fINSIDE

2 Leptoquarks

4 Shirley Jackson talk

5 Business Systems

6 CMS Review

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By Katherine Arnold, Office of Public AffairsIt’s a fairly typical Monday in the control

room of Experiment 815. In the morning thebeam goes down for several hours for Boosterrepair, allowing Bob Bernstein, Fermilabphysicist and spokesman for E815, to take abreak from his shift and make a new shiftschedule. By afternoon, however, the beam isback, and Bernstein looks intently at more thana dozen monitors and a number of datarecorders, checking for any problems.

Bernstein sips his fourth double espresso ofthe day and looks quickly from monitor tomonitor, checking beam intensity, detectorefficiency, temperatures, voltages and searching continued on page 8

Volume 20 Friday, June 20, 1997 Number 12

A Day in the Life of NuTeV Fixed-target experiment 815 searches for Standard Model fundamentals.

Bob Bernstein, right, and Sergey Avvakumov, from the University of Rochester, in the NuTev hall.

for anything that could possibly go wrong. Hespots a data point on a histogram that concernshim—something appears to be off in one ofthe calorimeters. He writes the problem downin the logbook so the equipment can be closelyexamined the next time the beam is down.

“Other than that, everything is runningsmoothly,” Bernstein says.

He heads toward the detector, passing ahandful of physicists and graduate studentsintently analyzing data or working on software.The spokesman walks past two well-used

Heidi Schellman (left)and Lucy deBarbaro,from NorthwesternUniversity, and BobBernstein watch themonitors in the E815control room.

Was that a leptoquark? Probably not, say Fermilab physicists.

By Judy Jackson, Office of Public AffairsNews travels fast in the major leagues of

international high-energy physics, so whenscientists working on two experiments atHamburg’s Deutches Elektronen-Synchrotron found an unexpected bumpin the graphs describing data fromparticle collisions at their proton-positron collider last winter, thefield was soon abuzz. Was DESYseeing the first signs of an exoticnew particle called a leptoquark? If so, the science of fundamentalparticle physics would be a whole new ballgame.

A generation of particlephysicists has grown up within thefriendly confines of the Standard Modelof Particle Interactions. Its comfortabletheoretical framework describes withexquisite precision the results of 30 years ofexperiments aimed at answering the question“What are the fundamental building blocks ofthe universe, and how do they interact?”

Yet few particle physicists believe theStandard Model represents the full scorecard ofelementary particles. It leaves unexplained, forexample, the great differences in the particles’masses. Many theorists predict that there mustbe physics beyond the Standard Model—physics that requires the existence of new,undiscovered particles. Finding one of thesenew particles would be a revolutionarydiscovery. Did the bump in their data mean theDESY scientists had hit one out of the StandardModel ballpark?

The Standard Model sorts the knownfundamental particles into leptons, like theelectron, and quarks, the components ofprotons and neutrons. Atoms are made ofelectrons surrounding a nucleus, which is madeof neutrons and protons, which are in turnmade of quarks. The quarks differ from theleptons by feeling the nuclear, or strong, force.

Physicists have discovered six types ofquarks and six leptons, but they do not yetunderstand why there are six of each, nor whythey seem to form three groups, or“generations.” In trying to organize the quarksand leptons into a unified framework, sometheorists have proposed the existence of anexotic, heavy particle, the leptoquark, with theproperties of both leptons and quarks.

The Particle Scorecard

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The theoretical particle called theleptoquark would share characteristics of both leptons andquarks. University ofChicago physicist andCDF collaborator HenryFrisch, below, compares it to the armadillo inKipling’s Just-So Stories.In the story, thearmadillo resulted from the exchange ofcharacteristics betweenthe tortoise and thehedgehog, a processshown in Kipling’sillustration at right.

University of Chicago physicist and CDFcollaborator Henry Frisch compares the theoryof the leptoquark to Kipling’s Just-So Story ofthe armadillo’s creation by an exchange ofcharacteristics between the tortoise and thehedgehog. Just so, says Frisch, the leptoquarkwould have the fundamental characteristics ofboth a lepton and a quark. If they should proveto exist, leptoquarks would introduce apreviously unknown interaction betweenleptons and quarks, and perhaps help to explainwhy there are exactly six types of each.

When the scientists at DESY describedtheir surprising collider results in a February1997 news conference, they chose their wordscautiously. They described an unexpectedexcess—the bump—in the number of violentcollisions detected in a region that wouldcorrespond to a particle mass of about 200GeV/c2. (For reference, a proton has a mass ofabout 1 GeV/c2.) One explanation for such anexcess could be the appearance of a leptoquark,flashing into momentary existence beforeinstantly decaying back into a positron and aquark. However, the DESY physicists werecareful to say that leptoquarks were just onepossible explanation for their results.

“HERA did a very nice and fair job ofannouncing their results,” said Fermilab

physicist and DZero collaborator GregLandsberg. “They didn’t make any strongclaims but merely notified us of possibleexplanations.”

Because leptoquarks allow a directinteraction between leptons and quarks, it isnatural to search for them in lepton-quarkcollisions like those occurring in DESY’spositron-proton collider. But DESY’s is not theonly leptoquark game in town. If they exist,leptoquarks could also be produced in proton-antiproton collisions in Fermilab’s Tevatron.

