A Constellation of Courts

The Courts and Households of Habsburg Europe, 1555-1665

Edited by: René Vermeir, Dries Raeymaekers and José Eloy Hortal Muñoz

With contributions from: Alejandro López Álvarez (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Carlos Javier

Carlos Morales (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Olivier Chaline (Université Paris IV – Sorbonne),

Alicia Esteban Estríngana (Universidad de Alcalá), José Eloy Hortal Muñoz (Universidad Rey Juan

Carlos), Birgit Houben (University of Antwerp), Katrin Keller (Universität Wien), José Martínez Millán

(Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Manuel Rivero (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Astrid von

Schlachta (Universität Regensburg), Werner Thomas (KU Leuven)

© 2014 by Leuven University Press / Presses Universitaires de Louvain / Universitaire Pers Leuven,

Minderbroedersstraat 4, B-3000 Leuven (Belgium)

ISBN 978 90 5867 990 1

D / 2014 / 1869 / 47

Distributed by Leuven University Press

http://upers.kuleuven.be/nl/book/9789058679901

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

Reprint from ‘A Constellation of Courts’ - ISBN 978 90 5867 990 1 - © Leuven University Press, 2014

Reprint from ‘A Constellation of Courts’ - ISBN 978 90 5867 990 1 - © Leuven University Press, 2014

A Constellation of CourtsThe Courts and Households

of Habsburg Europe, 1555-1665

A_Constallation_of_courts.indd 1 22/09/14 15:52

Reprint from ‘A Constellation of Courts’ - ISBN 978 90 5867 990 1 - © Leuven University Press, 2014

A_Constallation_of_courts.indd 2 22/09/14 15:52

Reprint from ‘A Constellation of Courts’ - ISBN 978 90 5867 990 1 - © Leuven University Press, 2014

A Constellation of CourtsThe Courts and Households of Habsburg Europe,

1555-1665

Edited byRené Vermeir, Dries Raeymaekers,

and José Eloy Hortal Muñoz

A_Constallation_of_courts.indd 3 22/09/14 15:52

Reprint from ‘A Constellation of Courts’ - ISBN 978 90 5867 990 1 - © Leuven University Press, 2014

© 2014 by Leuven University Press / Presses Universitaires de Louvain / Universitaire Pers Leuven. Minderbroedersstraat 4, B-3000 Leuven (Belgium)

All rights reserved. Except in those cases expressly determined by law, no part of this publication may be multiplied, saved in an automated datafile or made public in any way whatsoever without the express prior written consent of the publishers.

ISBN 978 90 5867 990 1e-ISBN 978 94 6166 132 6D / 2014 / 1869 / 47NUR: 685, 697

Cover illustration: Lucas I van Valckenborgh, “Frühlingslandschaft (Mai)”, (inv. Nr. GG 1065), Kunsthistorisches Museum ViennaTypesetting: Friedemann BVBA

A_Constallation_of_courts.indd 4 22/09/14 15:52

Reprint from ‘A Constellation of Courts’ - ISBN 978 90 5867 990 1 - © Leuven University Press, 2014

5

Contents

Courts and households of the Habsburg dynasty: history and historiography 7

The political configuration of the Spanish Monarchy: the court and royal householdsJosé Martínez Millán 21

The court of Madrid and the courts of the viceroysManuel Rivero 59

The economic foundations of the royal household of the Spanish Habsburgs, 1556–1621Carlos Javier de Carlos Morales 77

The household of archduke Albert of Austria from his arrival in Madrid until his election as governor of the Low Countries: 1570–1595José Eloy Hortal Muñoz 101

Flemish elites under Philip III’s patronage (1598-1621): household, court and territory in the Spanish Habsburg MonarchyAlicia Esteban Estríngana 123

The ‘Spanish Faction’ at the court of the archdukes Albert and IsabellaWerner Thomas 167

“Vous estez les premiers vassaux que j’aye et que j’aime le plus.” Burgundians in the Brussels courts of the widowed Isabella and of the Cardinal-Infant don Ferdinand (1621-1641)*Birgit Houben 223

