; Columbus andToledo followed suit.With the help of the Civilian ConservationCorps, the state developed its parks systemin the 1930s. Ohio has a large number ofFrederick LawOlmsted designed parksalongwith parks designed by several othernotable national and regional landscapefirms.

Many of Ohio’s historic landscapeswere privately commissioned and designed,especially in urban centers. Nationallyrecognized landscape designers such as theOlmsted Brothers,WarrenManning, RobertMackenzie, and Howard Daniels worked inOhio, alongwithmyriad local designerssuch as Frank Scott and A. D. Taylor. Daytonhas one of the largest collections ofOlmsted Brothers designed landscapesoutside of the east coast.

City planning in Ohio coincidedwiththe City Beautiful Movement (1890s-1930s).

Planners, officials and private citizens triedto use public art and architecture to curethe social ills caused by urban industrializa-tion and population surges. Neoclassicalstyles dominated civic center plans, build-ings, monuments, bridges and art pieces.Clevelandwas one of the first major U.S.cities to create a comprehensive civic plan,the Cleveland Group Plan.

One of the nation’s early planned ruralcommunities, Glendale, began in 1851; it isnow a National Historic Landmark in Hamil-ton County. Near Cleveland, Shaker Heightswas one of the nation’s first planned resi-dential suburbs. Other important plannedcommunities includeMariemont (HamiltonCounty, 1919), Oakwood (MontgomeryCounty), Upper Arlington (Franklin County),Goodyear Heights (Summit County), andGreenhills (Hamilton County, 1935). Green-hills is one of only three Greenbelt towns inthe nation built by the federal governmentas NewDeal projects.

AfterWorldWar II, planning efforts inOhio focused on zoning, housing and thedelivery of services. The next large-scalemovement was urban renewal. During the1950s and 1960s nearly every large andmedium size urban center demolished largetracts of inner city property, including

numerous historic buildings.Designated planning and landscape

architecture properties include parks,plazas, gardens, cemeteries, plannedcommunities and civic centers. Theseproperties date primarily from the mid-nineteenth century to the 1920s and areconcentrated in the northeastern region,plus Franklin and Hamilton Counties.

RELIGIONReligious influence is responsible for

many of our early settlements and theirsubsequent stability. Congress set asideland for the sole support of religion only inOhio: the Ohio Company grant in southeastOhio and Symmes Purchase in southwestOhio. The first church in the Northwest Terri-tory was in Schoenbrunn in 1722. Kirtlandhad the first MormonTemple in the nation,and Cincinnati had the first ReformedJewish Synagogue. Today, Holmes,Wayneand Ashland counties comprise one of thelargest Amish settlements in the nation.Many religious groups are represented inOhio’s history and can be found throughoutthe state, particularly in the larger cities.

Ohio’s National Register-listed religiousproperties include churches or other reli-gious structures, church schools, convents

PHOTO CREDITS: (CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT) UNKNOWN; CAROL POH; DAVID BARKER; BRENDAWALTERS

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Top: (clockwise from top left) Tallmadge Town Square Historic District; First Church ChristScientist, Cleveland; Neil Armstong Air and SpaceMuseum,Wapakoneta; Akron-FultonInternational Airport Administration Building, Akron

Bottom right: Lima Pennsylvania Railroad Passenger Depot, Lima

andmonasteries, and parsonages. Themajority of these properties wereconstructed between 1850 and 1899 andrecorded examples are concentrated insouthwest Ohio and in Lorain, Erie, FranklinandMercer counties.

SETTLEMENT, ETHNIC GROUPSANDMIGRATION

The first organized European settle-ment in the Northwest Territory, FortHarmar, was renamedMarietta in 1787.Other late eighteenth century settlementsinclude Cincinnati, Gallipolis, Dayton, Chilli-cothe, Cleveland, Franklinton in Columbus,Steubenville, Youngstown andWarren.Farmers andmerchants fromNew Englandsettled theWestern Reserve in the north-east; in the southwest, landowners fromVirginia settled theVirginiaMilitary District.During the first years of statehood, entirecommunitiesmigrated to Ohio fromNewJersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, NorthCarolina and South Carolina. Many of Ohio’searly settlements were associatedwith reli-gion, as entire religious congregationsfounded villages.

After theWar of 1812, large influxes ofsettlers came from eastern and southernstates and foreign countries. Transportation,technology and industry contributed tosettlement patterns; for example, Irish andGermanworkers were attracted by thepromise of canal construction jobs; theyformed settlements along canal paths. Oncompletion of the canals, new settlerspoured into nearby areas and new townssuch as Akron, Newark and CanalWinches-ter developed along the canal paths. Canalsalso facilitated industrial growth that led to

PHOTO CREDITS: (CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT) OHIO HISTORICAL SOCIETY; THEODORE SANDE;OHIO HISTORICAL SOCIETY; F. WILLIAM LUCAK, JR.

the growth of Toledo in the northwest andDayton in the southwest, as well asPortsmouth and smaller cities along theOhio canal system.

Industrial centers in northern and east-ern Ohio attracted immigrants from south-ern and eastern Europe, while industrialcities in central and southwest Ohioattracted central European immigrants.Many African Americans from the southalsomigrated to Ohio to obtain industrialjobs; a large Appalachianmigration toAkron, Columbus, Cincinnati, and DaytonfollowingWorldWar I. By the late nine-teenth and early twentieth centuries, Ohio’scities were growing quite rapidly, especiallyin the northeast and southwest regions andalong the Ohio River.