Two Fermilab experimental teams, CDFand DZero, have recently carried out searchesfor leptoquarks using the data from TevatronCollider Run I, from 1992 to 1996. Perhaps,experimenters thought, the Tevatron datawould reveal signs of the exotic particle.However, leptoquarks did not appear.

Since they find no evidence forleptoquarks, the Fermilab experimenters can setbounds on the rates at which such particlescould be produced in proton-antiprotonTevatron collisions. (If the particles wereproduced at rates above these bounds,experimenters would almost certainly detectthem.) The production rate is related to themass of the particles—it is harder to make aheavy particle than a light one. Thus physicistscan use the experimentally determined boundsto set lower limits on the possible masses ofleptoquarks.

Using these methods, CDF and DZerohave recently announced new mass limits forthe first-generation leptoquark. (If leptoquarksexist, theorists predict they will come in threegenerations, like the quarks and leptons.Although proton-antiproton collisions at theTevatron could produce leptoquarks of all threegenerations, DESY’s proton-positronaccelerator could produce only first-generation,or electron-type, leptoquarks.)

On May 13, at a conference at VanderbiltUniversity, CDF collaborator and University ofChicago physicist Carla Grosso-Pilcherannounced CDF results indicating thatleptoquarks are unlikely to exist with a mass ofless than 210 GeV/c2, if they decay in thepattern described at DESY. And on June 6 at aFermilab seminar, the DZero collaborationannounced a still higher minimum leptoquarkmass limit of 225 GeV/c2 for leptoquarks withthis decay mode.

“The nice thing about these limits,” saidLandsberg, who presented DZero’s latestresults, “is that they have very small sensitivityto theoretical models. Whichever leptoquarkmodel we choose, these limits hold up.”

Both collaborations also announced new

mass limits for leptoquarks that decay via asecond possible mode.

“Combining the two experiments’ newlydetermined limits will require experts from theDZero and CDF collaborations to understandthe correlations between the two experiments’errors,” said DZero physicist Boaz Klima.“However, an unofficial estimate would be thatthe combined limits for the pure electron-quarkdecay of first-generation leptoquarks should riseto about 240 GeV/c2.”

The new mass limits from the Tevatronappear to rule out a leptoquark explanation forthe DESY bump.

“The Fermilab results do not mean thatthe DESY results are wrong,” CDF’s Frischsaid. “They just mean that whatever they saw, ifit is something new, it’s not a leptoquark, atleast not within the simplest models. Otherpossible explanations are either somecombination of a statistical fluctuation with animperfect understanding of the Standard Modelpredictions at these large masses, or, moreexciting, some other new particle.”

For the time being, then, it’s back to theStandard Model. Physicists must trade visionsof leptoquarks for real-world leptons andquarks—and unknown particles to be namedlater. But even now, scientists at DESY aretaking more data, and Fermilab is building abetter accelerator and upgrading the CDF andDZero detectors. As they say in the friendlyconfines of Chicago’s Wrigley Field, “Wait ‘til next year!” ■

Fermilab physicist andDZero collaborator GregLandsberg announced a new lower limit for theleptoquark’s mass at aJune 6 Fermilab seminar.

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by Katherine Arnold, Office of Public Affairs

Of the thousands of scientists andstudents that come and go from FermiNational Accelerator Laboratory, the Labhopes to leave its mark on all of them.Noted on that list is Shirley Ann Jackson,now the chairman of the NuclearRegulatory Commission. Jackson, whospent two years at Fermilab after earningher Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Instituteof Technology, recently returned to herpostdoc stomping grounds in her new role,to address a crowd of scientists.

Jackson, speaking as part of thecolloquium program, focused herdiscussion on the technical challengesfacing the NRC, including the future ofthe nuclear power industry.

“The plants we have are aging,”Jackson said. “Many of them are primarily1960s and 1970s vintage. …Another big issue has to do with theproper storage and disposition of nuclearwaste, particularly spent fuel. Spent fueland [electric utilities] restructuring willhave the biggest impact on the future ofthe nuclear industry.”

She said there are currently 110nuclear reactors licensed to operate in theUnited States, and the NRC’s function intheir operation is to review licensing,design and construction of the variousnuclear facilities. The NRC recently gaveits highest level of design approval to whatJackson described as the “next generation”of nuclear reactors, the GE Nuclear EnergyAdvanced Boiling Water Reactor and theABB-Combustion Engineering System 80+design.

A Foundation in ResearchJackson’s history as a researcher and

an educator leaves her well-suited tohandle such compelling matters. She assumed her post as chairman in May 1995. Before her presidentialappointment, she was a physics professor atRutgers University. Jackson was the first

NRC Chairman DiscussesTechnical Challenges for the CommissionShirley Ann Jackson, former member of Fermilab’s theory group,returns to Batavia for colloquium.

African-American woman to receive adoctoral degree from MIT, and is the firstAfrican-American to be appointedchairman of the NRC.

“I think my experience can showpeople that there are women who comefrom scientific and technical backgroundsthat can have successful careers,” Jackson said.

Her technical career includes two yearsat Fermilab, 1973 to 1974 and 1975 to1976, split by a year of research at CERN,the European Laboratory for ParticlePhysics. Jackson worked in the theorygroup studying what was then calledstrong interaction physics, specificallymultiperipheral models.