A_Constallation_of_courts.indd 5 22/09/14 15:52

Reprint from ‘A Constellation of Courts’ - ISBN 978 90 5867 990 1 - © Leuven University Press, 2014

6

CONTENTS

Anne of Austria, founder of the Val-de-Grâce in ParisOlivier Chaline 255

Some reflections on the ceremonial and image of the kings and queens of the House of Habsburg in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuriesAlejandro López Álvarez 267

From Graz to Vienna: structures and careers in the Frauenzimmer between 1570 and 1657Katrin Keller 323

The Innsbruck court in the 17th century: identity and ceremonial of a court in fluxAstrid von Schlachta 341

Quo vadis: present and potential approaches to the relations between the courts and households of the Habsburg dynasty in the Early Modern period 367

Appendix: Principal offices of the court of the Spanish Habsburg kings 371

Index 379

A_Constallation_of_courts.indd 6 22/09/14 15:52

Reprint from ‘A Constellation of Courts’ - ISBN 978 90 5867 990 1 - © Leuven University Press, 2014

367

Quo vadis: present and potential approaches to the relations between the courts and households of the Habsburg dynasty in the Early Modern period

At present, there is an unprecedented level of enthusiasm for studies on the relationships within the House of Austria1. In very general terms, there are three main approaches being taken.

First is the cultural transfer approach that was developed in the 1980s by Michel Espagne and Michael Werner2, which has since risen to prominence in the field of cultural history. This model aims to delineate the dynamic process involved in the transfer or exchange of cultural elements. This process, characterized by reciprocity and multipolarity, has three interconnecting fundamental components: the society of departure, the instance of mediation and the receiving society. This model has been adapted to analyse the exchange of diplomatic gifts between different courts, which in turn has led to the investigation of the decision making processes surrounding the selection of gifts, the intermediaries involved in the transfer, and the rituals associated with their delivery.

When investigating such gifts3, the study of ‘material culture’ is also a useful approach – that is to say, the examination of all visible and concrete aspects of a culture, and in this particular case the relationship between people and the objects produced by a society. The materiality of such gifts was attributed considerable value by all those involved in diplomatic exchanges, and this was understood not only as the actual cost of materials and objects, but the perception of their physical presence as well4. The exchange of these goods (which were not always entirely

1 Many thanks to Rubén González Cuerva for his advice regarding the current state of affairs.2 Michel Espagne and Michael Werner (eds.), Transferts. Les relations interculturelles dans l’espace franco-allemand (XVIIIe-XIXe siècles) (Paris, 1988).3 In particular, Bartolomé Clavero, Antídora. Antropología católica de la economía moderna (Milan, 1991).4 Marieke von Bernstorff, Sybille Ebert-Schifferer and Susanne Kubersky-Piredda (eds.), L’arte del dono. Scambi artistici e diplomazia tra Italia e Spagna 1550–1650 (Milan, 2013), 8.

A_Constallation_of_courts.indd 367 22/09/14 15:52

Reprint from ‘A Constellation of Courts’ - ISBN 978 90 5867 990 1 - © Leuven University Press, 2014

368368

JOSÉ ELOY HORTAL MUÑOZ, DRIES RAEYMAEKERS AND RENÉ VERMEIR

gifts) ranged from horses, jewellery and paintings to Mediterranean fruit seeds. In this field of study, we find the work of Diana Carrió-Invernizzi as applied to Habsburg Italy5, as well as those looking at exchanges within the House of Austria, including Pablo Jiménez Díaz6, Milena Hajná7, Ferrán Escrivá Llorca8, Almudena Pérez de Tudela9, Annemarie Jordan10 or Vanessa de Cruz’s recent project conducted under the aegis of the ‘Villa I Tatti’ research institute at Harvard University’s Center for Italian Renaissance Studies11.

