A few questions about climate models A paradox: -The patterns of global climate change predicted 30...

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A few questions about climate models A paradox: - The patterns of global climate change predicted 30 years ago and confirmed since then - Continuous progress in weather forecast, oceanic forecast - A lasting difficulty to quantify potential effects of climate change, and their regional properties.

Transcript of A few questions about climate models A paradox: -The patterns of global climate change predicted 30...

Page 1: A few questions about climate models A paradox: -The patterns of global climate change predicted 30 years ago and confirmed since then -Continuous progress.

A few questions about climate models

A paradox:

- The patterns of global climate change predicted 30 years ago and confirmed since then

- Continuous progress in weather forecast, oceanic forecast

- A lasting difficulty to quantify potential effects of climate change, and their regional properties.

Page 2: A few questions about climate models A paradox: -The patterns of global climate change predicted 30 years ago and confirmed since then -Continuous progress.

Pourquoi la modélisation climatiqueest-elle possible?

• Henri Atlan : «Il y a un problème de crédibilité des modèles de changements climatiques et des prédictions qui en sont déduites. Ces modèles concernent en effet un domaine - le climat - où le nombre de données disponibles est petit par rapport au nombre de variables qui sont prises en compte dans leur construction, sans parler des variables encore inconnues. Cela implique qu'il existe un grand nombre de bons modèles, capables de rendre compte des observations disponibles, alors même qu'ils reposent sur des hypothèses explicatives différentes et conduisent aussi à des prédictions différentes, voire opposées. Il s'agit là d'une situation dite "des modèles par les observations", cas particulier de "sous-détermination des théories par les faits", bien connue des chercheurs engagés dans la construction de modèles de systèmes complexes naturels, où le nombre de données ne peut pas être multiplié à l'envi par des expérimentations répétées et reproductibles. Conséquence : les modèles sur les changements climatiques ne peuvent être que des hypothèses, mises en formes informatiques très sophistiquées mais pleines d'incertitudes quant à leur relation à la réalité ; et il en va de même des prédictions qui en sont déduites.»

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Temperature changes:

A2

B1

CNRM IPSL

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A2

CNRM IPSL

Precipitation changes

Page 6: A few questions about climate models A paradox: -The patterns of global climate change predicted 30 years ago and confirmed since then -Continuous progress.
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Earth radiative budget (W m-2)

Two major constraints: (1) Energy conservation

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(2) Angular momentum conservation

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Two basic equilibriums:Two basic equilibriums:

Geostrophic along the horizontal:

Hydrostatic along the vertical

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Different types of blocking issues, all linked with scale problems and/or

multiple nature of the climate system

- Feedback mechanisms (WV, Lapse Rate, Clouds, Snow, Soil Moisture, …) : parameterizations + validation using process studies (and campaign, satellite data)

- Natural variablity at synoptic scale: monsoon, MJO, ENSO, QBO,

- Extreme events

- Abrupt unpredrictable events

- Link with « science of the impacts »

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StrategySp

atial

Sca

les

Time Scales

Minute Day Week Season 1 yr 10 yrs 100 yrs

1 km

10 km

100 km

1000 km

10000 km

Unpredictable

User NeedsCurrent Skill

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Gastineau, Le Treut, Li, 2008

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Uncertainty is largely associated with some key feedbacks

…. and a few more (soil mositure, state of vegetation, …)

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ERBEIPSL (2L22)

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Precipitation modeles, XXI-XXº change DJF [-1.5;0.3;1.5] mm/day

Unities : [-15;3;15]% of pp(20c3m)

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IPSL Earth System Model (CM4)

Physics

CarbonCycle

Chemistry

Atmospheric Circulatioèn

Circulation OcéaniqueGlace de mer

Biogéochimie etbiologie marine

Carbon

DMS

Nutriments

ChemistryGases

&

Aérosols

CO2

Continental surface

sols et végétation

LMDZ

Orchidée LMDZT

ORCALIM

INCA

STOMATE PISCES

éBiochemistry

Carbon

CH4, COV,

Aérosols

Aérosols Sels marins

Continents Atmosphere OceansIPSLCM4

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Climate projections on regional and local scales

GlobalGlobal

ContinentalContinental RegionalRegional

LocalLocal

Performance of current AOGCMs (like those from CMIP3) deteriorate when looking at finer temporal and spatial scales which are needed for many impact assessment studies.

Giorgi 2007Giorgi 2007

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IPCC, WG2

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Projects may :

- Address model /data process studies at different scales

- Propose an integrated view of a given region (include social aspects)