After leaving Fermilab, she conductedresearch at AT&T Bell Laboratories from1976 to 1991 on topics ranging fromcharge density waves in layered compoundsto channeling heavy ions in solids.

“[My years at Fermilab] launched myresearch career. It was my first post-Ph.D.job, and it really introduced me to theworld of research at a high level,” Jackson said.

Jackson also said laboratories likeFermilab play an important role in nationalresearch efforts.

“First of all, these labs are a repositoryof expertise at a high level that I think isuseful to maintain in a country like ours,”she said. “The second part is that they arehome to very unique facilities that servelarge user communities that allow manypeople to do research at a high level.”

Chris Quigg, a physicist in the theorygroup at Fermilab, worked with Jackson inthe 1970s, during what he called a time of“pioneer spirit.” He said Jackson was herewhen particle physics was changingdramatically, creating a challengingenvironment and a source of inspiration.

“She coped well with the balancebetween being a scientist like everybodyelse and taking advantage of the oppor-tunities for creative public service,” he said.

It’s a balance that Jackson said shelooks forward to each day.

“The number and extent of technicalpolicy and managerial policies continue toamaze me. I’m surprised at how much Ienjoy [being chairman],” Jackson said. ■

Some members of Fermilab’s theory group in 1974. From left to right: Benjamin Lee, Mary K. Gaillard, Shirley Ann Jackson and Tony Pagnamenta.

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Getting Down to the Science of BusinessThe Business Systems Group at Fermilab is set to complete the final phase of a five-year project to modernize financial software and hardware.

by Donald Sena, Office of Public AffairsAt a place like Fermi National Accelerator

Laboratory, the hope for new insight andadvancement in the field often rests on thedevelopment and implementation of new andbetter tools. That basic tenet of particle physicsalso applies to the science of doing business.

Within the next few weeks, theLaboratory’s Business Systems Group willcomplete the final phase of a five-year project to

upgrade software and hardware essential toFermilab’s financial management responsibilities.The systems that the group has overhauledinclude the general ledger, payroll, accountspayable, shipping and receiving and the oldpaper–heavy requisition process.

“The work we have done over the last fiveyears replaces all of the hardware, applicationsoftware, networks and databases that were usedto run the business processes here at the Lab forthe last 25 years,” said Richard Karuhn,manager of the Business Systems Group.

He added that the new systems support theLab’s mission by providing a reliable businessenvironment for keeping employees and vendorspaid, alleviating requisition bottlenecks andintegrating processes that share similar data.Moreover, Karuhn said the hardware andsoftware his team implemented will saveFermilab money by increasing efficiency in allbusiness dealings.

Out with the Old...For nearly a quarter century, Fermilab used

software running on an IBM 4381 mainframecomputer—state-of-the-art in its day, but clunkyby modern standards. Most of the computerprograms were “homegrown” and laborintensive to maintain and enhance. This forcedFermilab to rely on a select group of employeesfor maintenance and repair and limited theability to consult with outside supporters on thesoftware. Furthermore, at the end of 1993,IBM discontinued support for the operatingsystem software Fermilab used to run the 4381,putting the Lab at risk for the last three-and-one-half years.

Through the years, the business team mademostly Band-Aid-type repairs, fixing glitches asthey happened, but unable to anticipateproblems or repair entire processes. Karuhn alsosaid the business systems were burdened with“data redundancy.” The situation created aninteresting dichotomy at the Lab, with physicsresearch at the forefront of its field and anobsolete business system infrastructure.

“The preamble here is that the organizationhad some serious exposures,” said Karuhn.

...In with the NewIn the early 1990s, Fermilab hired Karuhn

along with a team of consultants to improve theLab’s business systems and processes. The teamfirst improved the financial systems and generalledger, selecting standard commercial software,which allowed for better support and periodicupgrades. The general ledger includesbudgeting, indirect cost allocation and DOEreporting, among other tasks. The Oraclesoftware, running on Digital Equipmenthardware, went on-line in October 1994.

Phase II, a revamped payroll and humanresources systems, came up in May 1996, usinga standard PeopleSoft application. This systemkeeps payroll running reliably, serving every Labemployee.

On June 1, 1997, the Business SystemsGroup, in conjunction with more than 100 Labemployees spanning every division and section,integrated the new Materials Management

Members of theBusiness SystemsManagementCommittee with the old IBM mainframecomputers. From left to right, Dan Freda,Colleen Farrell, MelissaOlufs, ShannonMahoney, RichardKaruhn and MikeLazarski. Robb Broomeis not pictured.

continued on page 10

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in the U.S. These physicists and their studentsare responsible for building major parts of thedetector, including the endcap muon chambers,the hadron calorimeter and the trigger/dataacquisition system. Since the U.S. team’sinception, Dan Green, a Fermilab physicist, hasserved as collaboration spokesperson for USCMS, while also assuming duties as CMSproject manager for the hadron calorimeter andserving as DOE liaison.

