A Flawed Peace: A Flawed Peace: The Treaty of VersaillesThe Treaty of Versailles

Ch. 13: The Great War, 1914-1919Ch. 13: The Great War, 1914-1919

Section 4 (pp. 380-383)Section 4 (pp. 380-383)

The U.S. Enters the War, 1917The U.S. Enters the War, 1917American NeutralityAmerican Neutrality, , 1914-19171914-1917:: The U.S. tried to stay out of the events unfolding The U.S. tried to stay out of the events unfolding

in Europe, but this proved to be impossiblein Europe, but this proved to be impossible

U.S. Enters the War, April, 1917U.S. Enters the War, April, 1917 Attacks on U.S. ships Attacks on U.S. ships from German U-boats from German U-boats

((LusitaniaLusitania, 1915), 1915) Closer cultural ties to AlliesCloser cultural ties to Allies Financial investments/loans more with AlliesFinancial investments/loans more with Allies Zimmermann NoteZimmermann Note Russia’s 1Russia’s 1stst revolution was attempt at democracy revolution was attempt at democracy

The End of FightingThe End of Fighting With the U.S. involved, the Allies had an With the U.S. involved, the Allies had an

advantageadvantage• Fresh troops/new suppliesFresh troops/new supplies• Financial backingFinancial backing• New source of foodNew source of food

Soon they were able to halt the German offensive Soon they were able to halt the German offensive on Western Front and put them in retreaton Western Front and put them in retreat

November 11, 1918 at 11:00 am, the armistice November 11, 1918 at 11:00 am, the armistice ending the fighting was signed; now the world ending the fighting was signed; now the world must make peace (11must make peace (11thth hour of the the 11 hour of the the 11thth day, day, of the 11of the 11thth month) month)

The Allies Meet at VersaillesThe Allies Meet at Versailles

““The Big Four”The Big Four” Woodrow Wilson – U.S.Woodrow Wilson – U.S. David Lloyd George – Great BritainDavid Lloyd George – Great Britain Georges Clemenceau – FranceGeorges Clemenceau – France Vittorio Orlando – ItalyVittorio Orlando – Italy

Uninvited NationsUninvited Nations The Central PowersThe Central Powers RussiaRussia

Wilson’s Plan for PeaceWilson’s Plan for Peace

The Fourteen Points (Jan. 1918)The Fourteen Points (Jan. 1918)

Points 1-5: causes of the warPoints 1-5: causes of the war1.1. No secret treatiesNo secret treaties 4. Free trade4. Free trade2.2. Freedom of the seasFreedom of the seas 5. colonial claims5. colonial claims3.3. Reduced armamentsReduced armaments

• Points 6-13: changing borders and creation of new Points 6-13: changing borders and creation of new nationsnations

• Guiding principle to beGuiding principle to be self-determinationself-determination

• Point 14: Creation of international peacekeeping Point 14: Creation of international peacekeeping organization ; The League of Nationsorganization ; The League of Nations

The Allies Work Out a Harsh PeaceThe Allies Work Out a Harsh Peace

Britain and France more concerned with Britain and France more concerned with punishment of Germany (although Wilson punishment of Germany (although Wilson warned this would create German warned this would create German resentment)resentment)

Terms of TreatyTerms of Treaty Germany had to pay $30 billion in reparationsGermany had to pay $30 billion in reparations Lost territory in Europe (Saar & Ruhr Valleys) Lost territory in Europe (Saar & Ruhr Valleys)

and its colonies in Africa & Asiaand its colonies in Africa & Asia DisarmamentDisarmament Accept full blame for starting the warAccept full blame for starting the war Creation of a League of Nations *Creation of a League of Nations *

The Creation of New NationsThe Creation of New NationsOut of the Austro-Hungarian Empire:Out of the Austro-Hungarian Empire:

1. Austria1. Austria 3. Yugoslavia3. Yugoslavia2. Hungary2. Hungary 4. Czechoslovakia4. Czechoslovakia

Out of the Ottoman Empire, the Europeans created Out of the Ottoman Empire, the Europeans created “mandates”“mandates”BritainBritain FranceFrance

1.1. PalestinePalestine 1. Syria1. Syria2.2. IraqIraq 2. Lebanon2. Lebanon3.3. JordanJordan

Out of RussiaOut of Russia1. Romania & Poland gained Russian territory1. Romania & Poland gained Russian territory2. Finland, Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania (all part 2. Finland, Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania (all part of Russia) became independent nationsof Russia) became independent nations

A Treaty “Built on Quicksand”A Treaty “Built on Quicksand”

Treaty of Versailles fell far short of its goal of Treaty of Versailles fell far short of its goal of preserving future peacepreserving future peace

The U.S. never joined the League of NationsThe U.S. never joined the League of Nations The provisions of the treaty left a bitter legacy in The provisions of the treaty left a bitter legacy in

the hearts of Germansthe hearts of Germans The peoples of Asia and Africa were angry at the The peoples of Asia and Africa were angry at the

way the treaty ignored their desires for way the treaty ignored their desires for independenceindependence

Japan and Italy felt they had been cheated at the Japan and Italy felt they had been cheated at the peace table peace table

The Legacy of World War IThe Legacy of World War IThe extreme cost of the warThe extreme cost of the war Human lifeHuman life:: over 8.5 million military deaths, 21 over 8.5 million military deaths, 21

million wounded, and untold deaths of civilians million wounded, and untold deaths of civilians due to starvation and diseasedue to starvation and disease

Economic CostEconomic Cost: : $338 billion was one estimate, $338 billion was one estimate, not to mention the farmland, homes, buildings, not to mention the farmland, homes, buildings, and towns that had been destroyedand towns that had been destroyed

DisillusionmentDisillusionment: : society was not the same after society was not the same after the war; man had lost his optimistic outlook and the war; man had lost his optimistic outlook and blind faith in the wonders of science and blind faith in the wonders of science and technology. The world now seemed an imperfect technology. The world now seemed an imperfect and meaningless place; the survivors were and meaningless place; the survivors were scarred for lifescarred for life

SummarySummary

. WWI ends -11th hour of 11th month of 11th day -Treaty of Versailles ends WWI -President Woodrow Wilson writes 14 points for international

peace, which sets up League of Nations, but the U.S. never joins and it is not successful. He also warns punishing Germany.

-France and Britain want to punish Germany and do, dismantling army and forcing them to pay war REPARATIONS. This will lead to the Global Great Depression, and ultimately WWII, as Germany can not pay reparations, and allows Hitler to come to power, promising to return Germany to glory, and refusing to pay reparations while building up his army.

A “new” EuropeA “new” Europe

Major differences in Europe BEFORE WWI (1914) until the END of WWI (1919)

New countries were formed after the war….those are Austria, Czechoslovakia and Hungary.

Smaller countries were formed out of Russia. Russia changed to U.S.S.R. and became

communist. Yugoslavia was formed. The country of Turkey was formed.