With regards to a second, seemingly more traditional political approach, two main lines of inquiry are being explored. First, adapting the classical field of biography to new research questions. Instead of simply writing about a particular historical personage, the current goal is to examine the life of a political actor, and to use it as a framework for analysing complex historical processes in detail. The ideal case is that of ambassadors or other dynastic agents, such as Luc Duerloo’s research on

5 In particular her El gobierno de las imágenes. Ceremonial y mecenazgo en la Italia española de la segunda mitad del siglo XVII (Madrid-Frankfurt am Main, 2008). 6 His El coleccionismo manierista de los Austrias entre Felipe II y Rodolfo II (Madrid, 2001) is a pioneering work on the artistic exchanges among the aristocracy of Bohemia and the Spanish Monarchy at the end of the sixteenth century.7 For her research regarding the imposition of Spanish fashions at the imperial court, among others, see “Moda al servicio del poder. La vestimenta en la sociedad noble de la Europa Central en la Edad Moderna y las influencias de España,” in Miguel Cabañas Bravo, Amelia López-Yarto Elizalde and Wifredo Rincón García (eds.), Arte, poder y sociedad en la España de los siglos XV a XX (Madrid, 2008), 71-82 o “Premáticas de los vestidos aneb Královská nařízení o odívání a módě v renesančním Španělsku,” [“Premáticas de los vestidos or Royal Regulations on Clothing and Fashion in Renaissance Spain”] Miscellanea Oddělení rukopisů a starých tisků Národní knihovny České republiky, 16 (1999-2000), 189-208.8 In his study of the influence of Spanish court music at the court of Rudolph II via the works of Mateo Flecha (https://upv.academia.edu/FerranEscriv%C3%A0Llorca).9 Through her studies regarding exchanges with Bavaria: “Relaciones artísticas de los duques de Baviera con España en el reinado de Felipe II,” in José Martínez Millán and Rubén González Cuerva (eds.), La dinastía de los Austria: las relaciones entre la Monarquía Católica y el Imperio (Madrid, 2011, III, 1769-1836), or with Anna of Austria: “La reina Anna de Austria (1549-1580), su imagen y su colección artística,” in José Martínez Millán and María Paula Marçal Lourenço (eds.), Las relaciones discretas entre las Monarquías Hispana y Portuguesa: Las Casas de las Reinas (siglos XV-XIX) (Madrid, 2009), III, 1563-1616.10 With her work regarding Maria of Portugal and Joanna of Austria as collectors, “Dotes reales. Las colecciones de tapices de María de Portugal y Juana de Austria (1543-1573),” in Fernando Checa Cremades and Bernardo José García García (eds.), Los Triunfos de Aracne. Tapices flamencos de los Austrias en el Renacimiento (Madrid, 2011), 295-348.11 http://itatti.harvard.edu/appointees/vanessa-de-cruz-medina-0.

A_Constallation_of_courts.indd 368 22/09/14 15:52

Reprint from ‘A Constellation of Courts’ - ISBN 978 90 5867 990 1 - © Leuven University Press, 2014

369369

QUO VADIS

archduke Albert of Austria12, Vojtech Krouzil’s work on Juan de Borja y Castro13, Rubén González Cuerva’s on Baltasar de Zúñiga14, or Tibor Martí on cardinal Pázmány15. Such individual case studies are useful in exploring some of the most common questions regarding dynastic relations: how an agent created and maintained a clientele in another court, the limits of service and conflicts over concurrent loyalties to several members of a dynasty, the ability to influence or pressure other ruling members of a dynasty, and the representation of the House of Austria via its members and servants to other powers.

