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Thinking and LanguageMs. Reem Al Owaybil
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Means of Thinking:
• What is thinking?
• Words?
• Images?
• Concepts?
• Something else?
What are the components of thought?
• Thinking or Cognition refers to all the mental activity associated with: thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating.
• Cognitive psychologists study these activities including the logical and sometimes illogical ways in which we create concepts, solve problems, make decisions, and form judgments.
What are the functions of Concepts?
• To think about countless events, objects, and people in our world, we simplify things.
• We form Concepts – mental groupings of similar objects, events, and people.
• Imagine life without concepts: we would need a different name for every object and idea.
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• We form concepts by definitions: a triangle has three sides, so we there classify all three-sided geometric forms as triangles.
• However we form our concepts by developing prototypes: A mental image, or the most representative examples of a conceptual category.
• •
• Move away from our prototypes and categories may blur:
Is tomato a fruit?
Is a 17 year old female a girl or a woman?
Is a whale a fish or a mammal?
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• Because this marine animal fails to match our prototypes, we are slower at recognize it as a mammal.
• Similarity we, we are slow to perceive an illness when our symptoms don’t fit one of our disease prototypes: people whose heart attack symptoms (shortness of breath, exhaustion, a dull weight in the chest) don’t match their prototype of a heart attack (sharp chest pain) may not seek help.
• Problem Solving
• Problem Solving:• Successful problem solvers are skilled at:
• Identifying the problem• Selecting a strategy
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Selecting a Strategy
1. Algorithms
• Set of steps guaranteed to reach a solution
2. Heuristics
• Cognitive strategies used as shortcuts to solve complex mental tasks
• Do not guarantee a correct solution
Algorithms and logicAlgorithm
A problem-solving strategy guaranteed to produce a result
1. Deductive reasoning
A tool of formal logic in which a conclusion necessarily follows from a set of premises
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2.Inductive reasoning
A tool of formal logic in which a conclusion probably follows from a set of premises
Apply what you knowAll swans we have seen have been white; therefore all swans are white. All swans we have seen have been white; therefore the next swan we see will be white. This is an example of which type of reasoning?
A. Inductive
B. Deductive
Apply what you know
• All dogs are mammals. All mammals have kidneys. Therefore all dogs have kidneys. . This is an example of which type of reasoning?
A. Inductive
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B. Deductive
Example of working backward
Searching for analogies
• Shark is to ocean as...A. Dog is to jungleB. Cheese is to sandwichC. Camel is to desertD. Pen is to ink
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Language• Our spoken, written or singed words and the ways we
combined them.
• Words and grammars differ from culture to culture. But in every society, language allows people to transmit their accumulated knowledge from generation to the next.
Aspects of Language: Phonology
The structure of the sounds of the words in a language
• Phonemes
– In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
– Difference languages use difference phonemes
• French soft r’s do not exist in English
• Japanese has no r’s at all
Aspects of Language: Semantics
The meaning of a word, phrase, or sentence.
• Morphemes
– Smallest units of meaning in a language
• Semantics versus syntax
– “Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.”
– “Fastly dinner eat, ballgame soon start.”
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Aspects of Language: Grammar
• Grammar:
A system of rules, enable us to communicate with and understand others.
Language Development
• Make a quick guess:
How many words did you learn during the years between your birth and your high school graduation? The answer about 60,000 words.
How do children acquire language?
• Babies can cry from birth.
• By 1 month of age they use crying to gain attention. Parents can tell if an infant is hungry, angry or in a pain from the tone of the crying.
• Around 6-8 weeks babies begin cooing (the repletion of vowel sound such as "oo" and "ah".
• By 7 monthsof age, nervous system will mature enough to allow her to grasp objects, smile, laugh, sit up and babble. But soon, the language by parents begins to have an influence.
• At about 1 year of age, children respond to real words such as "no" or "hi".
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• Soon afterward, the first connection between words and objects forms, and children may address their parents "mama" or "dada" by age 18 months to 2 years.
*Telegraphic stage:
• Beginning at the age of 2.
• A child speaks mostly two-word statements.
• Early speech stage in which a child speaks like telegram “go car”. Using mostly verbs and nouns.
• Children who have not been exposed to either a spoken or a signed language during their early years (by about the age of 7) gradually lose their ability to master any language.
• After the window for learning language closes, even learning a second language seems more difficult.
• People who learn a second language as adults usually speaks it with the accent of their first.
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• What is the relationship between language and thinking?
Thoughts and Words
• Linguistic relativity hypothesis:
– Thoughts are shaped by language.
– The language you speak limits your thoughts.
– Mixed evidence, BUT there is a relationship between language, memory, and perception.
Language influence thinking
• To expand language is to expand the ability to think, and it is very difficult to think about certain abstract ideas (Commitment or Freedom) without language!
• And that’s why most text books use new words to teach new ideas and new way of thinking.
Thinking in images
• To turn on the cold water in your bathroom, in which direction the handle? You probably thought in words, but with procedural memory (a mental picture of how you do it).
• We often think in images.
• The Power of Imagination:
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Imagining a physical activity triggers action in the same brain areas that are triggered when actually performing the activity.
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The End