Ohio has long had an important popu-lation of African-Americans. A significantnumber of African-American settlementsdeveloped along themigration routesAfrican-Americans traveled from the south,including our present-day U.S. Route 68corridor. Many of these rural and smallAfrican-American communities have histori-cal connections with the Underground Rail-road. These settlements included Ripley,Wilmington, Xenia, Springfield, Urbana, andcities farther north.

Historic settlements, ethnic groups and

migration properties listed in the NationalRegister include villages, ethnic enclaves,individual properties associatedwith ethnicsettlers andmigration routes. Most of theselistings are from the 1850-1899 period.Many are concentrated in Cuyahoga Countyand in southwest Ohio..

TRANSPORTATION, SCIENCEAND COMMUNICATION

AmongOhio’s earliest roads was Zane’sTrace. Constructed in 1798, it wound its wayfromWheeling, Virginia (nowWestVirginia),through Zanesville and Chillicothe to Lime-stone, Kentucky (nowMaysville). Groundwas broken for the National Road, thenation’s first federally funded interstatehighway, in 1825. The road reachedZanesville in 1830, Columbus in 1833 andSpringfield in 1838. Many of the buildingsand structures that characterize the earlydays of the road as well as the automobileera still remain. These include bridges,culverts and stonemilemarkers, tavernsand inns, truck stops, cottage camps, motorcourts and diners.

Water travel also played a predominantrole in Ohio’s transportation history. Origi-nally, early boat trafficwas restricted to theOhio River and its navigable tributaries.Withconstruction of Ohio’s network of canals

water transportation boomed. In 1832, theOhio and Erie Canal connected Clevelandto Portsmouthwith feeders connectingColumbus and Athens. In 1847, theMiamiand Erie Canal ran fromCincinnati to Toledo.At the height of its influence between1827-1850, Ohio’s canal network totaled 813miles. TheMuskingumRiver Lock and Dam,a ninety-threemile improvement, existedbetween Dresden andMarietta.

By 1848, as clouds of steam overshad-owed the canals, one of Ohio’s first railroadlines connected Sandusky to Springfield.Two years later Ohio had 299miles of track;by 1860, 2,974miles of track linkedmostOhio communities.

Ohio became known as the Gateway totheWest due to its railroads and extensivecanal system as well as themajor crosscountry routes, the National Road and laterthe Lincoln Highway. Beginning in 1913, theLincoln Highway–U.S. Route 30–connectedNewYork to San Francisco. This first U.S.transcontinental motor route ran throughColumbiana, Stark,Wayne, Ashland, Rich-land, Crawford,Wyandot, Hancock, AllenandVanWert counties.

In 1793 Ohio’s first newspaper wasCincinnati’s TheCentinel of theNorth-WesternTerritory. Many local papers followed; by1812, the state had sixteen newspapers.

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Publishing houses were also amajorcommunication business. By themid nine-teenth century, many sizable towns hadpublishing houses; Cincinnati, for example,became the publishing center of theWest.

Science and technology have affectedOhio’s development significantly. A periodof discovery flourished in themid-nine-teenth century asmany Ohioansmadesignificant scientific and technologicaladvances. Later, colleges and industrialcompanies throughout the state set upresearch labs. Famous Ohio-born inventorsincludeWilbur andOrvilleWright of Dayton(the airplane), Thomas Alva Edison ofMilan(incandescent light bulb), Charles F. Ketter-ing of Loudonville (the automobile self-starter) and Granville T.Woods of Columbus(railroad telegraph).

Historic transportation, communica-tion, and science related properties listed onthe National Register include the NationalRoad, railroad depots, streetscapes, publish-ing houses, laboratories and inventors’homes. Primarily constructed between 1850and 1899, most are located in Cuyahoga,Summit, Erie, Montgomery, and Hamiltoncounties and along the state’s major historictransportation routes.

WHAT ELSE DOWENEEDTO KNOWABOUTOHIO’S HISTORIC RESOURCES?

Under Represented Resources andPriorities for Identification• The Recent Past–Identify and evaluateresources such as suburban tract housing,roadside architecture and coldwar sites,built within the fifty-year time frame fordefining historic properties.

• Historic Schools–Identify historic schoolsas an important first step inmaking soundplanning decisions for their continueduse.

• Farmsteads andAgricultural-Related Prop-erties–Given urban sprawl and changingagricultural practices, identify and recordthis threatened resource.

• Industrial Complexes–Identify and recordindustrial properties as excellent candi-dates for adaptive use.

• Minorities and Ethnic Groups–African-Americans, Eastern European, Appalachi-ans andWomen-The significantcontributions of these individuals andgroups in all aspects of Ohio’s history needto be documented to a larger extent.

OHIO’S ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROPERTIESAll human activities have the potential

to leave evidence that represents an impor-tant link from the past to the present.Archaeological sites are the places whereevidence of human activities are found onor in the ground. Prehistoric archaeologicalsites are associatedwith activities related tocamps, villages, quarries, workshops, petro-glyphs, cemeteries, burial mounds and cere-monial earthworks. Historic archaeologicalsites includemilitary fortifications, farm-steads, cemeteries, factories and otherindustrial facilities, commercial operationsand residences.