John Womersley of Fermilab, as part of hispresentation to the review committee on thephysics goals of CMS, said the LHC and itsdetectors will allow physicists to stretch theboundaries of the current theory of matter andenergy, while also probing for physics beyondthe Standard Model. One goal of the LHC andits detectors is the search for electroweaksymmetry breaking and the putative Higgsboson. The two collaborations would also carryout the experimental exploration of the theory

by Donald Sena, Office of Public AffairsIn an extensive U.S. Department of Energy

project review, DOE’s Dan Lehman and a teamof expert consultants studied technical andmanagement parameters and gauged progressof the United States’ contribution to theconstruction of the Compact Muon Solenoid.The CMS is one of the two general-purposedetectors that will record results of particlecollisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC),the particle accelerator now being built atCERN, the European Laboratory for ParticlePhysics.

While commending scientists for technicaldevelopments on the complex detector, thereview team recommended improvements inthe management structure of the US CMSproject, calling for more stringent lineresponsibility and Fermilab oversight to keepthe project moving forward.

“Although impressed with the technicalprogress of the project, the committeerecommended changes in the plan formanaging technical performance, cost andschedule for this project,” said Dennis Theriot,chair of the CMS management subcommitteeand a 17-year veteran of DOE reviews.

CMS organization and physicsAfter 2005, when the first particles

circulate around the 27-kilometer LHCaccelerator, the energy frontier will move fromFermilab to the Swiss–French border. ManyAmerican physicists say U.S. participation in theconstruction of the LHC and its detectors isvital for the health of the U.S. high–energyphysics program. Helping to build the LHCand its detectors will advance critical U.S.technology. When the new accelerator beginsoperating, it will represent the only opportunityfor U.S. physicists and students to work at theenergy frontier.

The entire CMS collaboration consists ofmore than 1,400 scientists from 138institutions in 30 countries. Fermilab is the hostlaboratory for the US CMS collaboration,comprising 327 scientists from 39 institutions

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DOE Reviews U.S. Effort on CERN DetectorLehman review team commends technical progress, recommends management changes.

Don Reeder, chair of theUS CMS collaborationboard, presenting thedetector design at thereview.

DOE’s Dan Lehman withCMS Deputy SpokesmanT.S. Virdee, center, andUS CMS collaborationspokesman Dan Green,right.

of supersymmetry, a theory that assigns everyelementary particle a super partner, or sparticle,which would double the particle spectrum asscientists now know it. Last, Womersley saidthe detectors need to be ready for theunexpected.

“We don’t know what we may find, so weneed our detectors to be versatile and generalpurpose,” Womersley said.

Extensive review for a large project

CERN scientist T.S. Virdee, deputyspokesman for CMS, said the U.S. contingentis a vital part of the detector developmentembedded in the larger internationalcollaboration.

Don Reeder, board chair for the US CMScollaboration, said the CMS effort in the U.S.is comparable in complexity and cost to thecombined upgrades of CDF and DZero,Fermilab’s two collider detectors. The detectorconstruction for the U.S. group will cost $168million over eight years, making the US CMSeffort larger than any detector project yetcompleted by U.S. high-energy physicists.Moreover, there is a congressionally mandatedcap on funding for the project, requiringmanagers to be especially prudent in managingscope, costs and progress.

All of these factors led to a large DOEreview team and scope. DOE convened 35reviewers from about 15 institutions around thecountry, whereas a typical review team consistsof five or six consultants. The reviewers, whospent four days at Fermilab, split into sixsubcommittees to learn of progress and plansand to make recommendations. The daysended with executive sessions on both thesubcommittee and full committee levels. Five ofthe six subcommittees studied technical aspectsof the detector, including the end cap muonsystem; the hadron calorimeter; the trigger,data acquisition and on-line computing system;the electromagnetic calorimeter and thetracking system. The last subcommittee, led byTheriot, reviewed common projects, cost,schedule and project management.

RecommendationsReviewers praised the collaboration for its

technical achievements. Theriot said one majorfinding of the review was that the consultantsidentified no major technical obstacles, addingthat ideas and plans for the detectorcomponents and subsystems stretched theboundaries of technology but were stillachievable.

However, the proposed management ofUS CMS engendered several recommendationsfor improvement. According to a consultant,

the DOE review team advised establishing aclear line of authority that begins with the twofunding organizations, DOE and the NationalScience Foundation, through Fermilabmanagement to the US CMS project managerand the second-level managers.

“The US CMS collaboration, as aninstitution, cannot be vested with linemanagement authority,” one reviewer said for this article.

The US CMS project manager and theLaboratory must hold that responsibility,according to the reviewer.

The reviewers also recommendedseparating the project manager and U.S.collaboration spokesperson roles, saying acombined role is not conducive to good projectmanagement. The reviewers said the projectmanager should be committed full time to theposition and be sufficiently supported withscientific, technical and administrativeresources. Moreover, the proposed method ofdistributing project funds to the manycollaborating institutions concerned thecommittee. The proposed distribution of fundsto the individual institutions would take toomuch funding control away from thedesignated project manager, the reviewers said.That factor is one Reeder addressed in hisplenary talk.

“We have to reconcile the tension betweenindependent university groups doing researchand the mandatory requirement that there be adirect line of responsibility coming from thefunding agencies all the way down,” saidReeder. “It is this reconciliation that isnecessary for the project to reach successfulcompletion.”

