The Telecom Market and Evolution of Cellular Standards Infrastructure will support diverse range of data services Currently data usage is low Mobile telephony is much more popular than fixed systems Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa has tremendous potential

for subscription (around 17-20% currently) Subscribers do not prefer to pay more for innovative services Mobile devices evolved incrementally to support camera,

gaming, e-wallet, mp3 player Operators have diverse standards which makes subscriber’s

life difficult (e.g. call forward, voicemail) Opportunity is to have IP enabled infrastructure for all the

services Mobile devices are supporting multiple network interfaces Services bundling can be interesting from user point view IP enabled network supports all possible Multi-Media services

The Telecom Market and Evolution of Cellular Standards IP, SIP and IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) IMS control: Rules, SIP: Map, IP: Roads Multi-Vendor and Multi-Operator IMS can run

on top of diverse networks

The Telecom Market and Evolution of Cellular Standards HSPA: High Speed PAcket Access SPEED: Higher bit rates 40 / 10 Mbps Reduced delay Capacity: Targeting almost double number of VoIP users The key is that the user should be able to afford the technology in terms of

money 2Q06: Mobile phone with HSDPA with 1.8 Mbps, PC card with 3.6 Mbps 2H06: Volume handsets 3.6 Mbps 1H07: PC cards and handsets with 7.2 Mbps DL Enhanced uplink support, 1.46 Mbps GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, HSDA chipsets are lightweight WiMax (Wireless Broadband) X HSPA (Mobile Broadband) have different starting

points – different use 3G LTE (Long Term Evolution): Multiple Receivers on a mobile device 3G LTE testbed: Up to peak 100 Mbps DL and 20 Mbps UL In short: The cellular networks are going to provide substantial data rates for

DL/UL Future looks good!

Mobility Metrics to Enable Adaptive Routing in MANET (Carleton University, Canada) Mobile nodes adjusts its routing behavior individually

based on its environment to improve routing performance

Need to generalize adaptiveness in the routing protocols

Change routing params based on environment Mobility metrics: Parameters that represent current

mobility status a node can monitor: no. of link breaks, relative mobility, link duration

If every node can adjust its routing behavior based on network conditions around it, the protocol performance can be improved!

The knowledge of link breaks can be used to tune the protocol params e.g. hello interval for improved performance

Routing with uncertainty in the position of the destination (Carleton University, Canada) For position based routing algorithms What if the source is uncertain about the

position of the destination? (source may have knowledge about destination’s speed)

2 phases: Reach some node in the region Flooding is resource intensive and still does not

guarantee delivery if the node has moved outside the region

Hybrid approaches are proposed to improve delivery rate and reduce transmission cost

Multi-path routing based secure data transmission in Ad Hoc networks (Washington State Uni., VS) Detecting misbehaving nodes which ca drop

the packets going to the destination Multipath routing combined with feedback

mechanism Remove the misbehaving path from the

source’s cache Sybil attack (a node keeps multiple identities)

fails the scheme

A mobility prediction based weighted clustering algorithm using local cluster-heads election for QoS in MANETs (Univ. of Guelph, Canada) Not presented

A Fault Tolerant Routing Algorithm for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Using a Stochastic Learning Based Weak Estimation Procedure (Carleton University, Canada) Fault tolerance is important because of

adversarial conditions in MANET Use stochastic learning

Cooperative Caching with Adaptive Prefetching in MANET (University of Guelph, Canada) Caching in MANET can be used for data caching, route

caching Proposed work combines cooperative caching with

prefetching Uses clusturing architecture to reduce overhead Uses hybrid cache replacement policy Cooperative: Neighbor store items and provide them Prefetching: Proactively fetching most frequently

accessed data Increases data accessibility ratio and query delay at

lower prefetch thresholds and larger cache sizes

An Abstract Model for Supporting Interoperability in MANET (American University of Beirut, Lebanon) Consider the situation where mobile node is

facilitated with multiple network interfaces Proposes communication abstract model

supporting interoperability and coexistence between heterogeneous mobile devices

Communication service layer, capability layer, interface layer

A Tabu Search Heuristics for the Global Planning of UMTS Networks (Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada) Tabu search heuristics for global planning

problem – cell planning, access network planning, core network planning

Indoor wLAN planning with a QoS constraint based on a Markovian Performance Evaluation Model (INSA Lyon, France) Get the best possible network QoS

configuration Realistic planning solutions with limited

computational load Optimization criteria: coverage, interference

avoidance, throughput guarantee (mean available bandwidth to the user)