This section briefly summarizes whatwe know about the lifeways of Ohio’sprehistoric and historic peoples. Archaeol-ogy is a constantly evolving science and ourunderstanding of the past is continuallygrowing as new research adds to our collec-tion of knowledge. The first seven themes inthis section are based on themajor culturaltraditions of the EasternWoodlands of theUnited States.

In archaeology, the term“cultural tradi-tion”may be used to describe an artifacttype, an assemblage of tools, an architec-

tural style, an economic practice, or an artstyle that persists over a long period of time.It is often assumed that a tradition repre-sents some degree of cultural continuityeven if small lifestyle changes have takenplace during its time span. The dates givenin parentheses provide a general chrono-logical framework for studying thesecultural traditions. The time periods shouldbe considered somewhat fluid, with culturaladaptations occurring at different rates indifferent parts of the state due to variabilityin local conditions.

The State of Ohio has not been evenlycovered in terms of archaeological surveying.Much of the coverage has been concen-trated in those areas that have seen themostdevelopment, especially development thathas taken place since the enactment of theNational Historic Preservation Act in 1966.Therefore, data regarding the regional distri-bution of sites is based on the current infor-mation in theOhio Archaeological Inventory(OAI) and is subject to change aswe learnmore about areas of the state that arecurrently underrepresented in the data base.

PALEO-INDIAN PERIOD(CA. 12,000—8,000B.C.)

The Paleo-Indians were the first peopleto occupywhat is nowOhio, moving intocentral and northern Ohio only after theglaciers retreated at the end of the last iceage. Paleo-Indians lived in small, mobilegroups of related individuals whose subsis-tencewas based on hunting and gathering.Some of the species hunted included largegame animals that are now extinct, as wellas smaller animals. As the climatemoder-ated, deciduous trees such as oak, hickory,andwalnut replacedmany of the fir andpine trees that had predominated in the

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colder periods, and plant foods, especiallynuts, becamemore important in the diet ofthe Paleo-Indians. Much of what we knowabout the Paleo-Indian Period comes fromsurface finds of stone tools, including spearpoints, knives, scrapers and gravers. Pointtypes found in Ohio that are diagnostic ofthe Paleo-Indian period include both flutedand unfluted lanceolate forms.

ARCHAIC PERIOD(CA. 8000—1000B.C.)

Between 8000 and 1000 B.C., Archaicpeoples became increasingly efficient atexploiting the food resources of the decidu-ous forests, includingwhite-tailed deer,birds, squirrels and other small game, fishandmollusks, and a greater variety of plantfoods. Groups were still somewhatmobile,moving their camps during differentseasons of the year to take advantage ofseasonally-available resources. Some campsbecame fairly permanent bases where size-able groups of people congregated periodi-cally; other campswere quite small andtemporary. In addition to an extensive arrayof flaked stone toolsmade of flint and chert,people fashioned axes and various food-grinding tools by grinding and polishinghard stone such as granite.

The Archaic Period is divided into threestages, based largely on characteristic tooltypes. During the Early Archaic (ca. 8000—6000 B.C.), population size appears to haveincreased over the preceding Paleo-Indian

Period. Early Archaic projectile points indi-cate that newways of hafting these imple-ments had been created and the atlatl(spear thrower) also came into use. Grindingstones and pitted stones reveal methods ofprocessingwild plant foods. Middle Archaic(ca. 6000—3000 B.C.) sites indicate that thiswas a time of increasing sedentism. Popula-tions were still seasonallymobile buttended to return to the same base locationsyear after year. In areas where resourceswere particularly plentiful, base campswereestablished for longer periods of time,resulting in a greater accumulation ofdebris. Evenmore rapid population growthand increased sedentismmark the LateArchaic (ca. 3000—1000 B.C.). Sites of thisperiod tend to have greater numbers ofmortars, pestle, nutting stones and grinders,implying greater utilization of plantresources.Woodworking implements (axes,adzes, celts), bone and antler tools (awls,fishhooks), shell ornaments (beads,pendants, gorgets) and raw copper aremore commonly found. Late Archaic siteshave yielded evidence of long-distancetrade, ritualism, small-scale cultivation ofnative plants, and some social ranking.

WOODLAND PERIOD(CA. 1000B.C.—A.D. 1000)

The long-term adaptive cultural trendsthat emerged in the Archaic Period (theintensive exploitation of diverse foodresources in localized environments,

increased sedentism inmore establishedterritories, long-distance trade, and theemergence of social ranking) becameincreasingly intensified during theWood-land Period. However, the three innovationsthat can be considered hallmarks ofWood-land societies are potterymanufacture, thedeliberate cultivation of native plants (sun-flowers, sumpweed, goosefoot,maygrass,gourds and squashes) and burial underfunerarymounds.

The EarlyWoodland Period (ca. 1000B.C.-A.D. 200) inmost of Ohio correspondsto what is called the Adena complex. Muchof what we know about this complex comesfrom burial mounds and othermortuary-related sites. Burial moundswere typicallyconical, and could be locatedwithin anearthen-walled enclosure, sometimes over aburned house or log tomb. Characteristicartifacts include tubular and effigy carvedstone pipes, decorative stone tablets andreel-shaped gorgets, implements ofmarineconch shell and a variety of bone, antler,and copper ornaments. Adena pottery waslargely plain, cord-marked or fabric-marked,with grit or crushed limestone tempering.

