› documents › environ › Scott.pdf · LIQUID SOLAR ENERGYBiodiesel defined by ASTM...
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Don Scott
Director of Sustainability
National Biodiesel Board
Biodiesel Clean Diesel Powered by the Sun
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What is Biodiesel?
A renewable substitute for diesel fuel made from animal
fats or vegetable oils
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The National Biodiesel Board
Headquarters of the National Biodiesel Board
Jefferson, City Missouri
Who is the National Biodiesel Board?
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• Non-profit Trade Association for the US Biodiesel Industry
• Coordinating body for Research, Tech Development, Policy
• Founded in 1992
• Supports biodiesel from all sustainable feedstocks and a
multitude of process technologies.
Who is the National Biodiesel Board?
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Biodiesel: Advanced Biofuel, Here Now
Nationwide Production Biodiesel is produced in every region of the country.
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Biodiesel Feedstocks (EPA Approved Advanced Biofuel)
Soybean oil
Corn oil from ethanol plants
Canola
Camelina
Animal fats
Recycled grease
Waste grease
Algae
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Biodiesel defined by ASTM Specifications:
B5 and lower (ASTM D975)
B6 to B20 (ASTM D7467)
B100 (ASTM D 6751)
Common Nomenclature
B5= 5% biodiesel in diesel fuel B20= 20% biodiesel in diesel fuel
Biodiesel can be blended with diesel fuel in any ratio.
There is no “blend wall” for biodiesel.
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Sustainability Benefits of Biodiesel
• Increases Energy Security
•Supporting Jobs and Economic Benefits
•Commitment to Fuel Quality and Performance
•Real Environmental Benefits
10
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Environmental Benefits of Biodiesel
• Cleaner, Safer Diesel Exhaust Emissions
• Superior Energy Efficiency (captures solar energy)
• Lifecycle Carbon Reduction
• Nontoxic & Biodegradable
• Reduces Wastewater & Hazardous Waste Production
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Emissions Reductions
Emission Type B100 B20
Total Unburned Hydrocarbons -67% -20%
Carbon Monoxide -48% -12%
Particulate Matter
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
-47%
-80%
-12%
-13%
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX)
Ozone Potential
+10%
-50%
*0%
-10%
A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/analysis/biodsl/p02001.pdf
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THE MARTEC GROUP CONFIDENTIAL
New clean diesel engines have reduced NOx and PM emissions by more than 95% over the last 25 years.
HD Emission Standard NOx (g/bhp-hr) PM (g/bhp-hr)
1988 10.7 0.6
1998-2007 4.0 0.1
2007-2009 2.0* 0.1
2010+ 0.2 0.01
*Actual standard is NMHC*NOx with a 0.5g/bhp*hr maximum on NMHC
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
1988 1998-2007 2007-2009 2010+
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
1988 1998-2007 2007-2009 2010+
U.S. Emission Standards – Heavy Duty Trucks
98% Reduction 98% Reduction
NOx (g/bhp-hr) PM (g/bhp-hr)
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National
Average
29%
#1 State: IN
44%
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Emissions Reductions
Emission Type B100 B20
Total Unburned Hydrocarbons -67% -20%
Carbon Monoxide -48% -12%
Particulate Matter
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
-47%
-80%
-12%
-13%
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX)
Ozone Potential
+10%
-50%
*0%
-10%
A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/analysis/biodsl/p02001.pdf
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• The 1.5 billion gallons of biodiesel produced
in 2013 reduced emission by:
• PM 9,350,000 pounds
• HC 12,690,000 pounds
• CO 104,085,000 pounds
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Clean Diesel vs CNG
Vs. 2000 Diesel
Bus
Nitrogen Oxide
(NOx)
Particulate Matter (PM) Hydrocarbon (HC)
2012 Diesel Bus -94% -98% -89%
2012 CNG Bus -80% -99% -100%
2012 Clean Diesel Bus & 2012 CNG Bus Emissions Comparison To 2000 Diesel Bus
Vs. 2000 Diesel Bus Nitrogen Oxide
(NOx)
Particulate Matter (PM) Hydrocarbon (HC)
2012 Diesel -4,953 kg -275 kg -429 kg
2012 CNG -4,197 kg -279 kg -471 kg
Emissions Reductions Per 10 Replacement Buses
SOURCE: Clean Air Task Force. “Clean Diesel versus CNG Buses: Cost, Air Quality, & Climate Impacts” (2012)
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OEM Support