Last, the committee affirmed theimportance of Fermilab providing substantialoversight of the project, as recently requested

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The opening session ofDOE’s review of the USCMS project. DanLehman, director of theDOE Office of EnergyResearch’s ConstructionManagement SupportDivision, and JohnO’Fallon, director of theHigh–Energy PhysicsProgram in DOE’s Officeof Energy Research, areat far left.

continued on page 11

couches, popular spots for collaboratorsworking long shifts at the experiment. Since theexperiment is open 24 hours a day, seven days aweek, it is not unusual for a person on the latenight shift to turn the controls over to acolleague and catch a few minutes of sleep.

“People don’t realize the hours put indown here,” Bernstein says. “A typical shift iseight or 12 hours, but the graduate studentscan put in 16-hour days for weeks on end andjust go home to crash.”

In the detector hall, Bernstein walksquickly, checking the 62 gauges on the driftchamber gas supplies. After 13 years atFermilab, he knows what he’s looking for. All is well in the detector, so he heads back intothe trailers to finish out his shift.

Back in the control room, Bernsteinswitches out the data tapes, frantic about theprotons being wasted while the computers arenot taking data. The phone rings four times in20 minutes, interrupting his systematic analysisat the control panel. Someone asks how manytoner cartridges they need for the printer.Someone else needs to get on a computerBernstein is using to download some data. Heanswers all the phone calls, orders five tonercartridges, fills out a form to summarize his timeon shift, turns the controls over to the next

person and heads for the High Rise formeetings.

It’s all in a day’s work at NuTeV, one ofnine fixed-target experiments currently runningat Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory.E815 comprises about 30 scientists andstudents from 10 different institutions, arelatively small collaboration by Fermilabstandards.

The Physics of NuTeVThe cornerstone of this experiment is the

precise measurement of the weak mixing angle.When a neutrino and a nucleon interact, theyexchange either a W or a Z boson, which arethe carriers of the weak force. The ratio ofthese exchanges is related to the weak mixingangle (see diagram). This information will tellscientists about the nature of the electroweakforce, said Panagiotis Spentzouris, a postdocfrom Columbia University. The electroweakforce describes the unification forces ofelectricity and magnetism with the weak decay,which is responsible for natural radiation,including the light from the sun.

There are already measurements of theweak mixing angle, but experiments like E815continue to narrow the margin of error,Bernstein said.

“The measurements are getting better andbetter and are pushing the error bars downbecause of higher energy, better beams, betterdetectors, and better input from otherexperiments,” Bernstein said. This ratio willultimately help reveal the relationship betweenphotons and bosons in the Standard Model.

The experiment is also set up to studyQCD, or the strong force interaction in thestructure of nucleons. Bernstein likened thissearch to studying the structure of a watch. Tostudy how that watch is put together (assumingit cannot be taken apart), one could fire abullet at it and take a picture of the watch partsflying out from the collision.

“I know what a bullet is, and I know howthe bullet hit the watch, and from where all thepieces come out I can reconstruct how thewatch is put together,” Bernstein said. This iswhat the physicists are essentially doing tostudy the structure of nucleons, specifically,how quarks and gluons are held together.

The DetectorAs the Tevatron beam speeds through the

switchyard and down the neutrino line, E815’sdetector waits to measure certain particleinteractions. Neutrinos come into the detectorhall, hitting drift chambers that track theparticles’ position in the detector. Most of theneutrinos will pass through the detectorwithout being tracked. But about one in a

Sergey Avvakumov checksdrift chamber voltages.

Sally Koutsoliotas, a Bucknell College professor, catalogs test beam data. Behind her arethe data summary tapes thathave already been analyzed.

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E815 (NuTeV)continued from page 1

billion neutrinos will collide with a nucleon inthe massive iron plates, and this collisionproduces a hadron shower of pions, muons,kaons and neutrons that release energy as theyexplode from the interaction. The particles hitliquid scintillation counters, which give off lightwhen charged particles pass through them. Theamount of light can then be converted into ameasure of energy.

But the detector is not quite finishedfollowing the particles on their path. The lastpart of the detector, the toroid, is composed of24 magnets and several drift chambers thatbend muons coming out of the interaction.This bending measures the muons’ energy.

Improving the TargetE815 has several improvements over the

previous generation of similar fixed-targetexperiments. One change from priorexperiments is the ability to separate neutrinosand antineutrinos in the beam. This gives newinformation about the relative strength of theinteractions characteristic of the W and Zbosons, and allows the experiment to possiblyuncover some parameters of the putative Higgsboson even before it is discovered. This processof using precision measurements to learn aboutundiscovered particles is an old technique. Forinstance, neutrino experiments, including thepredecessors of E815, predicted the top quarkmass to be 150 GeV or more long before theCDF/DZero discovery.

These electronics components record allthe data and feed it into the computers back inthe control room, where Bernstein or othercollaborators monitor the progress. JesseGoldman, a graduate student from Kansas StateUniversity, splits his time running shifts,developing software and working on the testbeam alignment. When Spentzouris is notrunning a shift, he works on debugging thedetector, writing on-line software and analyzingdata. Collaborators have already analyzed abouthalf of the data collected, Spentzouris said.