TheMiddleWoodland Period (ca. 100B.C-A.D. 500) represents an elaboration ofthe characteristics of the EarlyWoodland. InOhio, theMiddleWoodland Period is largelyrepresented by the Hopewell culture, but itshould be noted that there was consider-able overlap in Adena and Hopewell traits.The two cultures are distinguishedmainlyby the greater elaboration and complexityof ceremonial, mortuary and exchangesystems in the Hopewell culture. Hopewellearthworks andmound complexes oftencovermany acres and exotic rawmaterialsindicate the existence of long-distancetrade networks. Characteristic artifactsinclude numerous items of copper andpolished stone, mica cut-outs, freshwaterpearls, bird-stone atlatl weights, engravedhuman and animal bones, and finelymadechipped-stone tools of high quality chertsand even obsidian. Hopewell utilitarianpottery was plain or cord-marked, likeAdena pottery.

During the LateWoodland Period(ca. A.D. 500-1000) in Ohio, mortuary cere-monialism and interregional trade declinedsharply. Settlements became larger andwere probably occupied for longer periodsof time. Permanent, or semi-permanent,LateWoodland habitation sites are found inmost river and large creek valleys in Ohio.Cultivation ofmaize began but seems tohave played only aminor role in the diet at

Opposite page: Zoar Village, Tuscarawas County. Below: Computer Model of Ft. Ancient,Courtesy of University of Cincinnati, CERHAS.

this time. Compared to earlier sites, LateWoodland sites generally have thinner plainand cord-marked pottery with grit, lime-stone, or chert tempering; smaller projectilepoints (indicating the introduction of thebow and arrow); a large number of storagefeatures; largermiddens; and amore simpli-fied stone tool kit.

LATE PREHISTORIC PERIOD(CA. A.D. 1000—1600)

Some time around A.D. 1000, themajor economic activity in most parts ofOhio shifted from generalized food gather-ing to specialized food producing. Maize,beans and squash became dietary staples,supplemented by hunting, fishing andcollecting wild food resources. Societieswere largely sedentary, with villageslocated primarily along the terraces of

large stream and river valleys, on fertile,well-drained soils. In central and southernOhio these sedentary, agricultural societiesare referred to as the Fort Ancient tradition.Many Fort Ancient sites seem to have had acentral plaza within the village area, and anumber of villages appear to have beenfortified. Characteristic artifacts includenumerous types of bone and antler toolsand ornaments, thin, triangular points(indicating a predominantly bow andarrow hunting technology), slate celts andcarved tablets, marine shell incisedgorgets, pottery pestles, and stone andpottery disks. Some pottery was still grittempered and cord-marked, but shelltempering was introduced during thisperiod and is a diagnostic trait of LatePrehistoric sites. Pottery was frequentlydecorated with curvilinear and rectangular

incisions, particularly around the rim andneck portions of the vessel. Burials occurnear, or within, village sites, often beneathhouse floors.

PROTOHISTORIC PERIOD(CA. A.D. 1600—1750)

The Protohistoric Period is betterdescribed as a research construct than atemporal period. The term“Protohistoric”is used for those sites which lack historicaldocumentation butwhich contain someEuropean-derived culturalmaterials withinthe context of a Late Prehistoric assemblage.In Ohio, indirect,“down-the-line”exchangeof European goods preceded direct contactwith Europeans bymany decades. Themostcommon items of European derivationfound in Protohistoric sites are glass tradebeads and pieces of brass or iron. Ceramicand stone tool assemblages, settlementpatterns and subsistence practices, however,resemble those of local Late Prehistoricgroups. In fact, many sites of this period arestill properly classified as Late Prehistoric.

The seventeenth century seems to haveseen a decline in population size and in thenumber of permanent settlements in Ohio,due in part to hostilities between nativegroups, and perhaps also to the spread ofdiseases from European communities on theEast Coast. By the early tomid-1700s, variousNative American groups againmoved intoOhio,many seeking refuge fromhostilities inthe East. Major historically known culturesincluded theWyandot (originally Huron)fromCanada, the Leni Lenape (Delaware)from the East Coast, the Shawnee from thesouth, theMingo (originally Seneca) fromNewYork State and theMiami from Indiana.

HISTORIC PERIOD(CA. A.D. 1750—PRESENT)

Historic Period archaeological sitesinclude bothNative American and non-Native American sites. European traders,settlers, soldiers andmissionaries encoun-tered and interactedwith the various Nativegroups living inOhio during the eighteenthcentury. Serious efforts to remove theNativeAmericans fromOhio territory began early inthe nineteenth century, and by 1843 the lastof the organized tribeswas relocated toreservationswest of theMississippi River.

Historic archaeological sitesmay repre-sent areas of large settlements or individualresidences; remnants of transportationsystems, abandonedmines or other indus-trial activities; educational, religious, social,or commercial structures; ditches, dams or

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Above: Excavation, backyard of Captain Eddie Rickenbacker House, ColumbusOpposite page: Underwater exploration, Dundee Shipwreck, Lake EriePHOTO CREDITS: OHIO VALLEY ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANTS

dumps; and cemeteries or family burialplots. Althoughwritten records exist for thistime period, archaeological sites can oftenprovide information on aspects of historythat was never written down. Sometimes,these sites can provide the best informationabout segments of society that fell outsideof themainstream of society due to factorssuch as ethnicity or economic class.

LAKE ERIE UNDERWATERARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

Lake Erie’s 9,910 squaremiles of surfacewater conceals shipwrecks ranging fromprehistoric dugout canoes to huge cargovessels. These resources document thesignificant maritime history of Ohio,including the changing technology ofship building.