• All major OEMs selling diesel equipment in the U.S. support at least B5 and lower blends, provided they are made with biodiesel meeting ASTM D 6751
• Most OEMs are also recommending use of a BQ-9000 supplier • 10 new OEM statements of B20 support in 2012, 6 in 2013 • Over 78 percent of U.S. manufacturers (39 brands) support B20 or
higher blends in at least some of their equipment; • Nearly 90 percent of the medium- and heavy-duty truck markets
support B20
• For a complete listing of OEM position statements on biodiesel, as well as the current U.S. Diesel Vehicles List, visit: www.biodiesel.org/using-biodiesel/oem-information
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Performance Benefits of Biodiesel
• Yields the same kind of horsepower, torque, and performance
as diesel fuel
• Naturally Ultra-Low in Sulfur
• <15 ppm
• Enhanced Lubricity
• B5 blend restores lubricity to ULSD
• High Cetane
• 47 min., 55 common
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Environmental Benefits of Biodiesel
• Cleaner, Safer Diesel Exhaust Emissions
• Superior Energy Efficiency (captures solar energy)
• Lifecycle Carbon Reduction
• Nontoxic & Biodegradable
• Reduces Wastewater & Hazardous Waste Production
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Liquid Fuel is Stored Solar Energy Plants store energy in natural oils.
Nature has pre-assembled long carbon chains.
Annual crops concentrate energy in seed.
Animals store energy in fat.
Liquid fuels are energy-dense,
easily transported, and easily stored.
Oils release energy easily.
Biodiesel stores solar energy.
Plants recycle carbon from the air.
Hydrocarbons (H, C, & O) do not mine nutrients (N, P, & K)
from soil
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Biodiesel GHG Studies
DATE SOURCE GHG reduction
1998 USDA/NREL 78%
2008 DOE/Argonne 66-94%
2010 CARB 78%
2010 USEPA 85%
2010 DOE/Argonne 89-122%
2010 GHGenius 86%
2012 Univ. Idaho/USDA 81%
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GHG Reductions with Biodiesel Blends
•A B20 blend reduces lifecycle GHG emissions of a diesel vehicle by 16%.
•This compliments MPG, PM, and NOx improvements of new diesel vehicles.
•A B5 blend reduces lifecycle GHGs by 4%.
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Better For Your Health
• Biodiesel is:
– Nontoxic:
• LD50 =17.4 g/Kg - less toxic than table salt
• Skin irritation less than that of 4% soap and water solution
– Safer to handle: Flash point above 200 Degrees F, Non-Reactive, Non-Corrosive
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Biodiesel reduces impact to water resources
Reduces wastewater by 79%
Reduces hazardous waste by 96%
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B20 no NOx increase in 49-state USEPA Diesel
B20 no NOx increase in 2010 and later engines
B5 no NOx increase in CARB diesel
• Biodiesel use ramps up as
NOx-neutral engines replace old technology.
• Low blends in use today have no measurable NOx impact.
• Potential future NOx will be mitigated by engine technology.
Biodiesel, NOx, and California
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Biodiesel Ramp-up
0
5
10
15
20
25
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Biodiesel Blend (%)
Biodiesel Blend (%)
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Retirement of Legacy Diesel Engines (Mandated Adoption of New Technology Diesel Engines/Aftertreatment and Attrition)
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
% of On-Road Fleet with pre-2010 engine
% of Off-Road Fleet with pre-2010 Engine
#REF!
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Potential NOx increase by %
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
% of Diesel NOx
% of Total NOx
Biodiesel Blend %
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Biodiesel NOx Relative to Diesel NOx (tons per day)
0.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
800.0
1000.0
1200.0
1400.0
1600.0
1800.0
w/ Biodiesel
w/o Biodiesel
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Total NOx Statewide (tons per day)
0.0
500.0
1000.0
1500.0
2000.0
2500.0
3000.0
3500.0
w/ Biodiesel
NOx Diesel
NOx All Sources
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NOx Impact of Biodiesel in CARB diesel
• CARB mitigating NOx for future increases of biodiesel use.
• No NOx increase w/ current use of biodiesel.
• NOx issue goes away with new diesel engines.
• Combined effect of NOx and PM reduction has no measurable increase in ozone even in
South Coast.
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