A Flawed Peace Section 4 Pages 760-763. The Fourteen Points January 8, 1918 Peace proposal Encourage...
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Transcript of A Flawed Peace Section 4 Pages 760-763. The Fourteen Points January 8, 1918 Peace proposal Encourage...
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A Flawed Peace
Section 4 Pages 760-763
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The Fourteen Points January 8, 1918 Peace proposal Encourage Allies and
Central Powers to end the war
Did not want a punitive peace
Wilson did not consult the Allies
Some points were contrary to secret agreements made among the Allies
President Woodrow Wilson
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The Fourteen Points
8 Points dealt with territorial matters Open, rather than secret, diplomacy Freedom of the seas General disarmament Removal of trade barriers Impartial settlement of colonial claims The establishment of a League of Nations
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Woodrow Wilson
Presbyterian minister, President of Princeton University
President of the United States (1913-1921)
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Guiding Spirit
Redraw boundaries of Eastern Europe along ethnic lines
BUT…minority problems became greater
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Failure at Home The Republican Congress was not in
agreement with the peace negotiated under Wilson, particularly with the League of Nations and collective security aspects.
A separate peace was negotiated between the United States and Germany.
Wilson was awarded the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize, and heralded in Europe as a savior of peace.
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Germany: Treaty of Versailles signed June 28, 1919
Pay huge reparations Lost major territory Military restrictions Article 231(accept sole guilt) Excluded from League of Nations
*signed under protest
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New Nations Finland Estonia,
Latvia, Lithuania
Poland Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia
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Map 1919 Europe
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The Balkans prior to WWI
Greece gained Bulgaria’s Aegean Coast
Serbia & Romania doubled in size
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The Balkans in 1925
Romania & Serbia were big winners of territory
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Treaty of Brest-LitovskMarch 3, 1918
Bolsheviks signed a separate peace with Germany
Germany now free to shift troops to the Western Front
The Allies refused to accept the treaty as legitimate Signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
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Germany’s Desperate Situation Russia out of the war, but fresh American troops
on the Western Front Austria-Hungary and Turkey almost knocked out
of the war Food shortages in Germany Numerous strikes in major cities 500,000 workers on strike in Berlin (January) Increasing inflation The Ludendorff Offensive (March-July, 1918) November 11, 1918 – armistice signed
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Armistice
This photograph was taken after reaching an agreement for the armistice that ended World War I. The location is in the forest of Compiègne. Foch is second from the right.
Hitler later ordered that the rail car where this agreement was made be burned.
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“The Peace to end all peace”
Germans bitter & brokenImperialism continuedUSA did not ratify treatyJapan, Italy unhappy w/their
shareSows seeds for WWII
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League of Nations
USA refused to be part of League of Nations…Wilson lost Congressional
backersLeague had little power to
settle disputesAsians/Africans upset at being
governed by a mandate
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Aftermath of War
8.5 million soldiers died21 million woundedCountless civilians – disease,
starvation, slaughter$338 billion cost
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Society shaken to foundations
Communism & civil war in Russia
Political & economic chaos in Germany led to rise of Hitler
British & French empires crumble/ treasuries drained
USA refused world leadership
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Consequences of World War I Four empires destroyed
German Empire Austro-Hungarian Empire Ottoman Empire Russian Empire
Economic devastation Projection of the U.S. into world
affairs Russian Revolution and the rise
of the Soviet Union Rise of Mussolini & Fascism in
Italy Rise of Hitler and Nazism in
Germany
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Influenza Epidemic
In the spring of 1918, the Spanish flu hit England and India. By fall, it had spread through Europe, Russia, Asia, and to the United States.
12 million died in India. 1500 people died in Berlin in one day. 20 million died worldwide.
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Treaty of Versailles
The peace treaty signed by Germany and the Allied powers after World War I.