The other political approach comes at the crossroads with social history, and involves the analysis of networks. Biographical research is not abandoned, but the analysis is primarily prosopographical in nature. This method attempts to give a global, comprehensive picture of the relational dynamics between the various dynastic courts, while emphasizing that such contacts and interactions were possible thanks to the existence of a large group of individuals willing to engage in mediation out of a mixture of self-interest and obligation. Friedrich Edelmayer explicitly takes this approach in his 2002 analysis of the client relations established by Philip II in the Holy Roman Empire by examining the profiles of the pensioners and mercenaries, which he identified with courtiers and soldiers16. More recently, Pavel Marek has focused his latest work on Spain’s embassy in the Empire between the mid-sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, a centre of power he used to elucidate the client relations that the Catholic King tried to develop in the imperial court in order to advance his interests17. Meanwhile, new research by Étienne Bourdeu on the same period has expanded our view of the relations between the dynasty’s courts, showing the complexity of contacts established between the Spanish monarchy and the Electorate

12 Dynasty and Piety. Archduke Albert (1598-1621) and Habsburg Political Culture in an Age of Religious Wars (Farnham, 2012).13 Diplomatické mise dvou větví habsburské dynastie 1577-1583 [Diplomatic missions by the two branches of the Habsburg dynasty, 1577-1583] (Prague, 2011).14 Baltasar de Zúñiga. Una encrucijada de la Monarquía Hispana (Madrid, 2012).15 He has dealt with the subject in several articles, including: “Pázmány diplomáciai hatása (A spanyol kapcsolat),” [“The importance of the diplomatic activity of Cardinal Péter Pázmány: the Spanish contacts”] Jubileumi emlékkönyv Pázmány Péter egyetemalapításának 375. évfordulója tiszteletére. Szerk. Maczák Ibolya, PPKE, 2010, 202-211.16 Söldner und Pensionäre: das Netzwerk Philipps II im Heiligen Römischen Reich (Vienna-Munich, 2002).17 Pavel Marek, La embajada española en la corte imperial (1558-1641). Figuras de los embajadores y estrategias clientelares (Prague, 2013).

A_Constallation_of_courts.indd 369 22/09/14 15:52

Reprint from ‘A Constellation of Courts’ - ISBN 978 90 5867 990 1 - © Leuven University Press, 2014

370370

JOSÉ ELOY HORTAL MUÑOZ, DRIES RAEYMAEKERS AND RENÉ VERMEIR

of Mainz, a relationship mediated from within the imperial court and in which patronage strategies also played an important role18.

Finally, the third approach consists of developing an intra-court analysis. This is being carried out via a project meant to elucidate the relationship between the two main branches of the House of Austria, centred on Madrid and Vienna, via the notion of ‘the Spanish faction’. That is, to address the imperial court’s power dynamics and its factional stratagems taking into account the long-term: the Catholic King’s systematic patronage of a selection of the emperor’s servants, who then had to find a way to reconcile at least two different loyalties. This project, directed by Rubén González Cuerva and Pavel Marek19, aims to unite researchers engaged in the analysis of dynastic relations in order to further our understanding of concepts such as loyalty and service, power clique and faction, and to study these informal groups in order to flesh out the internal relations of the House of Austria.

As we have seen, new research into the relationships between the various branches of the Habsburgs in the Early Modern era are definitely moving away from old paradigms of international relations, and are increasingly making use of approaches that conceive of the relations between the two entities from a dynastic point of view, rather than that of the state. In this fashion, interdisciplinarity is also becoming prevalent, and the research on the subject is expanding. This book aimed to shed more light on these various approaches by demonstrating how joint investigations can overcome the traditional barriers that have, until recently, separated the various Habsburg branches during the Early Modern period.

José Eloy Hortal Muñoz, Dries Raeymaekers and René Vermeir

18 Étienne Bourdeu, “Le premier prince de l’Empire, le vote le plus sûr dont dispose Votre Majesté et sa Maison Royale”. Les archevêques de Mayence et la projection espagnole dans le Saint Empire (milieu du XVIe  siècle – milieu du XVIIe  siècle), (unpublished doctoral thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2012).19 The project’s website can be consulted at http://faccion.hypotheses.org/.

A_Constallation_of_courts.indd 370 22/09/14 15:52

Reprint from ‘A Constellation of Courts’ - ISBN 978 90 5867 990 1 - © Leuven University Press, 2014