However, is static approach, does not take into account dynamic behavior of the users

Performance (evaluation) of multi-interface based wireless mesh backbone to support VoIP service delivery (CTTC, Spain) For 802.11 based network to provide VoIP services The available E-Model predicts the voice quality of

a phone call using transmission params to provide numerical indication of quality of a call (R-Factor)

The degradation occurs because when number of subscribers increase, the nodes compete for channel access with other nodes located beyond their transmission range, thus increasing delay

IEEE 802.11 handover assisted by GPS information (LSIIT, France) Targets the problem of link and network layer

handover when a mobile node roams through access points

Choose the closest AP based on location obtained using GPS sensing

Reduces the layer 2 and 3 handover latencies

Performance evaluation of dynamic networks using an evolving graph combinatorial model BEST STUDENT PAPER AWARD (University of Sao Paulo, Brazil) Fixed Schedule Dynamic Networks (FSDN):

MANET with predictable dynamics e.g. satellite network

Assess applicability of evolving graph theory in the construction of efficient routing protocols in realistic scenarios

Comparison of EGproto with DSDV, DSR and AODV

EGproto is most suitable for FSDNs

Resource Management for End-to-End QoS in a Mobile Environment (LaBRI Laboratory, France) Resource management for E2E QoS based on

QoS NSLP signaling aplication Use QoS NSLP messages to make reservation

in advance to reduce the impact of handover on QoS

A New SCTP mobility Scheme Supporting Vertical Handover (LARIM, Canada) Vertical handover: Across heterogeneous mobile

environments Related work on 3G/WLAN integration Use of SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol): A

mobility management for IP-based networks that focuses on the transport and session layers instead of network layer

SCTP+:

Simultaneous dynamic address reconfiguration Everything is simulated Possibly can use Arjan’s work for context detection

On Channel Selection Strategies for Multi-Channel MAC protocols in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks (University of Calgary, Canada) Multi-Hop ad-hoc networks: hidden terminal and exposed

terminal problem Multi-channel MAC protocols: Use of different channels for

different purposes Bi-Directional MC MAC protocol: Good for TCP because data

and ack can be sent over different links Problems:

Does it matter how channels are chosen? Impacts on performance

Channel selection: Random selection, lowest channel available

Soft channel: Select one used previously or use above selection

Soft channel is better: 100% TCP throughput improvement is possible with Soft Channel Reservation

Location based services and positioning methods in urban heterogeneous mobile comm networks

A Distributed Architecture for Reasoning about Higher Level Context (Dresden Univ. of Tech., Germany) Deals with higher level context Dynamics of primitive context Knowledge base, empirical ambient knowledge (EAK),

aggregators for aggregation of primitive context, composer composes higher level context information

Bayesian Composer which computes posterior probabilities in order to discriminate between various contextual states, and likelihood estimates to revise belief of EAK

Applications in Heath Care (stress level), Activity Assistance, Adaptive Multimodal Systems (which kind of user interface to use?)

