Drugs affecting the parasympathetic and somatic nervous system
A DAY IN THE LIFE………….. · Anisocoria Increases in bright illumination Parasympathetic...
Transcript of A DAY IN THE LIFE………….. · Anisocoria Increases in bright illumination Parasympathetic...
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Referral decision making
Rachel Thomas
7th December 2015
A DAY IN THE LIFE…………..
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Information from referral letters and clinics during the past week
• Referral letter – What is relevant information?
• Clinical decision making
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Case 1
Referral letter:
• 64year old woman
• Normal vision
• Different sized pupils – not noted on previous records
• No other problems
URGENT OR ROUTINE?
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Anisocoria ProtocolIs there a history of birth trauma/injury/malignancy/medical condition/surgery?
Check pupil diameter in Bright/Normal/Dim illumination
Anisocoria
Increases in bright illumination
Parasympathetic block
Large pupil abnormalSimilar in all conditionsNormal light/near responses
Physiological
anisocoria
Increases in dim illumination
Sympathetic block
Small pupil abnormal
Check OMB
Abnormal Normal
• Tonic Pupil
• Mydriatic drug
• Iris pathology
• Refer Routinely
Possible CNIII lesion
REFER URGENTLY
Check for ptosis
and heterochromia
NEEDS
DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSIS FOR
HORNERS
REFER URGENTLY
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6
Which pupil is abnormal?
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Case 2
• Routine eye test
• Slight blur (RE 6/6 LE 6/7.5)
• Distortion on amsler
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• VA 6/6
• Reassured and discharged
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VA 6/48
Previous AVASTIN IVI
Already registered SI
Discharged
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• VA 6/12
• FFA
• Listed for lucentis next day
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What can you see?
Is there evidence of WET AMD?
NB Urgent retinal conditions:
• Wet AMD
• CRVO/BRVO?
• Tears and detachments
• New Vessels
• Melanoma
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Case 3
Headaches
Normal visual acuity and ……..
? ? Blurred disc margins/ ? Papilloedema
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What is useful Information?
• Routine exam/asymptomatic patient/hypermetrope?
• VA
• Pupils
• colour vision
• VF
HOW URGENT?
B-Scan?
MRI?
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Case 4
We found a pigmented lesion – not seen before.
Please can you see urgently?
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MELANOMA RISK FACTORS
T (To) – Thickness (>2mm)
F (Find) – Fluid
S (Small) - Symptoms
O (Ocular) – Orange pigment – lipofuscin – Sign of activity
M (Melanoma ) – Margin <3mm from optic disc)
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Case 5
Reduced vision
Diabetic patient
Few exudates at macula
Amsler distortion
Please See URGENTLY
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Urgent DR – R3 proliferative changes
Other Diabetic change – Routine
What is Diabetic Maculopathy
• Exudate at fovea
• Group of exudates at macula
• Microaneurysm with reduced vision
Management options
• Fluoroscein angiography
• Focal laser
• RANIBIZUMAB
• Ozurdex
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Case 6
7 year old
First eye examination
Poor vision one eye (RE 6/18 LE 6/7.5)
?Poor cooperation
Please see urgently as coming to end of plastic period
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• Symptoms
• VAs
• Stereopsis
• Cover Test
• To cyclo or not?
Who not to refer?
• Just poor cooperation
• No other concerns
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What is urgent in a Paediatric clinic?
• Recent onset nystagmus
• Inability to move eyes
• Unexplained reduced vision
• Suspect reduced vision that may require registration or
additional support
• Acute onset diplopia
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Feedback
Two-way communication
Moorfields Audit targets – 90+ % Clinic letters to optoms
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