A Detailed Diagram of Glycolysis

Carbohydrate metabolismConversion of glucose to carbon dioxide and water.

Glycolysis- a universal pathway for energy generation•Occurs in the cell cytoplasm •Anaerobic- does not require oxygen

Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi ----->

2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+

Fermentation•NAD+ is limiting, complete conversion to NADH stops glycolysis. •In the absence of oxygen, two reactions can regenerate NAD+, allowing anaerobic glycolysis to continue producing ATP.

Cellular respiration (aerobic)

•Citric acid cycle (Kreb's cycle) •Cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. •Reactions of glycolysis plus the citric acid cycle.•Fats and amino acids can also be converted to acetyl CoA and are metabolized in this cycle.

Citric Acid Cycle, Aerobic Metabolism

Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA, generation of carbon dioxide and NADH

Oxidation of remaining Carbons and generation of electron carriers NADH and FADH2

Pentose Phosphate PathwayOverall Reaction for the Pathway3 Glucose-6-Phosphate + 6 NADP+ + 3 H2O--->2 Fructose-6-Phosphate + Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate + 6 NADPH + 6 H+ + 3 CO2

Glucose-6-phosphate

6-Phosphogluconolactone

6-Phosphogluconate

Ribulose-5-phosphate

+

Xylulose-5-phosphate + Ribose-5-phosphate

+

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + Sedoheptulose-7-phosphate

Erythrose-4-phosphate + Fructose-6-phosphate

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + Fructose-6-phosphate

Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation

•Inner membrane of the mitochondria contains an electron transport system.

Electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the protein complexes, and cause protons to be pumped from the matrix to the inner membrane space.

ATP synthetase, a protein complex of the inner membrane, uses the potential energy of the proton gradient to synthesize ATP.

Various kinds of oligosaccharides

Properties of oligosaccharides.

植物に対するオリゴ糖のシグナル機能

オリゴ糖エリシターによる植物生体防御系の調節

オリゴサッカリンと分化誘導

Fig. Structure of oligogalacturonide

キシログルカンオリゴ糖による成長調節

オリゴ糖シグナル受容体

Microbial elicitors of plant defense responses

オリゴ糖によるシグナル伝達、遺伝子発現調節