Bayesian Network helps to capture higher level context even if only a subpart of its aspects could be captured

Use ontologies which are application specific

A Media Access Protocol for Proactive Information Discovery in Ubiquitous Networks (Univ. of Tokyo, Japan) A node selects an adequate broadcast rate considering

the network topology to deal with collision problems Fame size in the Framed Aloha has a tradeoff of

delivery time and collision Discovery time represents time required to discover

neighbors with some probability Example of service discovery is shop discount

application in which devices in shops provide discount information

Frame size is selected adaptively after considering the requirements of the discovery time (e.g. 4 secs)

Indexing Mobile Objects: A strategy for supporting Dynamic Channel Allocation in Cellular Networks (Univ. of Fortaleza, Brazil)

A Hybrid Model of Context-Aware Service Provisioning Implemented on Smart Phones (Helsinki Institute of Info. Tech., Finland) Services are scattered in the network, no complete

access to user’s context and recommendations are important

Services can be centralized or distributed (P2P) Hybrid model is service generated but user annotated In Hybrid model, service selection is based on service

annotation (recommendation by user) which is linked to the service

Implementation: for guided sailing in the area full of islands

Real trial with 9 sailboats, 28 participants Nokia 6630 + BT-GPS device

Technical problems due to 2G/3G handovers and GPS device disconnections

Wireless Web Services Using Mobile Agents and Ontologies (University of Athens, Greece) Use of mobile agents to find the services from the service registry Users invoke a set of services with only one interaction with the fixed

network User off-line operation MA is user representative in the fixed network Moves, finds, executes SWS and deliver results to the user RSA is Registry Stationary Agent and acts as a broker between PSA resides in the host offering service WSP (Web Service Provider) provides service expressed in WSDL and

OWL-S Performance evaluation has been done for various systems

Conventional WS business model MA framework with stationary agents w/o agents Hybrid

MA cloning has also been considered

Generating and Supporting Dynamic Heterogeneous MAS (Monash University, Australia) Run time support is an important element of any MASs Planning is based on the mission Plan is a Directed Acyclic Graph based on Task Decomposition Graph

(TDG) Intermediate nodes of TDG are compound tasks Leaves of TDG are primitive tasks Build the plan top-down and execute bottom-up Mission is a tuple (o, P, A, Z) Plan’s structure is dynamic and evolving as the mission is executed Mission execution history is captured and preserved

To suspend and resume mission execution Extensive performance evaluation has been done MAs can be interfaced with Web Services where MAs execute web

services locally on the servers they visit

An Agile Vertical Handoff Scheme for Heterogeneous Networks (National Chung Hsig University, Taiwan) How to achieve seamless vertical handoff? How to pass NAT gateway and adapt TCP behavior? Multiple communication networks Vertical handoff is in heterogeneous networks (e.g. wireless

LAN to 3G) Previous approaches include using Mobile IP with m/cast, COA

is changed to m/cast address In NAT, the problem is that the comm. Must be initiated by

private n/w Vertical hand-off does not work in case of IP address change Solution is to use old IP address? (what happens when new IP

address is assigned?) Use of Contention window size for TCP adaptation Implementation in Linux – changes to communication

manager

Introducing Reliability and Load balancing in Home Link of Mobile IPv6 Based Networks (Southern Methodist Univ. USA) In addition to Mobile IPv4, Mobile IPv6 allows multiple HA in

home network Problem TBA is what happens one of the HA fails in IPv6 and

home link fails? Introduced VHA Reliability P on top of which V Ho Link and V

Ho Network Protocols All home Agents have one global IP Address which is resolved

to one of the HAs Every HA is active, backup or inactive Use of Heart Beats to detect failure Use of multiple links for fault tolerance Simulation using OPNET

Modeling and Using Context in Adapting Applications to Pervasive Environments (LIRIS-INSA, France) Context is set of external parameters (only for legacy applications,

depends whether to interpret external or internal) that modify the behavior of application by defining new views on its data and services

SECAS Architecture takes care of capturing, disseminating and adapting to the context

Context (subject, predicate, value, time, certainty) Intelligent and semantic processing is handled by ontologies High level context is reasoned from low level context Functional model of application is application service description +

service description Initial functional model is adapted based on context information Adaptation rules are defined for adaptation action

Pairs (context situation + adaptation action) Implementation for healthcare domain Future work on content adaptation module and UI adaptation module