So while the scientists keep busy runningshifts and working on their own projects, thecomputers are busy recording the data to beanalyzed later by one of E815’s collaborators.Because the collaboration is relatively small, thepeople involved in the experiment share manyof the responsibilities. Spentzouris pointed outthat while Kansas State’s responsibility falls inthe test beam alignment and Columbiacollaborators focus on data acquisition and thecalibration of the detector, all collaboratorsshare their roles in the experiment.

“We’re like a big family. …We sometimesfight like kids in a sandbox, but we usually love each other,” he said. ■

Lucy deBarbaro (above), a postdoc from NorthwesternUniversity, and HowardBudd, a senior researchassociate, fix a bad logic unit in the trigger room.

Sarah Case (left), anundergraduate fromColumbia University, and Bob Drucker, a postdoc fromthe University of Oregon,analyze beamlinemonitoring.Ph

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1. Neutrino beam enters detector.

2. A neutrino interacts with a quark (q) in a nucleon (N)from an iron nucleus, with the exchange of a W boson.

3. The neutrino changes into a muon.

4. The quark changes into a different flavor quark (q’) as a result of the boson exchange. The X represents other hadronsfrom the interaction.

Feynman DiagramBy studying the interaction below, researchers at E815 can compare the ratio of how many times a W boson is exchanged versus the number oftimes a Z boson is exchanged. This ratio is related to the weak mixing angle.

Fixed-Target Updates June 1—June 11Collaborators provided this update on fixed-target experiments.

E781 SELEX “SELEX is continuingto take data in our study of charm baryonproduction. The most significant changeto occur recently is the addition of asecond computer to filter data on-line.This second computer allows us to obtaina larger charm sample by loosening cuts inour current filter program. We have alsobeen studying the effect of higher primaryproton intensities on our experiment. Inaddition we are implementing a newtrigger to study hyperon production anddecays,” said Erik Ramberg, fromFermilab.

E862 Antihydrogen “For the pasfew weeks, the Accumulator has run atlow energy for E835’s scan of the eta_c.E862 is looking forward to running athigher energy and higher luminosity inthe near future,” said Dave Christian ofFermilab.

E815 NuTeV See story, page one.

E872 Donut “We are now, I’m happto say, in very smooth running mode andtaking data has become routineand...what’s that alarm!? The first warmday of year had us struggling withoverheating electronics and powersupplies. I knew there was a reason why Ididn’t like summer,” said Fermilab’sByron Lundberg. Vittorio Paolone, fromthe University of Pittsburgh, added, “Ourobserved rate of neutrino interactions iswhat we expected. Early next week (June18) we’ll be installing the fourth of ouremulsion modules.”

E831 FOCUS “Our high daily charmyields reflect the quality of the deliveredbeam. Barring a major acceleratorcatastrophe, we are easily on track toexceed our 10E687 charm baseline. Alldetector components have been workingso well that we are preparing the higherlevel monitoring tasks associated with thetime dependence of all detectorparameters. We are about to begin a trialrun of our first pass data analysis in orderto check these parameters and tune ourreconstruction algorithms,” said JeffWilson, from the University of SouthCarolina.

E799 / E832 KTeV “Since the lastFermiNews update, KTeV has continuedto perform well. Our biggest problemcontinues to be failures of QIE chips,which are used in the readout of our CsIcalorimeter. We are experiencingapproximately two failures per day, whichresults in a 5–10 percent loss of livetime.The KTeV experiment is currentlyconfigured to collect data for themeasurement of direct CP violation(E832),” said Elliott Cheu, from theUniversity of Arizona.

E866 NuSea “E866 is currentlytaking data on W and Be targets tomeasure J/Psi production at negative XF.Expected XF coverage will be from about-0.25 to +0.10, and we expect to run inthis mode for about one month. Inaddition to the J/Psi nuclear productiondependencies, these data will allow studiesof low-mass Drell-Yan production. Dataanalysis of the antiquark ratios of theproton is going well, and preliminaryresults have been presented at recentconferences,” said Donald Isenhower ofAbilene Christian University.

E835 Charmonium “E835 hascontinued to take data in the region ofthe eta_c. The antiproton source hasmanaged to bring stacks of more than 20mA below transition and this has been abig help, although it has also seen somereliability problems. Some issues of thebeam energy calibration have been clearedup and the experiment will resume itswork to confirm the 1P1 state in about aweek,” said Stephen Pordes of Fermilab.

E871 HyperCP “We’ve beenworking hard to improve our datacollection efficiency. The spectrometer isworking well, and we’ve increased ouraverage beam request, while driving theDAQ as hard as possible. At our currentpace, HYPERCP will write about 18,0008mm data tapes by September 15th,” saidChris White, from the Illinois Institute ofTechnology.

Science of Businesscontinued from page 5

System (MMS), also known as phaseIII. These processes handlepurchasing, accounts payable,shipping/receiving and inventory.MMS also allows employees to use anelectronic requisitioning process,eliminating paperwork and the needto shuttle forms from one office toanother. Employees can find theelectronic requisitions on Fermilab’sWeb site in the Business ServicesSection area.

The fourth and final phase of theproject includes the smaller businessapplications and processes that areunique to Fermilab, such as the nameand address system, property inventorycontrol, telephone tracking andemergency call list. The BusinessSystems Group expects to bring thisphase on-line July 1, completing thefive-year project.