In 1987, the United States Congressenacted the Abandoned Shipwreck Act,which transferred ownership of abandonedshipwrecks to the states in whosewatersthey lie. States were encouraged to adoptlegislation establishingmanagementmech-anisms for these resources, including identi-fication, protection, recreational use andappropriate recovery consistent with theirhistorical value. Ohio’s 1991“shipwreck law”includes provisions for the establishment ofunderwater preserves to protect resourcesthat have historic, archaeological, environ-mental, geological or scientific significance.The Ohio Department of Natural Resourcesin concert with the Ohio Historical Societyhas lead responsibility in this area, and it iscurrently considering implementation ofthe preserve program.

WHAT ELSE DOWENEEDTO KNOWABOUTOHIO’S ARCHAEOLOGICALRESOURCES?

More than two-thirds of the sitesrecorded in the Ohio Archaeological Inven-tory lack temporal or cultural affiliations. Nodiagnostic artifacts, time-sensitive featuresor datablematerials have been recoveredfrom these sites. Of the sites that do haveassigned temporal periods, protohistoricsites are the least understood. Fewer than100 have been recorded in the entire state.Middle Archaic and Paleoindian sites arealso poorly represented in the inventory.

Prehistoric sites can also be looked atin terms of the types of activities that werecarried out in those locations. Only 2.5% ofthe sites in the OAI are classified as habita-tion sites (camps, hamlets, or villages). Lessthan 1% are classified as workshops or quar-ries. About 7% of the sites appear to have

had some ceremonial purposes (includingpetroglyphs, earthworks, mounds andcemeteries). Over 90% of the sites in theOhio Archaeological Inventory have notbeen classified as any particular“site type.”This high percentage can be attributed tothe fact that it is usually not possible todetermine a site typewithoutmore exten-sive subsurface exploration than is typicalfor a basic archaeological survey.

It is somewhat easier to determinewhat kind of site historic archaeologicalremains represent. Often the amount ofmaterial at historic sites is much greaterthan is found at prehistoric sites and there isfrequently supporting documentation thatassists in the determination. Still, slightlymore than half of the historic archaeologicalsites in the OAI have not been assigned asite type. Of those that have, residentialsites, subsistence-related sits and industrialand commercial sites have been recorded insufficient numbers to allow us to beginconsidering contextual studies of thosetypes. Archaeological sites relating to healthcare, social activities, government, religion,education, themilitary, mortuary activitiesand transportation are still under-repre-sented in the Inventory.

Both prehistoric and historic archaeo-logical sitesmay be found in rock shelters or

caves, in an open setting or in a submergedenvironment. In Ohio, more than 98% of therecorded archaeological sites have beenfound in open settings, about 1% in rockshelters or caves and amere handful insubmerged settings. The latter categoryincludes underwater archaeological sitessuch as shipwrecks or sites that have beeninundated as a result of reservoir construc-tion, as well as sites found in wetland envi-ronments.Wetlands are known to containsome of themost archaeologically sensitiveareas, but these sites are barely visible in theInventory. The preservation of statewetlands thus benefits cultural as well asnatural resources.

Sites in open settings (agriculturalfields, forest or urban surroundings) arebeing heavily impacted by development.Urban sprawl and its accompanying infra-structure and commitment to industrial andcommercial development are destroyingarchaeological sites as quickly as they arerecorded. The geographical distribution ofsites reflects those areas that have seen themost development in the past few decades.Counties that appear to have few archaeo-logical sites, such as Harrison,Monroe,Putnam, andWilliams (fewer than 100recorded sites)may have a far richer archae-ological heritage than the numbers indicate.

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PHOTO CREDIT: JACK PAPP

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Advisory Council onHistoricPreservationOld Post Office Building1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW,Suite 803Washington, DC 20004-2501(202) 606-8503achp@achp.govwww.achp.gov

TheArchaeological ConservancyMidwest Regional Office3620 North High Street, Suite 307Columbus, OH 43214(614) 267-1100www.americanarchaeology.com

Archaeological SocietyofOhio6478Winchester Blvd., Suite 120CanalWinchester, OH 43110www.ohioarch.org

AIAOhio17 S. High Street Suite 200Columbus, OH 43215(614) 221-1900www.aiaohio.org

CuyahogaValleyNational Park15610Vaughn RoadBrecksville, OH 44141-3018(216) 524-1497www.nps.gov/cuva

DaytonAviationHeritageNational Historical Park16 SouthWilliams StreetDayton, Ohio 45402Wright-Dunbar Interpretive Center(937) 225-7705www.nps.gov/daav

Federal HighwayAdministration200 North High Street, Room 328Columbus, OH 43215-2408(614) 280-6896www.fhwa.dot.gov

HeritageOhio846 1/2 East Main StreetColumbus, OH 43205(614) 258-6200www.heritageohio.org

JamesA. GarfieldNational Historic Site8095Mentor AvenueMentor, OH 44060(440) 255-8722www.nps.gov/jaga

GreaterOhio846½ East Main StreetColumbus, OH 43215(614) 258-1713www.greaterohio.org

Hopewell CultureNationalHistoric Park16062 State Route 104Chillicothe, OH 45601-8694(740) 774-1125www.nps.gov/hocu