A Scalable Execution Control Method for Context-dependent Services (NTT DoCoMo, Japan) Context dependent services: Recommendation services, child surveillance,

healthcare service, friend-finder service In case of large number of services, context needs to be gathered from various

sources Components for context acquisition (e.g. cell phones with GPS device) Context collection Service has execution conditions based on collected context Determination of execution: calculate expected utility and choose one with

higher EU Utility: Effect of execution/non-execution for the user

The time at which execution condition is likely to be satisfied is anticipated Predict context values Utility in the future can be estimated using predicted values

Use Bayesian networks for probability Can be used for MSP in proactive adaptation Simulation for restaurant recommendation system where user is looking for the

restaurant within particular area The services provide the recommendation for the particular instance Gather context when service execution condition is about to be satisfied –

context is location of the user and availability of tables

Situation Awareness: Dealing with Vague Context (University of Athens, Greece) Situation: logically interrelated context Proposed context model deals with inexact situation determination

through Fuzzy Inference rules Situation awareness: Reasoning (Determination) and Activation Situation are modeled using Ontologies: Similar situations means

similar contexts from specific ontologies Resoner selects most similar situation SMax, each situation that

subsumes SMax, each situation compatible with SMax, each situation maximizing similarity function

Uncertain decision is taken close to ‘notification’ boundaries Fuzzy rules to decide whether to perform a specific task based on the

current user situation Ontologies used: IEEE SUO, GUMO< FOAF< FIPA< DAML-Time/Time

Entry Racer and Fuzzy Jess for reasoning

Granular Best Match Algorithm for Context-Aware Computing Systems (Middle East Technical University, Turkey) Dealing with the multi-granular and fuzzy context information Matching: Pattern matching, string match, fuzzy and app. match Context matching issues: Provided context vs. desired context, unique

characteristics of contextual information, different abstraction levels, uncertainty, different representations

Granular best match: proposed for subjective, fuzzy, multi-granular and multi-dimensional characteristics of context information Use of weight and threshold parameters for matching Weight specifies the importance from the user point of view, threshold

specifies the triggering criteria Implementation Using CA Personal Reminder Agent tool (Location,

Time, People, Activity, Aggregate) Scenario 1: Context history search from previously recorded contexts Scenario 2: Reminder creation (Remind for purchasing gift when I am not

busy and near shopping center)

Personalizing Pervasive Services on Top of Heterogeneous Networks (University of Exeter, UK) DAIDALOS project to provide a universal and

open service platform to offer pervasive services to application developers in a transparent way

User preferences are non-logic based (attribute/value), modeled using ontologies

Targeted for service composition, QoS configuration, and privacy consideration

In QoS: User changes the session from terminal A to B results in session transfer, QoS adaptation

Designing Pervasive Services for Physical Hypermedia (Universite de Lyon, France) Physical Hypermedia: Organizing Collections of Mixed

Physical and Digital Material (e.g. building supplemented by web pages)

Hypermedia: A database format similar to hypertext in which text, sound, or video images related to that on a display can be accessed directly from the display

Design and implementation of a software substrate for pervasive applications in physical hypermedia

Prototype: Extension of SOA for location aware applications with the notion of navigation activity (Navigation Aware Services)

Stream Processing in Networks of Smart Environments (Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany) Business apps aim to integrate data for smart

devices (sensors) which have properties of data streams

For sensors, communicating is much more energy consuming than calculations

The problem of determining stream window size is NP hard

Solved using GA Optimization params: Message delay, value

based errors, node specific energy consumption

An Affinity-driven Clustering Approach for Service Discovery and Composition for Pervasive Computing (Univ. of Belfort-Montbeliard, France) Adaptive Servers/Client paradigm (service goes

to client) and Spontaneous Service Emergence paradigm have emerged over the current CS paradigm

Objective is to take a Self-Organizing approach to Service Discovery and Composition

Self organizing approach: nodes can establish relationships between them based on their affinity