Karuhn said his team broughteach phase to fruition on time and onbudget, bucking the trend normallyseen in information technology evenwithin industry. Karuhn quotedstatistics from the Standish GroupInternational Inc. that state only ninepercent of similar projects in thecountry will be completed on timeand on budget.

Karuhn credits his team for thesmooth implementation of thesystems. The team includes RobbBroome, manager of new applications;Colleen Farrell, manager of humanresources and payroll; Melissa Olufs,manager of administration andtraining; Mike Lazarski, formermanager of financial systems who isnow in a technical role; and DanFreda, manager of technical services.Many of these managers said they aredelighted to see these projects makingLaboratory operations more reliableand efficient.

“By moving toward technology,we’re making business functions moreaccessible and less intrusive,” saidOlufs. For instance, “any Fermilabemployees with access to a Webbrowser will now have up-to-the-minute information available on theirrequisitions. That’s progress.” ■

Lunch served from11:30 a.m. to 1 p.m.

$8/personDinner served at 7 p.m.

$20/person

For reservations call x4512Cakes for Special Occasions

Dietary RestrictionsContact Tita, x3524

-Lunch

WednesdayJune 25

Ham and Cheese QuicheMixed Salad

Chocolate Cake

DinnerThursdayJune 26

Tex-Mex Stuffed PeppersBeef Tenderloin

Roasted Potatoes with DillVegetable of the Season

Fresh Fruit Tart

LunchWednesday

July 2Closed

DinnerThursday

July 3Closed

-

-

-

-

SEWS TestingThe Sitewide Emergency Warning System (SEWS)

is scheduled for testing on 7/1/97 at 10 a.m.

In areas that experienced problems in the previoustest, the ES&H Section is seeking help from otherdivisions/sections in verifying the correctfunctioning of their emergency warning units. This should be accomplished by assigning individualsto listen for the warning at a representative numberof units, then reporting the results to their SafetyOfficer.

As with all SEWS tests, cancellation could occur inthe event of severe weather or an actual emergency.

HEPICThe High Energy Physics Information Center(HEPIC) is a web-based information server thatcontains much HEP-related information, searchcapabilities, and links to various HEP Resourcesthroughout the world. HEPIC exists to aid the HEPresearcher in locating information quickly andefficiently. It is intended to be the “Server ofServers” for the HEP community.

A few services are: (1) the HEP Virtual Phone Book,the most nearly complete physics phone book inexistence; (2) many newsletters; (3) Global HEPSearch, providing fast unified searching of HEPinformation across multiple experiments andlocations; and (4) comprehensive information onexperiments, conferences and more. Please take alook at http://www.hep.net.

Calling All Creative WritersPoets, novelists, essayists and playwrights at Fermilabare coming together to share our work with eachother for constructive comment. We are in theprocess of becoming an officially recognized club. If you are interested, we’d like you to join us! Formore information, contact Sara Tompson in theLibrary (x6014, or sarat@fnal.gov).

LAB NOTES

M I L E S T O N E SBORNMorgan May, on Memorial Day, May 26, to Bert (PPD/CDF) and Patricia Gonzalez at Mercy hospital.

HONOREDFermilab, for its environmental programs, by DuPage County. See plaque below.

by DOE and NSF. The committee citedFermilab’s proven record of successfullycarrying out complex construction projectsof both accelerators and detectors,according to Theriot.

Fermilab Director John Peoplesannounced during the opening session thatthe responsibility for providingmanagement oversight for the project hadbeen delegated to Deputy Director KenStanfield.

“We will take all necessary measures toensure ourselves, the DOE and NSF thatthe project has a good plan and the projectis managed to that plan,” Stanfield said.

At the closeout, Stanfield also saidFermilab will help the US CMScollaboration meet its goals bystrengthening the project management andimplementing the review committee’srecommendations. He added that one ofthe first priorities will be to get the project“baselined,” in terms of cost and schedule—a goal that will require another review.

“These reviews are typically quitestressful but also very necessary,” saidGreen, US CMS spokesperson. “Thecommittee members are to be thanked forcontributing their time and sharing theirwisdom with us. We understand theimportance of the concerns raised becauseUS CMS is a project with a new set of‘boundary conditions.’ Thus, we accept theneed for remedial action in the area ofproject management before we can goahead. However, we are pleased to see thatthe great R&D and preproduction workdone in the US CMS collaborationsubsystems was recognized and noteddown. Now we need to complete thetransition from an R&D effort to aDOE/NSF project.” ■

CMScontinued from page 7

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Ken Stanfield, Fermilab’s deputydirector, will lead managementoversight for the US CMS project.

FOR SALE■ ’88 VW Fox for parts, doesn’t run, new clutchand heater core. $500 or best offer. If interested call Dan, x4674.

■ ’88 Burro Camper Trailer. Sleeps 2, 2 burner LPstove, domestic refrigerator freezer, runs on propaneor electric. City water hook up or fresh water tank.Must see—many extras. (630) 665–2917.

■ ’85 Ford T-Bird, V6, auto, ps, pb, new tires, red.Good cond., $1000 obo. (630) 665–2917.

■ ’79 Ford Bronco, 4wd, 90k miles, 351 V8 runsgreat! $2000 obo. Call Paul, (630) 393-3796.