National Alliance ofPreservation Commissions325 South Lumpkin StreetFounders Garden HouseAthens, GA 30602(706) 542-4731www.uga.edu/napc/

National Center for PreservationTechnology andTraining645 University ParkwayNatchitoches, LA 71457(318) 356-7444www.ncptt.nps.gov

National Conference of StateHistoric PreservationOfficersSuite 342 - Hall of the States444 North Capitol Street, NWWashington DC 20001-1512(202) 624-5465www.ncshpo.org

National Park ServiceMidwest Region601 Riverfront DriveOmaha, NE 68102-4226(404) 661-1524www.nps.gov

NationalTrust forHistoric Preservation785Massachusetts Avenue, NWWashington, DC 20036-2117(202) 588-6000www.preservationnation.org

NationalTrust for HistoricPreservation -MidwestOffice53West Jackson Boulevard,Suite 350Chicago, IL 60604(312) 939-5547mwro@nthp.orgwww.preservationnation.org/about-us/regional-offices/midwest/

TheNature ConservancyOhio FieldOffice6375 Riverside Drive, Suite 100Dublin, OH 43017(614) 717-2770ohio@tnc.orgwww.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/ohio

OhioAcademyofHistoryKent State UniversityDepartment of HistoryP.O. Box 5190Kent, OH 44242-0001www2.uakron.edu/OAH/

OhioArchaeological CouncilP.O. Box 82012Columbus, OH 43202www.ohioarchaeology.org

OhioArts Council727 East Main StreetColumbus, OH 43205-1796(614) 466-2613www.oac.state.oh.us

Ohio Cultural FacilitiesCommission20 E. Broad Street, Suite 200Columbus, OH 43215-3416(614) 752-2770www.culture.ohio.gov

OhioAssociation of HistoricalSocieties andMuseumsLocal History OfficeOhio Historical Society1982Velma AvenueColumbus, OH 43211-2497(614) 297-2340www.ohiohistory.org/resources/oahsm

Ohio Chapter of theAmericanSociety of LandscapeArchitects579 High StreetWorthington, OH 43085(614) 436-4451www.ocasla.com

Ohio Conference of CommunityDevelopmentP.O. Box 986Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44223-0986(330) 923-0265www.occd.org

OhioDepartment of Agriculture8995 E. Main StreetReynoldsburg, OH 43068(614) 728-6200www.agri.ohio.gov

OhioDepartment of Development77 South High StreetP.O. Box 1001Columbus, OH 43266-0101(614) 466-3379www.odod.state.oh.us

OhioDepartment of Education25 South Front StreetColumbus, OH 43215-4183(614) 995-1545www.ode.state.oh.us

OhioDepartment of NaturalResources2045Morse Road, Building DColumbus, Ohio 13229-6693(614) 265-6879www.dnr.state.oh.us

OhioDepartment ofTransportation1980West Broad StreetColumbus, OH 43223(614) 466-7100www.dot.state.oh.us

Ohio FarmBureau Federation280 PlazaP.O. Box 182383Columbus, OH 43218-2383(614) 249-2400www.ofbf.org

OhioDivision ofTourismOhioHistory&Heritage77 S. High StreetP.O. Box 1001Columbus, OH 43216-1001(614) 466-0338www.consumer.discoverohio.com/whattodo/heritage

Ohio Planning Conference820 Prospect AvenueCleveland, OH 44115(216) 257-3436www.ohioplanning.org

Ohio Rural DevelopmentU.S. Department of AgricultureFederal Building, Room 507200 North High StreetColumbus, OH 43215(614) 255-2500www.rurdev.usda.gov/oh

Ohio School FacilitiesCommission10West Broad Street, Suite 1400Columbus, OH 43215(614) 466-6290www.osfc.state.oh.us

OhioTownshipAssociation6500Taylor Road, Suite ABlacklick, OH 43004-8570(614) 863-0045www.cpmra.muohio.edu/otaohio

Ohio StateUniversity Extension2120 Fyffe Road, Room 3 Ag AdminColumbus, OH 43210(614) 292-6181www.extension.osu.edu

Perry’sVictory& InternationalPeaceMemorialP.O. Box 549Put-In-Bay, OH 43456-0549(419) 285-2814www.nps.gov/pevi

PreservationAction401 F Street NW, Suite 324Washington, DC 20001(202) 637-7873www.preservationaction.org

Appendix III.Historic Preservation Partners and ResourcesA number of Ohio cities have preservation professionals on staff. Ohio also has many local historic preservation organizations. Bothwork hard to recognize, promote and preserve historic buildings and sites. Visit ohiohistory.org/resource/histpres/yourtown for linksto preservation resources in your community.