Affinity values can be adjusted run-time Equation calculates affinity between nodes

Rule Based Approach Towards Context-Aware User Notification Service (Fraunhofer Institute, Germany) Notification service should provide unified way

to notify the changes in the environment ANS – Awareness and Notification Service

Rule based approach Enables users to state what they are interested in ANS consists of Knowledge repository, Notification

Profile Manager, Rule Engine, Notifier ANS rule language consists of: Clause and Semantics

e.g. Upon leaveRoom() When IsOnline() Do Notify()

Building Mobile Augmented Reality Services in Pervasive Computing Environments (Waseda University, Japan) Too many appliances with control panels, and

remote controls Tangible UIs and Universal Remote Controllers

have been proposed Vidgets: To control home appliances using

PDA like devices Mobile code: Download controlling s/w automatically Deal with search, select and use appliances which

have sensors

A Service Provisioning System for Distributed Personalization with Private Data Protection (NTT DoCoMo, Japan) Service behavior adapts according to various

data however data can not be accessed (privacy problem)

User’s private data - > Rule calculation -> Service execution

Scenario on restaurant selection based on user preferences (e.g. type of restaurant, budget)

Using A 2D Colorized Barcode Solution for Authentication in Pervasive Computing (William Claycomb, New Mexico Tech, USA) The problem is how to exchange information securely? Ubicode: Using digital camera to capture an image of

tag and decode information within Improvement: Expand Barcode capacity by adding color The tag has details of Network address, hash of host’s

public key Mobile takes a picture of visual tag, extracts net.

Address and requests host’ public key Verification of public key using Hash code in the tag 1584 images tested

ARPM: An Adaptive Routing Protocol for MANETs (University Claude Bernard Lyon, France) Adapts the routing process to the mobility of

nodes A node perception of the topological changes

is measured by the neighborhood change

Mobile Personal Agents for Smart Spaces (University of Alcala, Spain) Smart env. Uses sensors SETH: Smart EnvironmenT Hierarchy is a hierarchy of

smart spaces (e.g. City -> Home -> Car) SETH devices: Devices w/o and with Agents Identification and Personal devices Device, System, Service and Personal Agents PA uses Context Agents and Service Agents PA migrates whenever and wherever user requests

service Assumes that there are no personal devices

Predictive Mobility Models based on Kth Markov Models (University of Franche-Comte, France) Markov Models have been used previously to

mobility predictions Threshold is used to determine for the

selection of state and it can trigger complete or partial handoff

Mobile Environmental Knowledge Assistant (INSA Lyon, France) Each player in mobile environment is as agent Agent consists of knowledge represented by

ontology and a decision mechanism (associated to utility function)

Agents create community and other agents can participate in the community

User devices are personal agents while sensors are context agents e.g. foot pressure sensor is context agent while personal assistant of traveler is personal agent

A flexible and extensible component-oriented middleware for creating CA applications in Java (Catholic Univ. of Minas Gerais, Brazil) Not presented

A Client Side Architecture for Supporting Pervasive Enterprise Communications (Vanderbit University, Avaya Labs, USA) Business processes need to communicate with people

and connect people with each other HERMES middleware connect the people at right time

with the right communication media User presence, communication activity, communication

device characteristics are important context, nature of request, enterprise/personal rules/policies are other factors

Client side should take care of application user dialogues, session management and transparency

Multimodal interfaces are being considered e.g. mobile phones

Adaptation Methodology for the Deployment of Mobile Component based Applications (INT, France) Mobile devices are subject to communication and computation context changes

which results in repetitive deployment tasks Deployment params are application architecture, placement of each

component, component implementation, property values Vary deployment params according to the context information Adaptation rule are association between context constraint to parameter Properties’ adaptation rules are for functional and non-functional properties Application level rules specify variability of app. architecture according to

context and complete component level rules that depend on the application semantics

Obligatory and optional components/connections – optional require specification of context constraints