■ MTD 20" lawn mower w/mulching kit, VG cond., $75, x3178.

■ Johnson Outboard 9 1/2 HP rebuilt in ’95; 16 ft. Fiberglass DuoMarine Boat needs work,hardware already removed and rough sandingcompleted $100 obo; GE gas stove, profile series,stainless steel, natural gas and LP gas jets, selfcleaning oven, sealed burners. Paid $1350 inOctober asking $1100, will deliver within areasonable distance of the lab; Kenwood multi-component stereo system w/cabinet. Includes: linear tracking turn table, amplifier, AM/FM tuner,equalizer, dual deck cassette recorder, CD player.Call for details, make an offer. Call Terry, x4572 or email skweres@fnal.gov.

■ Home in Plano, nicely landscaped tri-level, threebedroom w/large living room and vaulted ceiling.Sliding glass doors in kitchen leads out to large deckand stone patio. Big yard w/jungle gym set, storageshed. One block from grade school. Only 6 yearsold. Call (630) 552–1320 for appt. to view it.

FOR RENT■ House for rent, $1075/month, 3 bedroom, 1 bath, 2.5 car garage single family ranch home,fenced yard 2 miles west of Rt. 59, 2 blocks south of 83rd. Call (630) 653-1900 x251.

WANTED■ English schoolboy, 17, planning to study physicsat Cambridge from ’98 would like to spend about 2 weeks here in exchange to being host in Englandto similar boy. Ideally one-week term (schoolexperience) and one week vacation each. Pleasecontact Mike ALBROW@FNALD.FNAL or x8618.

■ Highly interactive, experienced childcare sought.Long-term position from July 1997 caring for apleasant, musical 2-1/2-year-old girl five days/week,9–5. Cognitive development training desirable;English fluency and car necessary. Salary verycompetitive. References please. Nicole Jordan,Warrenville, 393-3970.

Published by the Fermilab Office of Public AffairsMS 206 P.O. Box 500 Batavia, IL 60510630-840-3351ferminews@ fnal.gov

Fermilab is operated by Universities Research Association, Inc.under contract with the U.S. Department of Energy.

✩ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:1997--545-057/60018

50% TOTAL RECOVERED FIBER

10% POST-CONSUMER FIBER

The deadline for theMonday, July 7, 1997, issue of FermiNews is Tuesday, June 24.

Please send your articlesubmissions, classifiedadvertisements and ideasto the Public AffairsOffice, MS 206 or E-mail: ferminews@fnal.gov

FermiNews welcomes letters from readers. Please include yourname and daytimephone number.

C L A S S I F I E D S

JUNE 21 & 22The Fermilab Barnstormers Radio Control ModelClub will host the 8th annual Anthony FreloMemorial Helicopter Fly-In. Everyone is invited.

This is the second Barnstormers Summer event,which includes two days of model helicopter flyingfun. Pilots of all skill levels are encouraged toparticipate, with everything from trainers to scalemodels. Factory representatives will be on hand fordemonstrations and advice on all aspects of thehobby. New this year will be representatives fromLite Machines, manufacturers of the LMH-100 asmall and inexpensive helicopter, and JR Inc. Also,many championship winning flyers will attend anddemonstrate their fantastic flying abilities.

Guaranteed fun for all! Pilots must have Associationof Model Aeronautics license. Spectators arewelcome and refreshments will be available. Formore information, call Jim Zagel, x4076.

JUNE 27NALWO Potluck dinner at Kuhn Barn 6 p.m. We will offer barbecue and everybody is asked tobring their own meat to barbecue as well as a salador dessert to share. For the kids we will offer hotdogs and hamburgers. For adults we have beer andwine, for everyone soft drinks. For more informationcall Martina, (630) 983-7021.

International Film Society Presents: Bliss - dir. Ray Lawrence, AUS (1985) 8 p.m. in RamseyAuditorium, Admission $4.

JULY 4An international potluck picnic with dance music isthe Fermilab International Folk Dancers’ idea of agreat way to celebrate our nation’s independenceand its multicultural identity. From 2–9 p.m., thegroup will hold its annual Independence Day picnicat the Fermilab Village Barn. Jutta & the HiDukeswill provide live music during the day. Suggesteddonation is $5 per adult or $10 per family, alongwith something to eat, as the event is potluck. Call Mady Newfield at (630) 584-0825 for moreinformation.

JULY 25Fermilab Golf Outing at the Blackhawk Golf Club(formerly Burr Hill). Scramble format. Green feeswith cart: $38. Scramble fee: $12 per team.Optional contests: $3 per person. Deadline forcollecting fees is July 11th. For more information, to sign up, or to pay fees, contact Bob Andree,x3703, or Don Arnold, x2871.

ONGOINGEnglish lessons, Thursdays 10–noon in the Users Center, call Janet Antonio, (630) 769-6518.NALWO coffee mornings, Thursdays 10 a.m. in theUsers’ Center, call Selitha Raja, (630) 305-7769. In the Village Barn, international folk dancing,Thursdays 7:30–10 p.m., call Mady, (630) 584-0825; Scottish country dancing Tuesdays7–9:30 p.m., call Doug, x8194.

CALENDAR