PreservationOhio31 E. High Street, Suite 400Springfield, OH 455025(614) 437-8393www.preservationohio.org

WilliamHowardTaft NationalHistoric Site2038 Auburn AvenueCincinnati, OH 45219(513) 684-3262 ext. 303www.nps.gov/wiho

U.S. ArmyCorps of EngineersBuffalo District1776 Niagara StreetBuffalo, NY 14207-3199(716) 879-4124www.lrb.usace.army.mil

USDA, Forest ServiceWayne National Forest13700 U.S. Highway 33Nelsonville, OH 45764(740) 753-0101www.fs.fed.us/r9/wayne

USDA,OhioNatural ResourcesConservation Service200 North High Street, Room 522Columbus, OH 43215(614) 255-2472www.oh.nrcs.usda.gov

U.S. Fish andWildlife ServiceEcological Services FieldOffice6950 American Parkway, Suite HReynoldsburg, OH 43068-4127(614) 469-6923www.fws.gov/offices

U.S. General ServicesAdministrationGSAGreat Lakes RegionRoom 3700230 S. Dearborn StreetChicago, IL 60604(312) 353-5395www.gsa.gov/greatlakes

U.S. Department of HousingandUrbanDevelopmentFederal Office Building – 7th Floor200 North High StreetColumbus, OH 43215(614) 469-5737www.hud.gov/local/index.cfm?state=oh

Top: Detail, First NationalBank, Akron; Detail, statueat Spring Grove Cemeteryand Arboretum, Cincinnati;Bottom: (before and after)1605Main Street, Over-the-Rhine Historic District,CincinnatiPHOTO CREDITS: (TOP) ELWIN ROBISON;(MIDDLE) DAVID BARKER

Alanen, Arnold R. and Robert Melnick, ed.PreservingCultural Landscapes in America(Center Books onContemporary LandscapeDesign).Baltimore, Maryland: Johns HopkinsUniversity Press, April 2000.

Ball, Donald B., ed. "Celebrating Ohio'sHistorical Archaeology."Ohio ValleyHistoricalArchaeology. Proc. of 2004 Symposium onOhioValley Urban and Historic Archaeology.Vol. 18. 2004.

Comp, T. Allan, Regional HeritageAreas:Approaches to SustainableDevelopment.Washington, D.C.: National Trust for HistoricPreservation, 1994.

Cox, Rachel S.Design Review inHistoricDistricts.3rd ed.National Trust for HistoricPreservation,Washington, D.C., 2003.

Dancey,William S. The First Discovery ofAmerica: Archaeological Evidence of the EarlyInhabitants of theOhioArea. Columbus:Ohio Archaeological Council, 1994.

Fisher, Charles and HughMiller, ed. Caringfor YourHistoric House. NewYork: Harry N.Abrams, Inc., 1998.

Fedelchak, Marilyn and ByrdWood. ProtectingAmerica’s Historic Countryside.Washington,D.C.: National Trust for Historic Preservation,October 1988.

Fuller,Wayne E.OneRoomSchools of theMiddleWest: An IllustratedHistory. Lawrence:University Press of Kansas, 1994.

Gagliardi, Neil and StephenMorris.“Local Historic Preservation Plans: A SelectedAnnotated Bibliography.”Washington, D.C.:Historic Preservation Services, National ParkService, 1993.

Genheimer, Robert A., ed. Cultures BeforeContact: The Late Prehistory ofOhio andSurrounding Regions. Columbus: OhioArchaeological Council, 2000.

Gordon, Stephen C.HowToComplete theOhioHistoric Inventory. Columbus: Ohio HistoricalSociety, 1983.

Harris Cyril M. AmericanArchitecture,An Illustrated Encyclopedia. NewYork:W.W. Norton & Company, 1998.

Helsel, Bill, David A. Simmons andMariamWood.OhioHistoric BridgeGuide. 7th ed.Ohio Historic Bridge Association, 1999/2000.

Howe, Barbara J., Dolores A. Fleming, Emory L.Kempand, Ruth AnnOverbeck.Houses andHomes – Exploring Their History. Maryland:Rowman & Littlefield, 1987.

Jakubovich, Paul J. and LesVollmert.Good ForBusiness: AGuide to Rehabilitating the ExteriorsofOlder Commercial Buildings. Milwaukee:Department of City Development, 2002.

Kitchen, Judith L.Old BuildingOwner’sManual.Columbus: Ohio Historical Society, 1983.

Kitchen, Judith L. Caring for YourOldHouse:AGuide forOwners andResidents.Washington,D.C.: The Preservation Press, 1991.

Kitchen, Judith L. Characteristics of EffectiveLocal Historic Preservation Legislation.Columbus: Ohio Historical Society, 1989.

Knepper, GeorgeW.Ohio and Its People.Kent, Ohio: The Kent State University Press,September, 1989.

Lepper, BradleyT.OhioArchaeology:An IllustratedChronicle ofOhio's AncientAmerican IndianCultures.Wilmington:Orange Frazer Press, 2005.

Lerner, Shereen. Archaeology andHistoricPreservation.Washington, D.C.: National Trustfor Historic Preservation, 1995.

Miller, John H. LaypersonsGuide toHistoricPreservation Law: Federal, State and Local LawsGoverningHistoric Resource Protection. 4th ed.Washington, D.C.: National Trust for HistoricPreservation, 2008.

Morris, Marya. Innovative Tools for HistoricPreservation.Washington, D.C.: AmericanPlanning Association, 1997.

Morris, Stephen A.“Subdivision Regulationsand Historic Preservation.”Cultural ResourcesPartnershipNotes.Washington, D.C.: NationalPark Service, 1992, revised 1998.

Morris, Stephen A.“Zoning and HistoricPreservation.”Cultural Resources PartnershipNotes.Washington, D.C.: National Park Service,1989, revised 1998.

Morrow, Baker H. ADictionary of LandscapeArchitecture. Albuquerque: University of NewMexico Press, 1987.

Murtagh,William J. KeepingTime: TheHistoryand Theory of Preservation in America.3rd ed.New Jersey: JohnWiley & Sons, August, 2006.