Consistency check on the application rules Deployment adaptation

Collect context, filter context, extract deployment adaptation rules Check the existence of the component Determine connections between components Use generic algorithm for the placement and implementation of components

CCM is used for implementation OpenCCM is for applications while OSGI is for services

COCOA: Conversation based Service Composition for Pervasive Computing Environments (INRIA, France) Adaptive application which streams between two different

media based on context information (on the fly service composition)

Work done for Semantic Web Services OWL-S based model for services and tasks Service discovery semantically matches service requested

capability and service advertised capability Service composition is mapped with Finite State Automata Different environments may have different number of

services contributing to the composition Part of AMIGO project Conversation is Workflow e.g. travel service require a

sequence of services

Taxonomy Caching: A Scalable Low-Cost Mechanism for Indexing Remote Contents in P2P Systems (NTNU, Norway) Describe contents according to taxonomy Taxonomy info is cached at peers The content of a peer are expressed using taxonomy Remote peers maintain a taxonomy overview instead of

detailed indexing information Use cached taxonomy overview to route queries to

appropriate peers to reduce latency and find relevant data

Distributing taxonomic information is done by basic mechanism e.g. piggyback matching category with query result or lazy distribution by gossiping

Future work is employing techniques for XML/XPath querying in P2P

Designing a Publish-Subscribe Substrate for Privacy/Security in Pervasive Environments (Miami University, USA) Content based publish subscribe Problem of authorization, access control Use of policy language based on KeyNote trust

management system (sample rules contain Authorizer, Licensees, Conditions)

Actions are authenticate, advertise, publish, subscribe etc.

Environment dependent sharing and privacy protected access to services

On Existence Proofs for Multiple RFID tags (University of Florida, USA) RFID is replacement for Bar Codes Problem is presence of same RFID tags at the

same place at same time ‘Yoking Proofs’ exist ????

Towards Autonomic Residential Gateways (Grenoble University, France) Home automation provides comfort, security,

healthcare etc. but require security, scalability, heterogeneity, flexibility, dynamism, autonomy (self managing, the last step is to contact human user)

Residential gateway follows principles of SOA, hosts services, coordinate and control devices

Work in progress..!

Resurrection: A platform for spontaneously Generating and Managing Proximity Documents (INSA Lyon, France) Portable devices + Documents Many people take notes of the meeting

(document) A dynamic document embeds and provides

functions allowing automatic assess and modification of the document data

Resurrection management service manages the creation and destruction of documents

Use of OSGI for service deployment and UPnP for service discovery

An Approach for Configuring Ontology Based Application Context Model (SW Robot Research Lab, ETRI, Korea) Problem: IS it possible to support all

ubiquitous applications which use context? Application context model as Instance layer,

Domain ontology layer, Common ontology layer, Stored vocabulary layer

The presentation was not very clear and seem not to meet the claim made in the paper

Ontology-Based Context-Aware Service Discovery for Pervasive Environments (Amigo)

Semantic-Based Context-Aware Service Discovery in Pervasive-Computing Environments (University of Waterloo, Canada) Work for web services Parse request and expand it (reasoning) Retrieve user’s contextual information Construct SPARQL query to find matching services Rank matching services

Pervasive spontaneous composition (France Telecom, France) Pervasive Service Oriented Middleware

Adapt to dynamic service availability Adapt to service discovery protocol multiplicity Make the use of local and distant services

transparent (priority of local binding) Technological choices

OSGI

DSCL: A Language to support Dynamic Service Composition (Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany) Dynamic Service Composition

With respect to availability of services Usage of equivalent services DSCL refers to other services

Context-Awareness Instantiation according to the situation Selection of services based on the user‘s context DSCL describes context

Personalization Selection of services based on user preferences Composition based on user preferences DSCL supports defining objective function

Instantiable composition of services in a home environment (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium) Instantiable composition

Devices / services belong to class Cameras, monitors, MP3 players Do not associate a composition to specific

devices Associate composition to class of devices Instantiate composition at runtime

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