National Park Service. Respectful Rehabilita-tion: Answers to YourQuestions AboutOldBuildings.Washington, D.C.: PreservationPress, 1982.

Ohio Historical Society, Archaeological Guide-lines. Columbus, Ohio Historical Society, 1994.

Otto, Martha P. and Brian G. Redmond, ed.Transitions: Archaic and EarlyWoodlandResearch in the Ohio Country.Ohio UniversityPress and the Ohio Archaeological Council,2008.

Pacheco, Paul J., ed. AViewFromtheCore:A Synthesis ofOhioHopewell Archaeology.Columbus: Ohio Archaeological Council, 1996.

Pregliasco, Janice. Developing DowntownDesign Guidelines. Sacramento: CaliforniaMain Street Program, 1988.

RypkemaDonovan. The Economics of HistoricPreservation: A Community Leaders Guide.2nd ed.Washington D.C.: National Trust forHistoric Preservation, 2005.

Stipe, Robert E. and Carole Zellie. “IssuesPaper: Conservation Districts.”CulturalResources PartnershipNotes.Washington, D.C.:National Park Service, 1993, revised 1998.

TheMain Street Approach. CD-ROM.Washington, D.C.: National Main StreetCenter, 1994.

Smith, Kennedy. RevitalizingDowntown:1976-1986.Washington, D.C.: NationalMain Street Center, 1994.

Tyler, Norman.Historic Preservation: An Intro-duction to Its History, Principles andPractice.NewYork:W.W. Norton & Company, 2000.

Weaver, Martin E. Conserving Buildings.New Jersey: JohnWiley & Sons, 1993.

Appendix IV.Historic Preservation Bibliography

Acknowledgements

Glenn Harper, preservation servicesmanager, oversaw the preparation of AFuture forOhio’s Pastwith support and assistance from Franco Ruffini, deputy state historicpreservation officer, Mary Beth Hirsch, department head, Education and Support

Services and Barbara Powers, department head, Inventory and Registration; all of the OhioHistorical Society’s Ohio Historic Preservation Office. Also with the Ohio Historical Society,GiuseppeMonaco, evaluation analyst, helped provide direction and identify target audi-ences for the online survey; andToddTucky, information systemsmanager, developed thecomputer format for the online survey.

Development of the planwasmonitored by a 30-member advisory committee includ-ing: Aaron Askew, architect, Moody-Nolan Inc.; Donna DeBlasio, director, Center for HistoricPreservation, Youngstown State University; Randy Black, historic preservation officer, City ofColumbus; Kathleen Crowther, executive director, Cleveland Restoration Society; PaulGraham, assistant environmental administrator, Ohio Department of Transportation; BetsyGiffin, training and technical assistant supervisor, Ohio Department of Development; JulieHenahan, executive director, Ohio Arts Council; KathyMast Kane, executive director, Colum-bus Landmarks Foundation; Frank Quinn, programmanager, Heritage Ohio; JohnMoore,executive director, Rickenbacker-Woods Inc., Pat Murphy, executive director, OberlinHeritage Center; Thomas Palmer, executive director, Preservation Ohio; Gale Peterson, exec-utive director, Ohio Humanities Council; Elizabeth Reeb, executive secretary, AbandonedMine Lands, Ohio Department of Natural Resources; Yolita Rausche, preservation specialist,Chambers, Murphy & Burge; Dan Rice, president and chief executive officer, Ohio & ErieCanalway Coalition; Terry Schwartz, executive director, Ohio Planning Conference; LynnSimonelli, president, Ohio Archaeological Council; Matthew Spring, city planner/zoningadministrator, Tipp City; and Lorna Swisher, executive director, Main Street Piqua. OhioHistorical Society staffwho served on the Advisory Committee were: Jackie Barton, specialprojectsmanager, J.D. Britton, manager, Local History Office; Mark Epstein, departmenthead, Resource Protection and Review; Mary Beth Hirsch; Todd Kleismit, director, Govern-ment Relations; George Kane, director, Facilities Management; Mariangela Pfister, technicalpreservation servicesmanager; Franco Ruffini; Jim Strider, director, Collections, HistoricPreservation and Statewide Outreach; andToddTucky.

This publication ismade possible in part by a grant from the National Park Service, U.S.Department of the Interior, administered by the Ohio Historic Preservation Office of theOhio Historical Society. This program receives federal financial assistance for identificationand protection of historic properties. Under Title VI of the Civil Right Act of 1964, Section 504of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, as amended, theU.S. Department of the Interior prohibits discrimination in departmental federally assistedprograms on the basis of race, color, national origin, age or disability. Any personwhobelieves he or she has been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facilityoperated by a recipient of federal assistance should write to: Office of Equal Opportunity,National Park Service, 1849 C Street, NW,Washington, D.C. 20240.

Left: Baker Motor Vehicle Company, Cleveland; Right: Clark County Heritage Center(formerly SpringfieldMunicipal Building), Springfield

Back cover: (from top) TorontoWorldWar I Monument; Wood County Courthouse,Bowling Green; B’Nai Israel Synagogue (The True Church of God), Toledo; IndianMill,Wyandot County; GruenWatch Company – Time Hill, Cincinnati; Cleveland Club,Cleveland;Warwick Interlocking Tower, Summit County; Louis A. Penfield House,Willoughby Hills.

OHIO HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICE1982 Velma Ave

Columbus, OH 43211-1030614/298-2000

www.ohiohistory.org